-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
index.html
1044 lines (1037 loc) · 45 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>
Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun - The New York Times
</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="./assets/favicons/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./assets/styles/style.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./assets/styles/css-reset.css" />
<link
rel="stylesheet"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"
/>
<link
rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"
/>
<link
href="https://g1.nyt.com/fonts/css/web-fonts.5810def60210a2fa7d0848f37e3fa048bb6147b1.css"
rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css"
/>
</head>
<body>
<header id="article-header">
<h1>Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun</h1>
<figure>
<img
src="./assets/images/article-image.jpg"
id="article-image"
alt="Article Image"
/>
<figcaption>
Alan Guth was one of the first physicists to hypothesize the existence
of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly
and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years
ago.Credit...
<span class="light">Rick Friedman for The New York Times </span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</header>
<nav id="main-nav">
<div id="left-navbar">
<button class="menu-btn">
<i class="material-icons">menu</i>
</button>
<button class="menu-btn">
<i class="material-icons">search</i>
</button>
<a class="nav-section" href="#">SPACE & COSMOS </a>
</div>
<a href="#">
<img class="nav-logo" src="./assets/images/logo.png" alt="Site logo"
/></a>
<div id="right-navbar">
<button class="nav-right" type="button">SUBSCRIBE NOW</button>
<button class="nav-right" type="button">LOG IN</button>
</div>
</nav>
<main id="main-content">
<h2 class="hidden">hidden</h2>
<section class="content-container">
<div id="author-section">
<h6 class="author-name">By <a href="#">Dennis Overbye</a></h6>
<section class="date-social">
<h3 class="hidden">hidden only for semantic purpose</h3>
<div class="date-bar">
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 17, 2014</time
>
</div>
<div class="social-media-bar">
<ul class="social-media-btn">
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"
><i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"
><i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"
><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"><i class="fa fa-share" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
</li>
<li class="social-bookmark social-square-icon">
<a class="social-square-icon" href="#"
><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-bubble">
<a class="comments-num" href="#"
><i class="material-icons social-square-icon"
>chat_bubble_outline</i
>
<p class="comments-num">615</p></a
>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<p class="main-paragraph">
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young
physicist named Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s appointment at
Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations, venturing
far beyond the world of known physics.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic
particles that should have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he
discovered what might have made the universe bang to begin with. A
potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could have
infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a repulsive
force, causing the universe to swell faster than the speed of light
for a prodigiously violent instant.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the
heavens look uniform from pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped
mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all the wrinkles and
irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be diluted
beyond detection, like spit in the ocean.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth wrote across the top of the page
and drew a double box around it.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported
that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his
hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to
<a class="url-links" href="#"> the first sliver of cosmic time </a>
with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John
M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics detected
ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called
<a class="url-links" href="#"> gravitational waves </a>— the signature
of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it was roughly a
trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second old. They are
the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac
and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though
many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in science
comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing the universe
apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast realms of time
and space and energy to science and speculation.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending 14
billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of
galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose
extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own
universe there might be an endless number of other universes bubbling
into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling over.
</p>
<h3>‘As Big as It Gets’</h3>
<p class="main-paragraph">
In our own universe, it would serve as a window into the forces
operating at energies forever beyond the reach of particle
accelerators on Earth and yield new insights into gravity itself. Dr.
Kovac’s ripples would be the first direct observation of gravitational
waves, which, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity,
should ruffle space-time.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe
expert who was not part of the team, said,
<q> This is huge, as big as it gets.</q>
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
He continued,
<q>
This is a signal from the very earliest universe, sending a telegram
encoded in gravitational waves.</q
>
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
The ripples manifested themselves as faint spiral patterns in a bath
of microwave radiation that permeates space and preserves a picture of
the universe when it was 380,000 years old and as hot as the surface
of the sun.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as
Bicep, for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization,
reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for
Astrophysics here on Monday and in a set of papers submitted to The
Astrophysical Journal.
