visualization/altair.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Import data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:18.332986Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:18.058460Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import altair as alt\n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:26.619461Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:26.499572Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>cluster</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>life_expect</th>\n",
       "      <th>fertility</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1955</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>8891209</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.332</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1960</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9829450</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.997</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1965</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>10997885</td>\n",
       "      <td>34.020</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>1970</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>12430623</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.088</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>1975</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>14132019</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.438</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>1980</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>15112149</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.854</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.8000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>1985</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>13796928</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.822</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>1990</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>14669339</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.674</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>1995</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>20881480</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.763</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>2000</td>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>23898198</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.129</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.4792</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year      country  cluster       pop  life_expect  fertility\n",
       "0  1955  Afghanistan        0   8891209       30.332     7.7000\n",
       "1  1960  Afghanistan        0   9829450       31.997     7.7000\n",
       "2  1965  Afghanistan        0  10997885       34.020     7.7000\n",
       "3  1970  Afghanistan        0  12430623       36.088     7.7000\n",
       "4  1975  Afghanistan        0  14132019       38.438     7.7000\n",
       "5  1980  Afghanistan        0  15112149       39.854     7.8000\n",
       "6  1985  Afghanistan        0  13796928       40.822     7.9000\n",
       "7  1990  Afghanistan        0  14669339       41.674     8.0000\n",
       "8  1995  Afghanistan        0  20881480       41.763     8.0000\n",
       "9  2000  Afghanistan        0  23898198       42.129     7.4792"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from vega_datasets import data as vega_data\n",
    "\n",
    "gap = pd.read_json(vega_data.gapminder.url)\n",
    "gap.head(10)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:32.719285Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:32.715757Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1955, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gap.year.unique()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:38.678818Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:06:38.668059Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gap2005 = gap.loc[gap['year'] == 2005]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Visualization"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Specify X and Y-Axis"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:12.484029Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:12.439944Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "\n",
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       "      outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-d787ed0d2f93452a86efff9e350e53eb\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.8.1?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\"}, \"mark\": \"point\", \"encoding\": {\"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\"}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\"}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.8.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\": [{\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 29928987, \"life_expect\": 43.828, \"fertility\": 7.0685}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 39537943, \"life_expect\": 75.32, \"fertility\": 2.254}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 71566, \"life_expect\": 74.239, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 20090437, \"life_expect\": 81.235, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8184691, \"life_expect\": 79.829, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 301790, \"life_expect\": 73.495, \"fertility\": 2.0221}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 144319628, \"life_expect\": 64.062, \"fertility\": 2.826}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8857870, \"life_expect\": 65.554, \"fertility\": 3.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Brazil\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 186112794, \"life_expect\": 72.39, \"fertility\": 2.245}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Canada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 32805041, \"life_expect\": 80.653, \"fertility\": 1.5270000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Chile\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 15980912, \"life_expect\": 78.553, \"fertility\": 1.944}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"China\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 1303182268, \"life_expect\": 72.961, \"fertility\": 1.725}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Colombia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 42954279, \"life_expect\": 72.889, \"fertility\": 2.2205}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Costa Rica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 4016173, \"life_expect\": 78.782, \"fertility\": 2.0985}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Croatia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4495904, \"life_expect\": 75.748, \"fertility\": 1.346}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Cuba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 11346670, \"life_expect\": 78.273, \"fertility\": 1.49}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 13363593, \"life_expect\": 74.994, \"fertility\": 2.578}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Egypt\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 77505756, \"life_expect\": 71.338, \"fertility\": 2.891}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"El Salvador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6704932, \"life_expect\": 71.878, \"fertility\": 2.6825}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Finland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5223442, \"life_expect\": 79.313, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point().encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility'),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect')\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Adjust scale"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:31.602924Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:31.588816Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-629e209c9e0e4f1da9f34cb01842165c\"></div>\n",
