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IMA-digest-lists.txt
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IMA-digest-lists.txt
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==========================
IMA Digest Lists Extension
==========================
INTRODUCTION
============
Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA) is a security module that performs
measurement of files accessed with the execve(), mmap() and open() system
calls. File measurements can be used for different purposes. They can be
added in a measurement list and sent to a remote verifier for an integrity
evaluation. They can be compared to reference values provided by the
software vendor and access can be denied if there is a mismatch. File
measurements can also be included in system logs for auditing purposes.
IMA Digest Lists is an extension providing additional functionality for
the IMA submodules. Its main task is to load reference file digests in the
kernel memory, and to communicate to IMA submodules (measurement and
appraisal) whether the digest of a file being accessed is found in the
uploaded digest lists.
The IMA-Measure submodule uses the IMA Digest Lists extension to create
a new measurement list (with a different PCR, for example 11) which
contains the measurement of uploaded digest lists and unknown files. Since
the loading of digest lists is sequential, the chosen PCR will have a
predictable value for the whole boot cycle and can be used for sealing
policies based on the OS software integrity.
Both the standard and the new measurement list can be generated at the same
time, allowing for implicit attestation based on the usage of a TPM key
sealed to the OS, and for explicit attestation when a more precise
integrity evaluation is necessary.
The IMA-Appraise submodule uses the IMA Digest Lists extension to
grant/deny access to the files depending on whether the file digest is
found in the uploaded digest lists, instead of checking security.ima.
The main advantage of the extension is that reference measurements used for
the digest comparison can be extracted from already existing sources (for
example RPM headers). Another benefit is that the overhead compared to file
signatures is lower as only one signature is verified for all files
included in the digest list. A disadvantage is that file metadata are not
verified.
WORKFLOW
========
The IMA workflow is modified as follows. The added steps are marked as
[NEW].
+------------+
| IMA hook |
+------------+
|
+---------+
| collect |
+---------+
| +---------------------+
+---------------+ ------------| don't measure [NEW] |
| digest lookup | | yes +---------------------+
| [NEW] | -------------- no +---------------------+
+---------------+ -----/ digest \---| add to measurement |
| | \ found? [NEW] / | list (PCR 11) [NEW] |
| | -------------- +---------------------+
+----------+ +-------------+ +--------------------+
| switch |-------| IMA-Measure |----------------| add to measurement |
| (action) | +-------------+ | list (PCR 10) |
+----------+ +--------------------+
|
|
| no xattr
+--------------+ --------------- yes
| IMA-Appraise |----/ filec created \-------------------------------
+--------------+ \ created [NEW] / |
xattr | --------------- |
| | no |
| ------------------ no -------------- yes +--------+
| / EVM initialized? \----/ digest \------| grant |
| \ [NEW] / \ found? [NEW] / | access |
| ------------------ -------------- +--------+
| | yes | no
| | | +--------+
| ------------------- no ---------------| deny |
| / digest-nometadata \-------------------------| access |
| \ mode? [NEW] / +--------+
| -------------------
| ^ | yes +--------+
| | -------------------------------------| grant |
| | | access |
| | +--------+
| | yes
| ------------------------- no +--------+
|----------/ security.ima (new type) \-------------------| deny |
| \ present and valid? / | access |
| ------------------------- +--------+
| |
| -------------------------- no |
-----------/ security.ima (cur types) \-----------------------
\ present and valid? /
--------------------------
| yes +--------+
------------------------------------| grant |
| access |
+--------+
After the file digest is calculated, it is searched in the hash table
containing all digests extracted from the uploaded digest lists. Then, if
the digest is found, a structure is returned to IMA with information
associated to that digest. The structure is returned only to the IMA
submodules that processed the digest lists (i.e. the action returned by
ima_get_action() was 'measure' or 'appraise').
IMA-Measure behavior depends on whether the digest list PCR has been
specified in the kernel command line. If the PCR was not specified, the
submodule behaves as before. If the PCR was specified, IMA-Measure creates
a new measurement with that PCR, only if the file digest is not found in
the digest lists. It additionally creates a measurement with the default
PCR if '+' is added as a prefix to the PCR.
