client.go

// Copyright 2015 go-dockerclient authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package docker provides a client for the Docker remote API.
//
// See https://goo.gl/G3plxW for more details on the remote API.
package docker

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/http/httputil"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/fsouza/go-dockerclient/external/github.com/docker/docker/opts"
	"github.com/fsouza/go-dockerclient/external/github.com/docker/docker/pkg/homedir"
	"github.com/fsouza/go-dockerclient/external/github.com/docker/docker/pkg/stdcopy"
	"github.com/fsouza/go-dockerclient/external/github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp"
)

const userAgent = "go-dockerclient"

var (
	// ErrInvalidEndpoint is returned when the endpoint is not a valid HTTP URL.
	ErrInvalidEndpoint = errors.New("invalid endpoint")

	// ErrConnectionRefused is returned when the client cannot connect to the given endpoint.
	ErrConnectionRefused = errors.New("cannot connect to Docker endpoint")

	apiVersion112, _ = NewAPIVersion("1.12")

	apiVersion119, _ = NewAPIVersion("1.19")
)

// APIVersion is an internal representation of a version of the Remote API.
type APIVersion []int

// NewAPIVersion returns an instance of APIVersion for the given string.
//
// The given string must be in the form <major>.<minor>.<patch>, where <major>,
// <minor> and <patch> are integer numbers.
func NewAPIVersion(input string) (APIVersion, error) {
	if !strings.Contains(input, ".") {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to parse version %q", input)
	}
	raw := strings.Split(input, "-")
	arr := strings.Split(raw[0], ".")
	ret := make(APIVersion, len(arr))
	var err error
	for i, val := range arr {
		ret[i], err = strconv.Atoi(val)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to parse version %q: %q is not an integer", input, val)
		}
	}
	return ret, nil
}

func (version APIVersion) String() string {
	var str string
	for i, val := range version {
		str += strconv.Itoa(val)
		if i < len(version)-1 {
			str += "."
		}
	}
	return str
}

// LessThan is a function for comparing APIVersion structs
func (version APIVersion) LessThan(other APIVersion) bool {
	return version.compare(other) < 0
}

// LessThanOrEqualTo is a function for comparing APIVersion structs
func (version APIVersion) LessThanOrEqualTo(other APIVersion) bool {
	return version.compare(other) <= 0
}

// GreaterThan is a function for comparing APIVersion structs
func (version APIVersion) GreaterThan(other APIVersion) bool {
	return version.compare(other) > 0
}

// GreaterThanOrEqualTo is a function for comparing APIVersion structs
func (version APIVersion) GreaterThanOrEqualTo(other APIVersion) bool {
	return version.compare(other) >= 0
}

func (version APIVersion) compare(other APIVersion) int {
	for i, v := range version {
		if i <= len(other)-1 {
			otherVersion := other[i]

			if v < otherVersion {
				return -1
			} else if v > otherVersion {
				return 1
			}
		}
	}
	if len(version) > len(other) {
		return 1
	}
	if len(version) < len(other) {
		return -1
	}
	return 0
}

// Client is the basic type of this package. It provides methods for
// interaction with the API.
type Client struct {
	SkipServerVersionCheck bool
	HTTPClient             *http.Client
	TLSConfig              *tls.Config
	Dialer                 *net.Dialer

	endpoint            string
	endpointURL         *url.URL
	eventMonitor        *eventMonitoringState
	requestedAPIVersion APIVersion
	serverAPIVersion    APIVersion
	expectedAPIVersion  APIVersion
	unixHTTPClient      *http.Client
}

// NewClient returns a Client instance ready for communication with the given
// server endpoint. It will use the latest remote API version available in the
// server.
func NewClient(endpoint string) (*Client, error) {
	client, err := NewVersionedClient(endpoint, "")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	client.SkipServerVersionCheck = true
	return client, nil
}

// NewTLSClient returns a Client instance ready for TLS communications with the givens
// server endpoint, key and certificates . It will use the latest remote API version
// available in the server.
func NewTLSClient(endpoint string, cert, key, ca string) (*Client, error) {
	client, err := NewVersionedTLSClient(endpoint, cert, key, ca, "")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	client.SkipServerVersionCheck = true
	return client, nil
}