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       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
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       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
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       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\"}, \"mark\": \"point\", \"encoding\": {\"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.8.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\": [{\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 29928987, \"life_expect\": 43.828, \"fertility\": 7.0685}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 39537943, \"life_expect\": 75.32, \"fertility\": 2.254}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 71566, \"life_expect\": 74.239, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 20090437, \"life_expect\": 81.235, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8184691, \"life_expect\": 79.829, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 301790, \"life_expect\": 73.495, \"fertility\": 2.0221}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 144319628, \"life_expect\": 64.062, \"fertility\": 2.826}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8857870, \"life_expect\": 65.554, \"fertility\": 3.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Brazil\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 186112794, \"life_expect\": 72.39, \"fertility\": 2.245}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Canada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 32805041, \"life_expect\": 80.653, \"fertility\": 1.5270000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Chile\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 15980912, \"life_expect\": 78.553, \"fertility\": 1.944}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"China\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 1303182268, \"life_expect\": 72.961, \"fertility\": 1.725}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Colombia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 42954279, \"life_expect\": 72.889, \"fertility\": 2.2205}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Costa Rica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 4016173, \"life_expect\": 78.782, \"fertility\": 2.0985}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Croatia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4495904, \"life_expect\": 75.748, \"fertility\": 1.346}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Cuba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 11346670, \"life_expect\": 78.273, \"fertility\": 1.49}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 13363593, \"life_expect\": 74.994, \"fertility\": 2.578}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Egypt\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 77505756, \"life_expect\": 71.338, \"fertility\": 2.891}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"El Salvador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6704932, \"life_expect\": 71.878, \"fertility\": 2.6825}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Finland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5223442, \"life_expect\": 79.313, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point().encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False))\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:42.384721Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:42.364192Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-0cf605f97dac49ef9b3707b1c99bbd54\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    let outputDiv = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling;\n",
       "    if (outputDiv.id !== \"altair-viz-0cf605f97dac49ef9b3707b1c99bbd54\") {\n",
       "      outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-0cf605f97dac49ef9b3707b1c99bbd54\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.8.1?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\"}, \"mark\": \"point\", \"encoding\": {\"size\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"pop\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.8.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\": [{\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 29928987, \"life_expect\": 43.828, \"fertility\": 7.0685}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 39537943, \"life_expect\": 75.32, \"fertility\": 2.254}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 71566, \"life_expect\": 74.239, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 20090437, \"life_expect\": 81.235, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8184691, \"life_expect\": 79.829, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 301790, \"life_expect\": 73.495, \"fertility\": 2.0221}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 144319628, \"life_expect\": 64.062, \"fertility\": 2.826}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8857870, \"life_expect\": 65.554, \"fertility\": 3.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Brazil\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 186112794, \"life_expect\": 72.39, \"fertility\": 2.245}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Canada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 32805041, \"life_expect\": 80.653, \"fertility\": 1.5270000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Chile\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 15980912, \"life_expect\": 78.553, \"fertility\": 1.944}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"China\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 1303182268, \"life_expect\": 72.961, \"fertility\": 1.725}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Colombia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 42954279, \"life_expect\": 72.889, \"fertility\": 2.2205}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Costa Rica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 4016173, \"life_expect\": 78.782, \"fertility\": 2.0985}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Croatia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4495904, \"life_expect\": 75.748, \"fertility\": 1.346}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Cuba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 11346670, \"life_expect\": 78.273, \"fertility\": 1.49}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 13363593, \"life_expect\": 74.994, \"fertility\": 2.578}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Egypt\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 77505756, \"life_expect\": 71.338, \"fertility\": 2.891}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"El Salvador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6704932, \"life_expect\": 71.878, \"fertility\": 2.6825}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Finland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5223442, \"life_expect\": 79.313, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point().encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Size('pop')\n",
