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text_3_lemma.html
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<h1>Using Lemmatization and POS tagging</h1>
<p><em>© 2014 Wouter van Atteveldt, license: [CC-BY-SA]</em></p>
<p>For Dutch, rule-based stemming does not work very well. Consider:</p>
<pre><code class="r">library(RTextTools)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## Loading required package: SparseM
##
## Attaching package: 'SparseM'
##
## The following object is masked from 'package:base':
##
## backsolve
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">library(slam)
text = "De verzekeringen zijn betaald, ik betaal de verzekering"
col_sums(create_matrix(text, language="dutch", stemWords=T, removeStopwords=F))
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## betaald betal verzeker zijn
## 1 1 2 1
</code></pre>
<p>As you can see, <em>verzekering</em> and <em>verzekeringen</em> are both reduced to <em>verzeker</em>, <em>betalen</em> and <em>betaald</em> are kept separate.
By comparison, a proper lemmatizer will handle such cases properly.
For example, the Frog lemmatizer accessible at <a href="http://ilk.uvt.nl/cgntagger/">http://ilk.uvt.nl/cgntagger/</a> produces the following output for that sentence (use the text box on the right)</p>
<table><thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">sent. #</th>
<th align="left">word #</th>
<th align="left">word</th>
<th align="left">tag</th>
<th align="left">lemma</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">De</td>
<td align="left">LID(bep,stan,rest)</td>
<td align="left">de</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
<td align="left">verzekeringen</td>
<td align="left">N(soort,mv,basis)</td>
<td align="left">verzekering</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">2</td>
<td align="left">zijn</td>
<td align="left">WW(pv,tgw,mv)</td>
<td align="left">zijn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">3</td>
<td align="left">betaald</td>
<td align="left">WW(vd,vrij,zonder)</td>
<td align="left">betalen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">4</td>
<td align="left">,</td>
<td align="left">LET()</td>
<td align="left">,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">5</td>
<td align="left">ik</td>
<td align="left">VNW(pers,pron,nomin,vol,1,ev)</td>
<td align="left">ik</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">6</td>
<td align="left">betaal</td>
<td align="left">WW(pv,tgw,ev)</td>
<td align="left">betalen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">7</td>
<td align="left">de</td>
<td align="left">LID(bep,stan,rest)</td>
<td align="left">de</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="left">8</td>
<td align="left">verzekering</td>
<td align="left">N(soort,ev,basis,zijd,stan)</td>
<td align="left">verzekering</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The final column contains the <em>lemma</em>, and as you can see the different verb conjugations are now matched together. You can also see the 'tag' column, which lists the part of speech (POS), indicating what kind of word it is. It is often very useful to select e.g. only nouns, adjectives, and verbs. </p>
<h2>Lemmatizing text</h2>
<p>Performing actual lemmatization is beyond the scope of this document.
Frog can be installed easily using <code>apt-get install frog frogdata ucto</code> on a modern debian or ubuntu system (see also <a href="http://ilk.uvt.nl/frog/">http://ilk.uvt.nl/frog/</a>), and for most common languages free lemmatizers are available. </p>
<p>For this workshop, I've lemmatized the 'achmea.csv' documents using the frog lemmatizer built into AmCAT, and exported the tokens as a data frame. This file can be downloaded from <a href="https://github.com/vanatteveldt/learningr/blob/master/tokens.rdata?raw=true">github</a></p>
<pre><code class="r">load("tokens.rdata")
head(tokens)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## aid achmea_id word lemma pos1 freq
## 1 112028081 1 Snel snel A 1
## 2 112028081 1 geholpen helpen V 1
## 3 112028081 1 .. .. . 2
## 4 112028081 1 Gevoel gevoel N 1
## 5 112028081 1 dat dat C 1
## 6 112028081 1 ik ik O 1
</code></pre>
<p>As you can see, this data frame contains the pos, word and lemma columns from the table above.
The <em>pos1</em> columns contains an abbreviated POS tag, which is easier to use. </p>
<h2>From tokens to document-term matrix</h2>
<p>Although tokens are in principle the same 'triplet' representation as a sparse matrix,
there are a number of steps to move from tokens to a document-term matrix.
We define a function <code>dtm.create</code> here, which is also available <a href="http:/github.com/kasperwelbers/corpustools">corpustools</a> package.</p>
<pre><code class="r">library(tm)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## Loading required package: NLP
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">library(Matrix)
cast.sparse.matrix <- function(rows, columns, values) {
d = data.frame(rows=rows, columns=columns, values=values)
d = aggregate(values ~ rows + columns, d, FUN='sum')
unit_index = unique(d$rows)
char_index = unique(d$columns)
sm = spMatrix(nrow=length(unit_index), ncol=length(char_index),
match(d$rows, unit_index), match(d$columns, char_index), d$values)
rownames(sm) = unit_index
colnames(sm) = char_index
sm
}
dtm.create <- function(ids, terms, freqs) {
# remove NA terms
d = data.frame(ids=ids, terms=terms, freqs=freqs)
d = aggregate(freqs ~ ids + terms, d, FUN='sum')
id_index = unique(d$ids)
term_index = unique(d$terms)
sm = spMatrix(nrow=length(id_index), ncol=length(term_index),
match(d$ids, id_index), match(d$terms, term_index), d$freqs)
rownames(sm) = id_index
colnames(sm) = term_index
as.DocumentTermMatrix(sm, weighting=weightTf)
}
</code></pre>
<p>The following code creates a document-term matrix containing only the nouns</p>
<pre><code class="r">nouns = tokens[tokens$pos1 == 'N', ]
m = dtm.create(nouns$achmea_id, nouns$lemma, nouns$freq)
class(m)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "DocumentTermMatrix" "simple_triplet_matrix"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">dim(m)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 20490 13050
</code></pre>
<p>Since this is a 'normal' DocumentTermMatrix, it can be used for corpus analysis, topic modeling or machine learning like the matrices created using the <code>create_matrix</code> function from <code>RTextTools</code></p>
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