</p>
<section id="theory-section">
<h2 class="theory-title">The Theory of Inflation</h2>
<h3>
Astronomers have found evidence to support the theory of inflation,
which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly
in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
</h3>
<div class="theory-container">
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-1.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">THE UNIVERSE</b>is just under 14
billion years old. From our position in the Milky Way galaxy, we
can observe a sphere that is now about 92 billion light-years
across. But there's a mystery. Wherever we look, the universe
has an even temperature.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-2.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">NOT ENOUGH TIME</b>The universe is
not old enough for light to have traveled the vast distance from
one side of the universe to the other, and there has not been
enough time for scattered patches of hot and cold to mix into an
even temperature.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-3.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">DISTANT COFFEE</b>At a smaller
scale, imagine using a telescope to look a mile in one
direction. You see a coffee cup, and from the amount of steam,
you can estimate its temperature and how much it has cooled.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-4.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">COFFEE EVERYWHERE</b>Now turn around
and look a mile in the other direction. You see a similar coffee
cup, at exactly the same temperature. Coincidence? Maybe. But if
you see a similar cup in every direction, you might want to look
for another explanation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-5.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">STILL NOT ENOUGH TIME</b>There has
not been enough time to carry coffee cups from place to place
before they get cold. But if all the coffee cups were somehow
filled from a single coffee pot, all at the same time, that
might explain their even temperature.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-6.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">INFLATION</b>solves this problem.
The theory proposes that, less than a trillionth of a second
after the Big Bang, the universe expanded faster than the speed
of light. Tiny ripples in the violently expanding energy field
eventually grew into the large-scale structures of the universe.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-7.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">FLUCTUATION</b>Astronomers have now
detected evidence of these ancient fluctuations in swirls of
polarized light in the cosmic background radiation, which is
energy left over from the early universe. These are
gravitational waves predicted by Einstein.
</p>
</div>
<div class="theory-article">
<img
class="theory-img"
alt="theory image"
src="./assets/images/grid-8.png"
/>
<p class="theory-par">
<b class="theory-par-title">EXPANSION</b>Returning to our
coffee, imagine a single, central pot expanding faster than
light and cooling to an even temperature as it expands. That is
something like inflation. And the structure of the universe
mirrors the froth and foam of the original pot.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr class="theory-hr" />
<p class="theory-footer">By LARRY BUCHANAN and JONATHAN CORUM</p>
</section>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one
in 10 million.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself “bowled over,” saying he had not
expected such a definite confirmation in his lifetime.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
<q> With nature, you have to be lucky,</q> he said.
<q> Apparently we have been lucky.</q>
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
The results are the closely guarded distillation of three years’ worth
of observations and analysis. Eschewing email for fear of a leak, Dr.
Kovac personally delivered drafts of his work to a select few, meeting
with Dr. Guth, who is now a professor at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (as is his son, Larry, who was sleeping that night in
1979), in his office last week.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
<q>
It was a very special moment, and one we took very seriously as
scientists,</q
>
said Dr. Kovac, who chose his words as carefully as he tended his
radio telescopes.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific theorist who first described the
most popular variant of inflation, known as chaotic inflation, in
1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when
Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s team,
<a class="url-links" href="#">
knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne
</a>
to tell him the news.
</p>
<figure class="figure">
<iframe
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZlfIVEy_YOA"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"
allowfullscreen
></iframe>
<figcaption>
Stanford Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics
breakthroughCredit...
<span class="light"> CreditVideo by StanfordUniversity </span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered
anything.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
<q>
And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a
delivery but we did not think that we ordered anything, but I simply
forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago,</q
>
Dr. Linde wrote in an email.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island, Dr. Linde said he
was still hyperventilating.
<q> Having news like this is the best way of spoiling a vacation,</q>
he said.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
By last weekend, as social media was buzzing with rumors that
inflation had been seen and news spread, astrophysicists responded
with a mixture of jubilation and caution.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T., wrote in an email,
<q>
I think that if this stays true, it will go down as one of the
greatest discoveries in the history of science.</q
>
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and
head of a competing project called the South Pole Telescope,
pronounced himself deeply impressed.