    ")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Add Color Dimension and Specify Data Type"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:58.139755Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:07:58.127356Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-f8f168d57a464c7f8f837d28e6318919\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    let outputDiv = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling;\n",
       "    if (outputDiv.id !== \"altair-viz-f8f168d57a464c7f8f837d28e6318919\") {\n",
       "      outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-f8f168d57a464c7f8f837d28e6318919\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.8.1?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"point\", \"filled\": true}, \"encoding\": {\"color\": {\"type\": \"nominal\", \"field\": \"cluster\"}, \"opacity\": {\"value\": 0.5}, \"size\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"pop\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.8.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\": [{\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 29928987, \"life_expect\": 43.828, \"fertility\": 7.0685}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 39537943, \"life_expect\": 75.32, \"fertility\": 2.254}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 71566, \"life_expect\": 74.239, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 20090437, \"life_expect\": 81.235, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8184691, \"life_expect\": 79.829, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 301790, \"life_expect\": 73.495, \"fertility\": 2.0221}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 144319628, \"life_expect\": 64.062, \"fertility\": 2.826}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8857870, \"life_expect\": 65.554, \"fertility\": 3.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Brazil\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 186112794, \"life_expect\": 72.39, \"fertility\": 2.245}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Canada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 32805041, \"life_expect\": 80.653, \"fertility\": 1.5270000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Chile\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 15980912, \"life_expect\": 78.553, \"fertility\": 1.944}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"China\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 1303182268, \"life_expect\": 72.961, \"fertility\": 1.725}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Colombia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 42954279, \"life_expect\": 72.889, \"fertility\": 2.2205}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Costa Rica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 4016173, \"life_expect\": 78.782, \"fertility\": 2.0985}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Croatia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4495904, \"life_expect\": 75.748, \"fertility\": 1.346}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Cuba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 11346670, \"life_expect\": 78.273, \"fertility\": 1.49}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 13363593, \"life_expect\": 74.994, \"fertility\": 2.578}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Egypt\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 77505756, \"life_expect\": 71.338, \"fertility\": 2.891}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"El Salvador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6704932, \"life_expect\": 71.878, \"fertility\": 2.6825}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Finland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5223442, \"life_expect\": 79.313, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point(filled=True).encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Size('pop:Q'),\n",
    "    alt.Color('cluster:N'),\n",
    "    alt.OpacityValue(0.5)\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Show Information of each Point\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:06.186056Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:06.169779Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-d6e901ef13804950830c993444dee587\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    let outputDiv = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling;\n",
       "    if (outputDiv.id !== \"altair-viz-d6e901ef13804950830c993444dee587\") {\n",
       "      outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-d6e901ef13804950830c993444dee587\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.8.1?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"point\", \"filled\": true}, \"encoding\": {\"color\": {\"type\": \"nominal\", \"field\": \"cluster\"}, \"opacity\": {\"value\": 0.5}, \"order\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"pop\", \"sort\": \"descending\"}, \"size\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"pop\"}, \"tooltip\": [{\"type\": \"nominal\", \"field\": \"country\"}, {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\"}, {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\"}], \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.8.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-ba34af65c64e2b3a5a008687b8c69f55\": [{\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 29928987, \"life_expect\": 43.828, \"fertility\": 7.0685}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 39537943, \"life_expect\": 75.32, \"fertility\": 2.254}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 71566, \"life_expect\": 74.239, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 20090437, \"life_expect\": 81.235, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8184691, \"life_expect\": 79.829, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 301790, \"life_expect\": 73.495, \"fertility\": 2.0221}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 144319628, \"life_expect\": 64.062, \"fertility\": 2.826}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8857870, \"life_expect\": 65.554, \"fertility\": 3.