// NewTLSClientFromBytes returns a Client instance ready for TLS communications with the givens
// server endpoint, key and certificates (passed inline to the function as opposed to being
// read from a local file). It will use the latest remote API version available in the server.
func NewTLSClientFromBytes(endpoint string, certPEMBlock, keyPEMBlock, caPEMCert []byte) (*Client, error) {
	client, err := NewVersionedTLSClientFromBytes(endpoint, certPEMBlock, keyPEMBlock, caPEMCert, "")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	client.SkipServerVersionCheck = true
	return client, nil
}

// NewVersionedClient returns a Client instance ready for communication with
// the given server endpoint, using a specific remote API version.
func NewVersionedClient(endpoint string, apiVersionString string) (*Client, error) {
	u, err := parseEndpoint(endpoint, false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var requestedAPIVersion APIVersion
	if strings.Contains(apiVersionString, ".") {
		requestedAPIVersion, err = NewAPIVersion(apiVersionString)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return &Client{
		HTTPClient:          cleanhttp.DefaultClient(),
		Dialer:              &net.Dialer{},
		endpoint:            endpoint,
		endpointURL:         u,
		eventMonitor:        new(eventMonitoringState),
		requestedAPIVersion: requestedAPIVersion,
	}, nil
}

// NewVersionnedTLSClient has been DEPRECATED, please use NewVersionedTLSClient.
func NewVersionnedTLSClient(endpoint string, cert, key, ca, apiVersionString string) (*Client, error) {
	return NewVersionedTLSClient(endpoint, cert, key, ca, apiVersionString)
}

// NewVersionedTLSClient returns a Client instance ready for TLS communications with the givens
// server endpoint, key and certificates, using a specific remote API version.
func NewVersionedTLSClient(endpoint string, cert, key, ca, apiVersionString string) (*Client, error) {
	certPEMBlock, err := ioutil.ReadFile(cert)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	keyPEMBlock, err := ioutil.ReadFile(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	caPEMCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(ca)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return NewVersionedTLSClientFromBytes(endpoint, certPEMBlock, keyPEMBlock, caPEMCert, apiVersionString)
}

// NewClientFromEnv returns a Client instance ready for communication created from
// Docker's default logic for the environment variables DOCKER_HOST, DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY, and DOCKER_CERT_PATH.
//
// See https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/1f963af697e8df3a78217f6fdbf67b8123a7db94/docker/docker.go#L68.
// See https://github.com/docker/compose/blob/81707ef1ad94403789166d2fe042c8a718a4c748/compose/cli/docker_client.py#L7.
func NewClientFromEnv() (*Client, error) {
	client, err := NewVersionedClientFromEnv("")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	client.SkipServerVersionCheck = true
	return client, nil
}

// NewVersionedClientFromEnv returns a Client instance ready for TLS communications created from
// Docker's default logic for the environment variables DOCKER_HOST, DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY, and DOCKER_CERT_PATH,
// and using a specific remote API version.
//
// See https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/1f963af697e8df3a78217f6fdbf67b8123a7db94/docker/docker.go#L68.
// See https://github.com/docker/compose/blob/81707ef1ad94403789166d2fe042c8a718a4c748/compose/cli/docker_client.py#L7.
func NewVersionedClientFromEnv(apiVersionString string) (*Client, error) {
	dockerEnv, err := getDockerEnv()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	dockerHost := dockerEnv.dockerHost
	if dockerEnv.dockerTLSVerify {
		parts := strings.SplitN(dockerEnv.dockerHost, "://", 2)
		if len(parts) != 2 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not split %s into two parts by ://", dockerHost)
		}
		cert := filepath.Join(dockerEnv.dockerCertPath, "cert.pem")
		key := filepath.Join(dockerEnv.dockerCertPath, "key.pem")
		ca := filepath.Join(dockerEnv.dockerCertPath, "ca.pem")
		return NewVersionedTLSClient(dockerEnv.dockerHost, cert, key, ca, apiVersionString)
	}
	return NewVersionedClient(dockerEnv.dockerHost, apiVersionString)
}