<q> I think the results are beautiful and very convincing,</q> he
said.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton, author of a competitor to inflation
that posits the clash of a pair of universes as the cause of genesis,
said that if true, the Bicep result would eliminate his model, but he
expressed reservations about inflation.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Lawrence M. Krauss of Arizona State and others also emphasized the
need for confirmation, noting that the new results exceeded earlier
estimates based on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the
European Space Agency’s Planck satellite and other assumptions about
the universe.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
<q> So we will need to wait and see before we jump up and down,</q>
Dr. Krauss said.
</p>
<h3 class="sub-heading">Spirals in the Sky</h3>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Corroboration might not be long in coming. The Planck spacecraft will
report its own findings this year. At least a dozen other teams are
trying similar measurements from balloons, mountaintops and space.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Gravity waves are the latest and deepest secret yet pried out of the
cosmic microwaves, which were discovered accidentally by Arno Penzias
and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs 50 years ago. They won the Nobel Prize.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
obel Prize. Dr. Kovac has spent his career trying to read the secrets
of these waves. He is one of four leaders of Bicep, which has operated
a series of increasingly sensitive radio telescopes at the South Pole,
where the thin, dry air creates ideal observing conditions. The others
are Clement Pryke of the University of Minnesota, Jamie Bock of the
California Institute of Technology and Dr. Kuo of Stanford.
</p>
<figure class="figure">
<img
src="./assets/images/cosomo-jambo.jpg"
alt="Cosmos observatory"
/>
<figcaption>
The Bicep2 telescope, in the foreground, was used to detect the
faint spiraling gravity patterns — the signature of a universe being
wrenched violently apart at its birth.Credit...
<span class="light"> Steffen Richter/Associated Press</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="main-paragraph">
In 2002, he was part of a team that discovered that the microwave
radiation was polarized, meaning the light waves had a slight
preference to vibrate in one direction rather than another.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
This was a step toward the ultimate goal of detecting the
gravitational waves from inflation. Such waves, squeezing space in one
direction and stretching it in another as they go by, would twist the
direction of polarization of the microwaves, theorists said. As a
result, maps of the polarization in the sky should have little arrows
going in spirals.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Detecting those spirals required measuring infinitesimally small
differences in the temperature of the microwaves. The group’s
telescope, Bicep2, is basically a giant superconducting thermometer.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
<q> We had no expectations what we would see,</q> Dr. Kovac said.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
The strength of the signal surprised the researchers, and they spent a
year burning up time on a Harvard supercomputer, making sure they had
things right and worrying that competitors might beat them to the
breakthrough.
</p>
<h3 class="sub-heading">A Special Time</h3>
<p class="main-paragraph">
The data traced the onset of inflation to a time that physicists like
Dr. Guth, staying up late in his Palo Alto house 35 years ago,
suspected was a special break point in the evolution of the universe.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Physicists recognize four forces at work in the world today: gravity,
electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear forces. But they have
long suspected that those are simply different manifestations of a
single unified force that ruled the universe in its earliest, hottest
moments.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
As the universe cooled, according to this theory, there was a fall
from grace, like some old folk mythology of gods or brothers falling
out with each other. The laws of physics evolved, with one force after
another splitting away.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
That was where Dr. Guth came in.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Under some circumstances, a glass of water can stay liquid as the
temperature falls below 32 degrees, until it is disturbed, at which
point it will rapidly freeze, releasing latent heat.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Similarly, the universe could <q> supercool </q> and stay in a unified
state too long. In that case, space itself would become imbued with a
mysterious latent energy.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Inserted into Einstein’s equations, the latent energy would act as a
kind of antigravity, and the universe would blow itself up. Since it
was space itself supplying the repulsive force, the more space was
created, the harder it pushed apart.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
What would become our observable universe mushroomed in size at least
a trillion trillionfold — from a submicroscopic speck of primordial
energy to the size of a grapefruit — in less than a cosmic eye-blink.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Almost as quickly, this pulse would subside, relaxing into ordinary
particles and radiation. All of normal cosmic history was still ahead,
resulting in today’s observable universe, a patch of sky and stars
billions of light-years across.