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Brazil\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 186112794, \"life_expect\": 72.39, \"fertility\": 2.245}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Canada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 32805041, \"life_expect\": 80.653, \"fertility\": 1.5270000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Chile\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 15980912, \"life_expect\": 78.553, \"fertility\": 1.944}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"China\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 1303182268, \"life_expect\": 72.961, \"fertility\": 1.725}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Colombia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 42954279, \"life_expect\": 72.889, \"fertility\": 2.2205}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Costa Rica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 4016173, \"life_expect\": 78.782, \"fertility\": 2.0985}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Croatia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4495904, \"life_expect\": 75.748, \"fertility\": 1.346}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Cuba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 11346670, \"life_expect\": 78.273, \"fertility\": 1.49}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 13363593, \"life_expect\": 74.994, \"fertility\": 2.578}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Egypt\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 77505756, \"life_expect\": 71.338, \"fertility\": 2.891}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"El Salvador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6704932, \"life_expect\": 71.878, \"fertility\": 2.6825}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Finland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5223442, \"life_expect\": 79.313, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point(filled=True).encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Size('pop:Q'),\n",
    "    alt.Color('cluster:N'),\n",
    "    alt.OpacityValue(0.5),\n",
    "    alt.Order('pop:Q', sort='descending'),\n",
    "    tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('country:N'),\n",
    "               alt.Tooltip('fertility:Q'),\n",
    "               alt.Tooltip('life_expect:Q')\n",
    "              ]\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Interactive Plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Select Single Point"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:32.829976Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:32.809049Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8857870, \"life_expect\": 65.554, \"fertility\": 3.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Brazil\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 186112794, \"life_expect\": 72.39, \"fertility\": 2.245}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Canada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 32805041, \"life_expect\": 80.653, \"fertility\": 1.5270000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Chile\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 15980912, \"life_expect\": 78.553, \"fertility\": 1.944}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"China\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 1303182268, \"life_expect\": 72.961, \"fertility\": 1.725}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Colombia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 42954279, \"life_expect\": 72.889, \"fertility\": 2.2205}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Costa 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{\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "selection = alt.selection_single();\n",
    "alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point(filled=True).encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Size('pop:Q'),\n",
    "    alt.Order('pop:Q', sort='descending'),\n",
    "    tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('country:N'),\n",
    "               alt.Tooltip('fertility:Q'),\n",
    "               alt.Tooltip('life_expect:Q')\n",
    "              ],\n",
    "    color=alt.condition(selection, 'cluster:N', alt.value('grey'))\n",
    ").add_selection(selection)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Select Multiple Points"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:49.170382Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:49.166094Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def plot(selection):\n",
    "    return alt.Chart(gap2005).mark_point(filled=True).encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect:Q', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Size('pop:Q'),\n",
    "    alt.Order('pop:Q', sort='descending'),\n",
    "    tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('country:N'),\n",
    "               alt.Tooltip('fertility:Q'),\n",
    "               alt.Tooltip('life_expect:Q')\n",
    "              ],\n",
    "    color=alt.condition(selection, 'cluster:N', alt.value('grey'))\n",
    ").add_selection(selection)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:54.171938Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:12:54.123476Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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1.49}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 13363593, \"life_expect\": 74.994, \"fertility\": 2.578}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Egypt\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 77505756, \"life_expect\": 71.338, \"fertility\": 2.891}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"El Salvador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6704932, \"life_expect\": 71.878, \"fertility\": 2.6825}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Finland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5223442, \"life_expect\": 79.313, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"France\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60656178, \"life_expect\": 80.657, \"fertility\": 1.8916}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Georgia\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4677401, \"life_expect\": 70.987, \"fertility\": 1.407}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Germany\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 82431390, \"life_expect\": 79.406, \"fertility\": 1.3599999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Greece\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10668354, \"life_expect\": 79.483, \"fertility\": 1.325}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Grenada\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 89502, \"life_expect\": 68.724, \"fertility\": 2.302}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Haiti\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8121622, \"life_expect\": 60.916, \"fertility\": 3.5445}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Hong Kong\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 6898686, \"life_expect\": 82.208, \"fertility\": 0.966}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iceland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 296737, \"life_expect\": 81.757, \"fertility\": 2.052}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"India\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 1080264388, \"life_expect\": 64.698, \"fertility\": 2.8073}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Indonesia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 218465000, \"life_expect\": 70.65, \"fertility\": 2.182}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iran\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 68017860, \"life_expect\": 