IMA-Appraise behavior depends on whether either the 'digest' or
'digest-nometadata' appraisal modes have been specified in the kernel
command line. If they were not specified, IMA-Appraise relies solely on the
security.ima xattr for verification. If the 'digest' mode was specified,
verification succeeds if the file digest is found in the digest lists and
EVM is not initialized, as there is no other way to verify file metadata.
If the 'digest-nometadata' mode was specified, verification succeeds
regardless of the fact that EVM is initialized or not. However, after a
write, files for which access was granted without verifying metadata will
have a new security.ima type, so that they can be identified also after
reboot. Specifying 'digest-nometadata' is required also to access files
with the new security.ima type.
ARCHITECTURE
============
+--------------+ 8) digest lookup
| IMA-Appraise |--------------------------------------
+--------------+ |
|
+-------------+ 7) digest lookup |
| IMA-Measure | -------------------------------------|
+-------------+ ||
|||
+-------------+ 2a/5b) parse compact list +-------------------+
| IMA (secfs) | ------------------------> | IMA Digests Lists |
+-------------+ +-------------------+
^ ^ | | 3a/6b add digests
| | | +------------+
| | | | hash table |
| | | +------------+
| | 4b) upload compact list |
| | | kernel space
---|--------|---------------------------------|-------------------------------
| | 1b) open digest_list_data | user space
| +-------------+ |
| | Parser |<--------------------------
| +-------------+ 2b) check parser binary, shared libraries
| ^ ^ ^ and actions (measure/appraise)
| RPM | ... 3b) read and convert digest list
| manifest
|
1a) upload compact list
The main addition to IMA is a new hash table (similar to that used to check
for duplicate measurement entries), which contains file digests extracted
from the digest lists.
File digests can be uploaded to IMA through a new securityfs file named
'digest_list_data' and must be sent in a format called compact list. Digest
lists can be uploaded directly to the kernel, by specifying their path, or
by executing a user space parser.
The parser, called upload_digest_lists, converts digest lists from the
original format defined by the software vendor (e.g. RPM package header) to
the compact list format. It is executed by the kernel even before init,
so that the hash table is populated before any file is accessed.
Converted digest lists can be uploaded exclusively by the parser. The
reason is that digest lists are measured only when they are accessed. If
they were uploaded by any process there wouldn't be any guarantee that the
converted lists contain the same digests as the original list. IMA checks
that the digest of the executable that opened 'digest_list_data' as well as
shared libraries supporting new digest list formats have type
COMPACT_PARSER.
As mentioned above, digest lists cannot be used unconditionally but must
have been processed by the IMA submodule willing to use them. This is
achieved by keeping track of the process that opens and closes
digest_list_data, and checking the actions done by that process. If a file
opened by the parser is not being measured, IMA-Measure will not be able
to use digest lists until reboot. The same happens for IMA-Appraise.
CONFIGURATION
=============
The first step consists in generating digest lists with the
gen_digest_lists tool included in the digest-list-tools package.
digest-list-tools can be retrieved at the URL:
https://github.com/euleros/digest-list-tools
gen_digest_lists can generate digest lists from different sources (for
example: RPM package DB and IMA measurement list). By default, it saves
generated digest lists in the /etc/ima/digest_lists directory.
digest-list-tools includes also two bash scripts setup_ima_digest_lists and
setup_digest_lists_demo to simplify the digest list generation for the
users.
To use the parser at boot, it is also necessary to generate a digest list
for it. It is automatically generated by the setup_ima_digest_lists script,
or it must be manually generated otherwise. If digest lists are used for
appraisal, they must be signed with a key saved to /etc/keys/x509_ima.der
and the key must be signed with a key in the primary or secondary kernel
keyring.
To use digest lists during early boot, it is necessary to regenerate the
initial ram disk. Digest lists and the parser will be included in the ram
disk by the new dracut/initramfs-tools modules, included in the
digest-list-tools package.