<q>
It’s often said that there is no such thing as a free lunch,” Dr.
Guth likes to say, “but the universe might be the ultimate free
lunch.</q
>
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
Make that free lunches. Most of the hundred or so models resulting
from Dr. Guth’s original vision suggest that inflation, once started,
is eternal. Even as our own universe settled down to a comfortable
homey expansion, the rest of the cosmos will continue blowing up,
spinning off other bubbles endlessly, a concept known as the
multiverse.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
So the future of the cosmos is perhaps bright and fecund, but do not
bother asking about going any deeper into the past.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
We might never know what happened before inflation, at the very
beginning, because inflation erases everything that came before it.
All the chaos and randomness of the primordial moment are swept away,
forever out of our view.
</p>
<p class="main-paragraph">
<q> If you trace your cosmic roots,</q>
said Abraham Loeb, a Harvard-Smithsonian astronomer who was not part
of the team, <q> you wind up at inflation.</q>
</p>
<section id="comment">
<h2 class="hidden">hidden</h2>
<span class="light">
A version of this article appears in print on March 18, 2014,
Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Space
Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun. Order Reprints | Today’s
Paper | Subscribe
</span>
<section class="date-social">
<h2 class="hidden">hidden only for semantic purpose</h2>
<div class="date-bar">
<button type="button" id="comment-button">
Read 615 Comments
</button>
</div>
<div class="social-media-bar">
<ul class="social-media-btn">
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"
><i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"
><i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"
><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i
></a>
</li>
<li class="social-links">
<a href="#"><i class="fa fa-share" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<aside class="editor-picks">
<h2 class="editor-picks-title">Editors’ Picks</h2>
<article class="ep-all-article">
<h2 class="hidden">hidden only for semantic pupose</h2>
<a href="#" class="ep-articles">
<div class="ep-images">
<img
alt="article image"
class="ep-img-articles"
src="./assets/images/29diary.jpg"
/>
</div>
<p class="ep-article">
‘I Saw Another Woman on the Platform Do an Obvious Double Take’
</p>
</a>
</article>
<article class="ep-all-article">
<h2 class="hidden">hidden only for semantic pupose</h2>
<a href="#" class="ep-articles">
<div class="ep-images">
<img
alt="article image"
class="ep-img-articles"
src="./assets/images/05mag.jpg"
/>
</div>
<p class="ep-article">
David Chang Isn’t Sure the Restaurant Industry Will Survive
Covid-19
</p>
</a>
</article>
<article class="ep-all-article">
<h2 class="hidden">hidden only for semantic pupose</h2>
<a href="#" class="ep-articles">
<div class="ep-images">
<img
alt="article image"
class="ep-img-articles"
src="./assets/images/23pantryrex.jpg"
/>
</div>
<p class="ep-article">
Five Adaptable Recipes, All From Your Pantry
</p>
</a>
</article>
</aside>
</main>
<div id="more-section">
<section id="more-article-container">
<span class="wide-separator"></span>
<h3 class="sub-heading">More in Space and Astronomy</h3>
<section class="more-article-grid">
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/more1.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
Infinite Visions Were Hiding in the First Black Hole Image’s
Rings
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 27</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/more2.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption"></figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
Uranus Ejected a Giant Plasma Bubble During Voyager 2’s Visit
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 24</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/more3.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
JPL/NASA
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
Life on the Planet Mercury? ‘It’s Not Completely Nuts’
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 23</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/more4.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
The Search for E.T. Goes on Hold, for Now
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 23</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/more5.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption"></figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
Coronavirus Delays Work on NASA’s Moon Rocket and Capsule
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 19</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/more6.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
JAXA, via Associated Press
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
4 Bright Spots Amid the Gloom of Coronavirus
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 27</time
>
</a>
</div>
</section>
<span class="wide-separator"></span>
<h3 class="sub-heading">Editor's Picks</h3>
<section class="more-article-grid">
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/05mag.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
Gerald Herbert/Associated Press
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
David Chang Isn’t Sure the Restaurant Industry Will Survive
Covid-19
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 27</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/23pantryrex.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
Franchesca Ramsey
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
Why Would Anyone Want to Visit Chernobyl?