70.964, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Iraq\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26074906, \"life_expect\": 59.545, \"fertility\": 4.264}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Ireland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4015676, \"life_expect\": 78.885, \"fertility\": 1.964}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Israel\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6276883, \"life_expect\": 80.745, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Italy\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58103033, \"life_expect\": 80.546, \"fertility\": 1.379}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Jamaica\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 2735520, \"life_expect\": 72.567, \"fertility\": 2.4289}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Japan\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 127417244, \"life_expect\": 82.603, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Kenya\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 33829590, \"life_expect\": 54.11, \"fertility\": 4.959}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 22912177, \"life_expect\": 67.297, \"fertility\": 1.85}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"North Korea\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 48640671, \"life_expect\": 78.623, \"fertility\": 1.21}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Lebanon\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 3826018, \"life_expect\": 71.993, \"fertility\": 2.209}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Mexico\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 106202903, \"life_expect\": 76.195, \"fertility\": 2.211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Netherlands\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 16407491, \"life_expect\": 79.762, \"fertility\": 1.721}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"New Zealand\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 4035461, \"life_expect\": 80.204, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Nigeria\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 128765768, \"life_expect\": 46.859, \"fertility\": 5.322}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Norway\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4593041, \"life_expect\": 80.196, \"fertility\": 1.8479999999999999}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Pakistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 162419946, \"life_expect\": 65.483, \"fertility\": 3.5211}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Peru\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 27925628, \"life_expect\": 71.421, \"fertility\": 2.5065}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Philippines\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 87857473, \"life_expect\": 71.688, \"fertility\": 3.2327}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Poland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38557984, \"life_expect\": 75.563, \"fertility\": 1.227}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Portugal\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10566212, \"life_expect\": 78.098, \"fertility\": 1.455}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.HConcatChart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.hconcat(\n",
    "  plot(alt.selection_single()).properties(title='Single (Click)'),\n",
    "  plot(alt.selection_multi()).properties(title='Multi (Shift-Click)'),\n",
    "  plot(alt.selection_interval()).properties(title='Interval (Drag)')\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Time Interval"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "ExecuteTime": {
     "end_time": "2020-07-31T17:13:13.610761Z",
     "start_time": "2020-07-31T17:13:13.585038Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-b5d902cd97c64dbe9b9a12ebe5387f18\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    let outputDiv = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling;\n",
       "    if (outputDiv.id !== \"altair-viz-b5d902cd97c64dbe9b9a12ebe5387f18\") {\n",
       "      outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-b5d902cd97c64dbe9b9a12ebe5387f18\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.8.1?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-89be1acdd14c7effd56f4dd0fabf92c3\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"point\", \"filled\": true}, \"encoding\": {\"color\": {\"type\": \"nominal\", \"field\": \"cluster\"}, \"order\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"pop\", \"sort\": \"descending\"}, \"size\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"pop\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"fertility\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"life_expect\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}, \"selection\": {\"select\": {\"type\": \"single\", \"fields\": [\"year\"], \"init\": {\"year\": 1955}, \"bind\": {\"input\": \"range\", \"max\": 2005, \"min\": 1955, \"step\": 5}}}, \"transform\": [{\"filter\": {\"selection\": \"select\"}}], \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.8.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-89be1acdd14c7effd56f4dd0fabf92c3\": [{\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 8891209, \"life_expect\": 30.332, \"fertility\": 7.7}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 9829450, \"life_expect\": 31.997, \"fertility\": 7.7}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 10997885, \"life_expect\": 34.02, \"fertility\": 7.7}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 12430623, \"life_expect\": 36.088, \"fertility\": 7.7}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 14132019, \"life_expect\": 38.438, \"fertility\": 7.7}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 15112149, \"life_expect\": 39.854, \"fertility\": 7.8}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 13796928, \"life_expect\": 40.822, \"fertility\": 7.9}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 14669339, \"life_expect\": 41.674, \"fertility\": 8.0}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 20881480, \"life_expect\": 41.763, \"fertility\": 8.0}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 23898198, \"life_expect\": 42.129, \"fertility\": 7.4792}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Afghanistan\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 29928987, \"life_expect\": 43.828, \"fertility\": 7.0685}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 18927821, \"life_expect\": 64.399, \"fertility\": 3.1265}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 20616009, \"life_expect\": 65.142, \"fertility\": 3.0895}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 22283100, \"life_expect\": 65.634, \"fertility\": 3.049}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 23962313, \"life_expect\": 67.065, \"fertility\": 3.1455}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 26081880, \"life_expect\": 68.481, \"fertility\": 3.44}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 28369799, \"life_expect\": 69.942, \"fertility\": 3.15}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 30675059, \"life_expect\": 70.774, \"fertility\": 3.053}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 