// NewVersionedTLSClientFromBytes returns a Client instance ready for TLS communications with the givens
// server endpoint, key and certificates (passed inline to the function as opposed to being
// read from a local file), using a specific remote API version.
func NewVersionedTLSClientFromBytes(endpoint string, certPEMBlock, keyPEMBlock, caPEMCert []byte, apiVersionString string) (*Client, error) {
	u, err := parseEndpoint(endpoint, true)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var requestedAPIVersion APIVersion
	if strings.Contains(apiVersionString, ".") {
		requestedAPIVersion, err = NewAPIVersion(apiVersionString)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	if certPEMBlock == nil || keyPEMBlock == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("Both cert and key are required")
	}
	tlsCert, err := tls.X509KeyPair(certPEMBlock, keyPEMBlock)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{Certificates: []tls.Certificate{tlsCert}}
	if caPEMCert == nil {
		tlsConfig.InsecureSkipVerify = true
	} else {
		caPool := x509.NewCertPool()
		if !caPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caPEMCert) {
			return nil, errors.New("Could not add RootCA pem")
		}
		tlsConfig.RootCAs = caPool
	}
	tr := cleanhttp.DefaultTransport()
	tr.TLSClientConfig = tlsConfig
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &Client{
		HTTPClient:          &http.Client{Transport: tr},
		TLSConfig:           tlsConfig,
		Dialer:              &net.Dialer{},
		endpoint:            endpoint,
		endpointURL:         u,
		eventMonitor:        new(eventMonitoringState),
		requestedAPIVersion: requestedAPIVersion,
	}, nil
}

func (c *Client) checkAPIVersion() error {
	serverAPIVersionString, err := c.getServerAPIVersionString()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	c.serverAPIVersion, err = NewAPIVersion(serverAPIVersionString)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if c.requestedAPIVersion == nil {
		c.expectedAPIVersion = c.serverAPIVersion
	} else {
		c.expectedAPIVersion = c.requestedAPIVersion
	}
	return nil
}

// Endpoint returns the current endpoint. It's useful for getting the endpoint
// when using functions that get this data from the environment (like
// NewClientFromEnv.
func (c *Client) Endpoint() string {
	return c.endpoint
}

// Ping pings the docker server
//
// See https://goo.gl/kQCfJj for more details.
func (c *Client) Ping() error {
	path := "/_ping"
	resp, err := c.do("GET", path, doOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return newError(resp)
	}
	resp.Body.Close()
	return nil
}

func (c *Client) getServerAPIVersionString() (version string, err error) {
	resp, err := c.do("GET", "/version", doOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("Received unexpected status %d while trying to retrieve the server version", resp.StatusCode)
	}
	var versionResponse map[string]interface{}
	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&versionResponse); err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	if version, ok := (versionResponse["ApiVersion"]).(string); ok {
		return version, nil
	}
	return "", nil
}

type doOptions struct {
	data      interface{}
	forceJSON bool
	headers   map[string]string
}

func (c *Client) do(method, path string, doOptions doOptions) (*http.Response, error) {
	var params io.Reader
	if doOptions.data != nil || doOptions.forceJSON {
		buf, err := json.Marshal(doOptions.data)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		params = bytes.NewBuffer(buf)
	}
	if path != "/version" && !c.SkipServerVersionCheck && c.expectedAPIVersion == nil {
		err := c.checkAPIVersion()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	httpClient := c.HTTPClient
	protocol := c.endpointURL.Scheme
	var u string
	if protocol == "unix" {
		httpClient = c.unixClient()
		u = c.getFakeUnixURL(path)
	} else {
		u = c.getURL(path)
	}
	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, u, params)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", userAgent)
	if doOptions.data != nil {
		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	} else if method == "POST" {
		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "plain/text")
	}

	for k, v := range doOptions.headers {
		req.Header.Set(k, v)
	}
	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "connection refused") {
			return nil, ErrConnectionRefused
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
		return nil, newError(resp)
	}
	return resp, nil
}

type streamOptions struct {
	setRawTerminal bool
	rawJSONStream  bool
	useJSONDecoder bool
	headers        map[string]string
	in             io.Reader
	stdout         io.Writer
	stderr         io.Writer
	// timeout is the inital connection timeout
	timeout time.Duration
}