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 27</time
>
</a>
</div>
<div class="more-article">
<a href="#">
<figure>
<img
class="more-article-img"
src="./assets/images/29diary.jpg"
alt="more article image"
/>
<figcaption class="more-image-caption">
Mamadi Doumbouya for The New York Times
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 class="more-article-title">
Infinite Visions Were Hiding in the First Black Hole Image’s
Rings
</h2>
<time class="article-date" datetime="2014-03-17T10:46:03-04:00"
>March 24</time
>
</a>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="most-popular">
<span class="wide-separator"></span>
<h3 class="sub-heading">Most Popular</h3>
<ul id="most-popular-list">
<li class="popular-list-item">Stress Baking More Than Usual?</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Opinion: It’s Time to Make Your Own Face Mask
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
They Survived the Spanish Flu, the Depression and the Holocaust
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Opinion: Coronavirus Has Taught Us More About Trump Than We Wanted
to Know
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Nurses Die, Doctors Fall Sick and Panic Rises on Virus Front Lines
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Prince Harry and Meghan Scale Down Their Royal P.R. Machine
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Opinion: This Land of Denial and Death
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Liberty University Brings Back Its Students, and Coronavirus Fears,
Too
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Late Night Puts Trump’s Ratings Bragging in Perspective
</li>
<li class="popular-list-item">
Opinion: The Coronavirus and the Conservative Mind
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<footer id="main-footer">
<span class="footer-line"></span>
<div id="footer-header">
<a href="#">
<img class="nav-logo" src="./assets/images/logo.png" alt="site logo"
/></a>
<a href="#" class="nav-go-home"> Go to Home page »</a>
</div>
<section id="footer-links-section">
<ul class="footer-link-container">
<li><h3 class="footer-link-header">NEWS</h3></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Home Page</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">World</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">U.S.</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Election 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Obituaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Today's Paper</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Correction</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="footer-link-container">
<li><h3 class="footer-link-header">OPINION</h3></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Today's Opinion</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Op-Ed Columnists</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Editorials</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Op-Ed Contributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Sunday Review</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Video: Opinion</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="footer-link-container">
<li><h3 class="footer-link-header">ARTS</h3></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Today's Arts'</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Art & Design</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Movies</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Pop Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Video:Arts</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="footer-link-container">
<li><h3 class="footer-link-header">LIVING</h3></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Automobiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Crossword</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Food</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Jobs</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Parenting</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Reeal Estate</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Style</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">T Magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Travel</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Love</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="footer-link-container">
<li><h3 class="footer-link-header">MORE</h3></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Reader Center</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Wirecutter</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Live Events</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">The Learning Network</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Tool & Services</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">N.Y.C Events Guide</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Multimedia</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Photography</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Video</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Newsletters </a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">NYT Store</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Times Journeys</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Manage My Account</a></li>
</ul>
<section id="subscribe-section">
<h3 class="footer-link-header">SUBSCRIBE</h3>
<ul id="main-links" class="footer-link-container">
<li>
<a href="#" id="footer-icon-home" class="footer-link"
><i class="footer-icons"></i>Home Delivery</a
>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" id="footer-icon-ds" class="footer-link"
><i class="footer-icons"></i>Digital Subscriptions</a
>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" id="footer-icon-crossword" class="footer-link"
><i class="footer-icons"></i>Crossword</a
>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" id="footer-icon-cooking" class="footer-link"
><i class="footer-icons"></i>Cooking</a
>
</li>
</ul>
<ul id="subscriptions-links" class="footer-link-container">
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Email Newsletters</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Corporate Subscriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="footer-link">Education Rate</a></li>