33022202, \"life_expect\": 71.868, \"fertility\": 2.9}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 35311049, \"life_expect\": 73.275, \"fertility\": 2.63}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 37497728, \"life_expect\": 74.34, \"fertility\": 2.35}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Argentina\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 39537943, \"life_expect\": 75.32, \"fertility\": 2.254}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 53865, \"life_expect\": 64.381, \"fertility\": 5.15}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 57203, \"life_expect\": 66.606, \"fertility\": 4.399}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 59020, \"life_expect\": 68.336, \"fertility\": 3.301}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 59039, \"life_expect\": 70.941, \"fertility\": 2.651}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 59390, \"life_expect\": 71.83, \"fertility\": 2.45}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 60266, \"life_expect\": 74.116, \"fertility\": 2.358}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 64129, \"life_expect\": 74.494, \"fertility\": 2.3}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 66653, \"life_expect\": 74.108, \"fertility\": 2.2800000000000002}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 67836, \"life_expect\": 73.011, \"fertility\": 2.208}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 69539, \"life_expect\": 73.451, \"fertility\": 2.124}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Aruba\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 71566, \"life_expect\": 74.239, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 9277087, \"life_expect\": 70.33, \"fertility\": 3.406}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 10361273, \"life_expect\": 70.93, \"fertility\": 3.274}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 11439384, \"life_expect\": 71.1, \"fertility\": 2.871}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 12660160, \"life_expect\": 71.93, \"fertility\": 2.535}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 13771400, \"life_expect\": 73.49, \"fertility\": 1.9889999999999999}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 14615900, \"life_expect\": 74.74, \"fertility\": 1.907}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 15788300, \"life_expect\": 76.32, \"fertility\": 1.859}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 17022133, \"life_expect\": 77.56, \"fertility\": 1.8599999999999999}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 18116171, \"life_expect\": 78.83, \"fertility\": 1.776}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 19164620, \"life_expect\": 80.37, \"fertility\": 1.756}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Australia\", \"cluster\": 4, \"pop\": 20090437, \"life_expect\": 81.235, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 6946885, \"life_expect\": 67.48, \"fertility\": 2.52}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7047437, \"life_expect\": 69.54, \"fertility\": 2.7800000000000002}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7270889, \"life_expect\": 70.14, \"fertility\": 2.5300000000000002}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7467086, \"life_expect\": 70.63, \"fertility\": 2.02}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7578903, \"life_expect\": 72.17, \"fertility\": 1.6400000000000001}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7549433, \"life_expect\": 73.18, \"fertility\": 1.62}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7559776, \"life_expect\": 74.94, \"fertility\": 1.45}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7722953, \"life_expect\": 76.04, \"fertility\": 1.47}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8047433, \"life_expect\": 77.51, \"fertility\": 1.388}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8113413, \"life_expect\": 78.98, \"fertility\": 1.3820000000000001}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Austria\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8184691, \"life_expect\": 79.829, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 87138, \"life_expect\": 62.405, \"fertility\": 4.305}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 112234, \"life_expect\": 64.209, \"fertility\": 4.503}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 139205, \"life_expect\": 65.795, \"fertility\": 3.794}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 170323, \"life_expect\": 66.515, \"fertility\": 3.444}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 189139, \"life_expect\": 67.199, \"fertility\": 3.221}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 209944, \"life_expect\": 67.874, \"fertility\": 3.16}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 234988, \"life_expect\": 69.524, \"fertility\": 2.62}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 257253, \"life_expect\": 69.171, \"fertility\": 2.6}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 275303, \"life_expect\": 68.472, \"fertility\": 2.4}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 290075, \"life_expect\": 71.068, \"fertility\": 2.1111}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bahamas\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 301790, \"life_expect\": 73.495, \"fertility\": 2.0221}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 49601520, \"life_expect\": 39.348, \"fertility\": 6.76}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 54621538, \"life_expect\": 41.216, \"fertility\": 6.85}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 60332117, \"life_expect\": 43.453, \"fertility\": 6.6}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 67402621, \"life_expect\": 45.252, \"fertility\": 6.15}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 76253310, \"life_expect\": 46.923, \"fertility\": 5.6}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 88076996, \"life_expect\": 50.009, \"fertility\": 5.25}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 99752733, \"life_expect\": 52.819, \"fertility\": 4.629}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 109896945, \"life_expect\": 56.018, \"fertility\": 4.117}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 119186448, \"life_expect\": 59.412, \"fertility\": 3.5042999999999997}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 130406594, \"life_expect\": 62.013, \"fertility\": 3.224}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Bangladesh\", \"cluster\": 0, \"pop\": 144319628, \"life_expect\": 64.062, \"fertility\": 2.826}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 227255, \"life_expect\": 62.57, \"fertility\": 4.67}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 232339, \"life_expect\": 65.87, \"fertility\": 4.26}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 234980, \"life_expect\": 67.62, \"fertility\": 3.45}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 238756, \"life_expect\": 69.42, \"fertility\": 2.74}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 247147, \"life_expect\": 71.27, \"fertility\": 2.19}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 251966, \"life_expect\": 72.695, \"fertility\": 1.92}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 