-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 10
/
colors.tex
261 lines (232 loc) · 10.3 KB
/
colors.tex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Colors}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{Vocabulary}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\begin{supertabular}{p{2,5cm}|ll}
%
\index{jelo}
\textbf{\dots jelo} && \textit{adjective}: yellowish, yellowy \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{jelo} && \textit{noun}: yellow, light green \\ % no-dictionary
&& \\ % no-dictionary
%
\index{kule}
\textbf{\dots kule} && \textit{adjective}: colourful, pigmented, painted \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{kule} && \textit{noun}: color, colour, paint, ink, dye, hue \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{kule (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to paint, to color \\ % no-dictionary
&& \\ % no-dictionary
%
\index{laso}
\textbf{\dots laso} && \textit{adjective}: bluish, bluey \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{laso} && \textit{noun}: blue, blue-green \\ % no-dictionary
&& \\ % no-dictionary
%
\index{loje}
\textbf{\dots loje} && \textit{adjective}: reddish, ruddy, pink, pinkish, gingery \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{loje} && \textit{noun}: red \\ % no-dictionary
&& \\ % no-dictionary
%
\index{pimeja}
\textbf{\dots pimeja} && \textit{adjective}: black, dark \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{pimeja} && \textit{noun}: darkness, shadows \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{pimeja (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to darken \\ % no-dictionary
&& \\ % no-dictionary
%
\index{sitelen}
\textbf{\dots sitelen} && \textit{adjective}: figurative, pictorial, metaphorical, metaphorisch \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{\dots sitelen} && \textit{adverb}: pictorially \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{sitelen} && \textit{noun}: picture, image, representation, symbol, mark, writing \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{sitelen (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to draw, to write \\ % no-dictionary
&& \\ % no-dictionary
%
\index{walo}
\textbf{\dots walo} && \textit{adjective}: white, whitish, light-coloured, pale \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{walo} && \textit{noun}: white thing or part, whiteness, lightness \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{walo (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to whiten, to whitewash \\ % no-dictionary
%
\end{supertabular} \\
%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
%
\subsection*{Color Combinations}
\subsubsection*{A Shade of Colour}
%
\index{color}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
In Toki Pona there are no words for the colors purple, green, grey, etc.
But you can create colors from several words.
One uses one of these nouns \textit{jelo}, \textit{laso}, \textit{loje}, \textit{pimeja} or \textit{walo}.
Then use these adjectives \textit{jelo}, \textit{laso}, \textit{loje}, \textit{pimeja}, or \textit{walo}.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
laso loje li ' pona, tawa mi. && Purple (reddish blue) is my favourite colour. \\
laso jelo li ' pona, tawa mi. && Green (yellowish blue) is my favourite colour. \\
loje jelo li ' pona, tawa mi. && Orange (yellowish red) is my favourite colour. \\
loje walo li ' pona, tawa mi. && Pink (whitish red) is my favourite colour. \\
walo pimeja li ' pona, tawa mi. && Grey (dark white) is my favourite colour. \\
\end{supertabular}
It is also possible to form colors from a noun and several adjectives.
The goal of Toki Pona is however the simplicity.
Therefore, avoid complex word compositions.
% Incidentally, the order of the colours doesn't matter.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
laso loje li ' pona, tawa mi. && Purple is my favourite colour. \\ % no-dictionary
loje laso li ' pona, tawa mi. && Purple is my favourite colour. \\
\end{supertabular}
Colors are usually used as adjectives because they describe nouns.
The adjectives \textit{loje} and \textit{laso} describe the noun \textit{len} here.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
len loje laso mi li ' pona, tawa mi. && I like this purple t-shirt. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{colors.png}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection*{Samples in Several Shades of Colour}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
Suppose that you have a shirt that have pattern with different colors (red and blue).
However, you can't call it \textit{len loje laso}, because that means 'purple shirt'.
The colours must be separated grammatically.
Each color of the pattern is described with a noun and optional adjectives.
To separate these color nouns with their adjectives we use the conjunction \textit{en}.
To separate the patterned item from its colours the separator serves \textit{pi}.