257446, \"life_expect\": 74.027, \"fertility\": 1.75}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 262624, \"life_expect\": 74.894, \"fertility\": 1.6}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 267907, \"life_expect\": 74.912, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 273483, \"life_expect\": 75.97, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Barbados\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 278870, \"life_expect\": 77.296, \"fertility\": 1.5}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 8868475, \"life_expect\": 69.24, \"fertility\": 2.496}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9118700, \"life_expect\": 70.25, \"fertility\": 2.644}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9448100, \"life_expect\": 70.94, \"fertility\": 2.392}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9637800, \"life_expect\": 71.44, \"fertility\": 2.015}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9794800, \"life_expect\": 72.8, \"fertility\": 1.705}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9846800, \"life_expect\": 73.93, \"fertility\": 1.595}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9858200, \"life_expect\": 75.35, \"fertility\": 1.5590000000000002}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 9969310, \"life_expect\": 76.46, \"fertility\": 1.613}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10155459, \"life_expect\": 77.53, \"fertility\": 1.604}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10263618, \"life_expect\": 78.32, \"fertility\": 1.638}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Belgium\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 10364388, \"life_expect\": 79.441, \"fertility\": 1.646}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 3074311, \"life_expect\": 41.89, \"fertility\": 6.75}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 3434073, \"life_expect\": 43.428, \"fertility\": 6.63}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 3853315, \"life_expect\": 45.032, \"fertility\": 6.5600000000000005}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Bolivia\", \"cluster\": 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{\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 7077651, \"life_expect\": 68.457, \"fertility\": 3.1995}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 7730224, \"life_expect\": 69.957, \"fertility\": 3.05}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 8385828, \"life_expect\": 70.847, \"fertility\": 2.95}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Dominican Republic\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9049595, \"life_expect\": 72.235, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 3842399, \"life_expect\": 51.356, \"fertility\": 6.7}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 4415956, \"life_expect\": 54.64, \"fertility\": 6.7}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 5117779, \"life_expect\": 56.678, \"fertility\": 6.5}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Ecuador\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 5939246, 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\"life_expect\": 44.02, \"fertility\": 8.25}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 6923738, \"life_expect\": 23.599, \"fertility\": 6.9}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 5706501, \"life_expect\": 36.087, \"fertility\": 6.0993}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 7507056, \"life_expect\": 43.413, \"fertility\": 6.01}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Rwanda\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 8440820, \"life_expect\": 46.242, \"fertility\": 5.9169}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 4243218, \"life_expect\": 42.868, \"fertility\": 7.175}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 4718301, \"life_expect\": 45.914, \"fertility\": 7.257}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 5327432, \"life_expect\": 49.901, \"fertility\": 7.257}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 6109051, \"life_expect\": 53.886, \"fertility\": 7.298}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 7204820, \"life_expect\": 58.69, \"fertility\": 7.2780000000000005}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 9999161, \"life_expect\": 63.012, \"fertility\": 7.015}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 13330067, \"life_expect\": 66.295, \"fertility\": 6.217}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 16060761, \"life_expect\": 68.768, \"fertility\": 5.446}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 19966998, \"life_expect\": 70.533, \"fertility\": 4.621}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 23153090, \"life_expect\": 71.626, \"fertility\": 3.81}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"cluster\": 5, \"pop\": 26417599, \"life_expect\": 72.777, \"fertility\": 3.352}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 15368551, \"life_expect\": 47.985, \"fertility\": 6.5}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 17416653, \"life_expect\": 49.951, \"fertility\": 6.3}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 19898242, \"life_expect\": 51.927, \"fertility\": 5.7}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 22739921, \"life_expect\": 53.696, \"fertility\": 5.47}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 25815144, \"life_expect\": 55.527, \"fertility\": 5.0}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 29251588, \"life_expect\": 58.161, \"fertility\": 4.556}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 34254092, \"life_expect\": 60.834, \"fertility\": 3.85}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 38391094, \"life_expect\": 61.888, \"fertility\": 3.343}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 41779149, \"life_expect\": 60.236, \"fertility\": 2.954}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44066197, \"life_expect\": 53.365, \"fertility\": 2.802}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"South Africa\", \"cluster\": 2, \"pop\": 44344136, \"life_expect\": 49.339, \"fertility\": 2.637}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 29318745, \"life_expect\": 66.66, \"fertility\": 2.75}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 30641187, \"life_expect\": 69.69, \"fertility\": 2.89}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 32084511, \"life_expect\": 71.44, \"fertility\": 2.92}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 33876479, \"life_expect\": 73.06, \"fertility\": 2.86}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 35563535, \"life_expect\": 74.39, \"fertility\": 2.5700000000000003}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 37488360, \"life_expect\": 76.3, \"fertility\": 1.8900000000000001}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 38534853, \"life_expect\": 76.9, \"fertility\": 1.48}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 39350769, \"life_expect\": 77.57, \"fertility\": 1.27}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 39749715, \"life_expect\": 78.77, \"fertility\": 1.182}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40016081, \"life_expect\": 79.78, \"fertility\": 