\textit{len}, \textit{loje} and \textit{laso} are nouns here.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
len ni pi loje en laso li ' pona, tawa mi. && I like this red and blue patterned t-shirt. \\
tomo pi jelo en loje pi meli Susan en mije jan Ken li ' nasa, tawa mi. && Susan and Ken's yellow and blue patterned house looks strange. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Noun \textit{kule}}
%
\index{\textit{kule}!noun}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The noun \textit{kule} means 'color'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ni li ' kule seme? && What color is that? \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Adjective \textit{kule}}
%
\index{\textit{kule}!adjective}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The adjective \textit{kule} means 'colourful', 'pigmented' or 'painted'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
len kule li ' pona, tawa mi. && I like the colourful dress. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{kule}}
%
\index{\textit{kule}!verb}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The transitive verb \textit{kule} means 'to dye'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ona li kule ala kule e len? && Does she dye the dress? \\
mi kule e lipu && I dye the dress. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Noun \textit{sitelen}}
%
\index{\textit{sitelen}!noun}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The noun \textit{sitelen} means 'picture' or 'image'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
sitelen tawa && movie, TV show \\
sitelen tawa 'Fahrenheit 9/11' li pona, tawa mi. && I like the movie 'Fahrenheit 9/11'. \\
sitelen tawa 'Bowling for Columbine' li pona kin. && The movie 'Bowling for Columbine' is also good. \\
sitelen ma && map \\
o pana e sitelen ma, tawa mi. && Give me the map. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Adjective \textit{sitelen}}
%
\index{\textit{sitelen}!adjective}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The adjective \textit{sitelen} means 'figurative', 'pictorial', 'metaphorical' or 'metaphorisch' or 'writen down'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
toki sitelen li ' pona, tawa jan ali. && Written language (writing) is good for all people. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{sitelen}}
%
\index{\textit{sitelen}!verb}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The transitive verb \textit{sitelen} means to 'draw' or to 'write'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ona li sitelen ala sitelen? && Does he draw? \\
mi sitelen e sitelen, lon lipu. && I draw the picture on paper. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{The Adverb \textit{sitelen}}
%
\index{\textit{sitelen}!adverb}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
The adverb \textit{sitelen} means 'pictorially'.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ona li toki sitelen e ni. && She says this very figuratively. \\
\end{supertabular}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
%
\subsection*{Practice (Answers: Page~\pageref{'colors'})}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
Please write down your answers and check them afterwards.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
Which kinds of word are possible in the slot after the conjunction \textit{en}? && \\ % no-dictionary
How are color pattern of an item described in \textit{toki pona}? && \\ % no-dictionary
How are color tones described for which there is no word in \textit{toki pona}? && \\ % no-dictionary
Which kinds of word are possible in the slot after the separator \textit{pi}? && \\ % no-dictionary
What kinds of words have the words for colors in \textit{toki pona}? && \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular}
Try to translate these sentences.
You can use the tool \textit{Toki Pona Parser} (\cite{www:rowa:02}) for spelling and grammar check.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
I don't see the blue bag. && \\ % no-dictionary
A little green person came from the sky. && \\ % no-dictionary
I like the color purple. && \\ % no-dictionary
The sky is blue. && \\ % no-dictionary
Look at that red bug. && \\ % no-dictionary
I want the map. && \\ % no-dictionary
Do you watch The X-Files? && \\ % no-dictionary
Which color do you like?* && \\ % no-dictionary
Is it red? && \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular}
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ni li pimeja ala pimeja e suno? && \\ % no-dictionary
suno li ' jelo. && \\ % no-dictionary
telo suli li ' laso. && \\ % no-dictionary
mi wile moku e kili loje. && \\ % no-dictionary
ona li kule e tomo tawa. && \\ % no-dictionary
len pi loje en laso pi meli sina li ' pona, tawa mi. && \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular}
* Think: 'Which color is good for you?'
And now try reading this Toki Pona poem.
\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ma mi li ' pimeja. && \\ % no-dictionary
kalama ala li lon && \\ % no-dictionary
mi lape. mi sona. && \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% eof