1.287}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Spain\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40341462, \"life_expect\": 80.941, \"fertility\": 1.409}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 4980000, \"life_expect\": 70.56, \"fertility\": 2.34}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5362000, \"life_expect\": 71.32, \"fertility\": 2.51}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 5943000, \"life_expect\": 72.77, \"fertility\": 2.27}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 6267000, \"life_expect\": 73.78, \"fertility\": 1.82}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 6403500, \"life_expect\": 75.39, \"fertility\": 1.53}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 6385229, \"life_expect\": 76.21, \"fertility\": 1.53}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 6563770, \"life_expect\": 77.41, \"fertility\": 1.53}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 6836626, \"life_expect\": 78.03, \"fertility\": 1.54}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7157106, \"life_expect\": 79.37, \"fertility\": 1.47}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7266920, \"life_expect\": 80.62, \"fertility\": 1.415}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Switzerland\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 7489370, \"life_expect\": 81.701, \"fertility\": 1.42}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 24144571, \"life_expect\": 48.079, \"fertility\": 6.6}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 28217122, \"life_expect\": 52.098, \"fertility\": 6.19}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 31950718, \"life_expect\": 54.336, \"fertility\": 5.7}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 35758382, \"life_expect\": 57.005, \"fertility\": 5.3}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 40529798, \"life_expect\": 59.507, \"fertility\": 4.715}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 45120802, \"life_expect\": 61.036, \"fertility\": 4.15}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 50669003, \"life_expect\": 63.108, \"fertility\": 3.276}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 56084632, \"life_expect\": 66.146, \"fertility\": 2.904}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 61188984, \"life_expect\": 68.835, \"fertility\": 2.574}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 65666677, \"life_expect\": 70.845, \"fertility\": 2.23}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Turkey\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 69660559, \"life_expect\": 71.777, \"fertility\": 2.143}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 50946000, \"life_expect\": 70.42, \"fertility\": 2.49}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 52372000, \"life_expect\": 70.76, \"fertility\": 2.81}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 54350000, \"life_expect\": 71.36, \"fertility\": 2.52}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 55632000, \"life_expect\": 72.01, \"fertility\": 2.04}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 56215000, \"life_expect\": 72.76, \"fertility\": 1.72}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 56314000, \"life_expect\": 74.04, \"fertility\": 1.8}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 56620240, \"life_expect\": 75.007, \"fertility\": 1.81}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 57493307, \"life_expect\": 76.42, \"fertility\": 1.78}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 58426014, \"life_expect\": 77.218, \"fertility\": 1.7000000000000002}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 59522468, \"life_expect\": 78.471, \"fertility\": 1.695}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United Kingdom\", \"cluster\": 1, \"pop\": 60441457, \"life_expect\": 79.425, \"fertility\": 1.815}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 165931000, \"life_expect\": 69.49, \"fertility\": 3.706}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 180671000, \"life_expect\": 70.21, \"fertility\": 3.314}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 194303000, \"life_expect\": 70.76, \"fertility\": 2.545}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 205052000, \"life_expect\": 71.34, \"fertility\": 2.016}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 215973000, \"life_expect\": 73.38, \"fertility\": 1.788}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 227726463, \"life_expect\": 74.65, \"fertility\": 1.8250000000000002}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 238466283, \"life_expect\": 75.02, \"fertility\": 1.924}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 250131894, \"life_expect\": 76.09, \"fertility\": 2.025}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 266557091, \"life_expect\": 76.81, \"fertility\": 1.994}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 282338631, \"life_expect\": 77.31, \"fertility\": 2.038}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"United States\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 295734134, \"life_expect\": 78.242, \"fertility\": 2.054}, {\"year\": 1955, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 6170497, \"life_expect\": 57.907, \"fertility\": 6.4585}, {\"year\": 1960, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 7556483, \"life_expect\": 60.77, \"fertility\": 6.657}, {\"year\": 1965, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 9067735, \"life_expect\": 63.479, \"fertility\": 5.9045000000000005}, {\"year\": 1970, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 10758017, \"life_expect\": 65.712, \"fertility\": 4.941}, {\"year\": 1975, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 12674987, \"life_expect\": 67.456, \"fertility\": 4.4685}, {\"year\": 1980, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 14767890, \"life_expect\": 68.557, \"fertility\": 3.957}, {\"year\": 1985, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 16997509, \"life_expect\": 70.19, \"fertility\": 3.6485000000000003}, {\"year\": 1990, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 19325222, \"life_expect\": 71.15, \"fertility\": 3.25}, {\"year\": 1995, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 21555902, \"life_expect\": 72.146, \"fertility\": 2.9415}, {\"year\": 2000, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 23542649, \"life_expect\": 72.766, \"fertility\": 2.723}, {\"year\": 2005, \"country\": \"Venezuela\", \"cluster\": 3, \"pop\": 25375281, \"life_expect\": 73.747, \"fertility\": 2.547}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select_year = alt.selection_single(\n",
    "    name='select', fields=['year'], init={'year': 1955},\n",
    "    bind=alt.binding_range(min=1955, max=2005, step=5)\n",
    ")\n",
    "alt.Chart(gap).mark_point(filled=True).encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('fertility', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('life_expect', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Size('pop:Q'),\n",
    "    alt.Color('cluster:N'),\n",
    "    alt.Order('pop:Q', sort='descending'),\n",
    "    \n",
    ").add_selection(select_year).transform_filter(select_year)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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