func (c *Client) stream(method, path string, streamOptions streamOptions) error {
	if (method == "POST" || method == "PUT") && streamOptions.in == nil {
		streamOptions.in = bytes.NewReader(nil)
	}
	if path != "/version" && !c.SkipServerVersionCheck && c.expectedAPIVersion == nil {
		err := c.checkAPIVersion()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, c.getURL(path), streamOptions.in)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", userAgent)
	if method == "POST" {
		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "plain/text")
	}
	for key, val := range streamOptions.headers {
		req.Header.Set(key, val)
	}
	var resp *http.Response
	protocol := c.endpointURL.Scheme
	address := c.endpointURL.Path
	if streamOptions.stdout == nil {
		streamOptions.stdout = ioutil.Discard
	}
	if streamOptions.stderr == nil {
		streamOptions.stderr = ioutil.Discard
	}
	if protocol == "unix" {
		dial, err := c.Dialer.Dial(protocol, address)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		defer dial.Close()
		breader := bufio.NewReader(dial)
		err = req.Write(dial)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// ReadResponse may hang if server does not replay
		if streamOptions.timeout > 0 {
			dial.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(streamOptions.timeout))
		}

		if resp, err = http.ReadResponse(breader, req); err != nil {
			// Cancel timeout for future I/O operations
			if streamOptions.timeout > 0 {
				dial.SetDeadline(time.Time{})
			}
			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "connection refused") {
				return ErrConnectionRefused
			}
			return err
		}
	} else {
		if resp, err = c.HTTPClient.Do(req); err != nil {
			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "connection refused") {
				return ErrConnectionRefused
			}
			return err
		}
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
		return newError(resp)
	}
	if streamOptions.useJSONDecoder || resp.Header.Get("Content-Type") == "application/json" {
		// if we want to get raw json stream, just copy it back to output
		// without decoding it
		if streamOptions.rawJSONStream {
			_, err = io.Copy(streamOptions.stdout, resp.Body)
			return err
		}
		dec := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body)
		for {
			var m jsonMessage
			if err := dec.Decode(&m); err == io.EOF {
				break
			} else if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if m.Stream != "" {
				fmt.Fprint(streamOptions.stdout, m.Stream)
			} else if m.Progress != "" {
				fmt.Fprintf(streamOptions.stdout, "%s %s\r", m.Status, m.Progress)
			} else if m.Error != "" {
				return errors.New(m.Error)
			}
			if m.Status != "" {
				fmt.Fprintln(streamOptions.stdout, m.Status)
			}
		}
	} else {
		if streamOptions.setRawTerminal {
			_, err = io.Copy(streamOptions.stdout, resp.Body)
		} else {
			_, err = stdcopy.StdCopy(streamOptions.stdout, streamOptions.stderr, resp.Body)
		}
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

type hijackOptions struct {
	success        chan struct{}
	setRawTerminal bool
	in             io.Reader
	stdout         io.Writer
	stderr         io.Writer
	data           interface{}
}

type CloseWaiter interface {
	io.Closer
	Wait() error
}

type waiterFunc func() error

func (w waiterFunc) Wait() error { return w() }

type closerFunc func() error

func (c closerFunc) Close() error { return c() }

func (c *Client) hijack(method, path string, hijackOptions hijackOptions) (CloseWaiter, error) {
	if path != "/version" && !c.SkipServerVersionCheck && c.expectedAPIVersion == nil {
		err := c.checkAPIVersion()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	var params io.Reader
	if hijackOptions.data != nil {
		buf, err := json.Marshal(hijackOptions.data)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		params = bytes.NewBuffer(buf)
	}
	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, c.getURL(path), params)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	req.Header.Set("Connection", "Upgrade")
	req.Header.Set("Upgrade", "tcp")
	protocol := c.endpointURL.Scheme
	address := c.endpointURL.Path
	if protocol != "unix" {
		protocol = "tcp"
		address = c.endpointURL.Host
	}
	var dial net.Conn
	if c.TLSConfig != nil && protocol != "unix" {
		dial, err = tlsDialWithDialer(c.Dialer, protocol, address, c.TLSConfig)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		dial, err = c.Dialer.Dial(protocol, address)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	errs := make(chan error)
	quit := make(chan struct{})
	go func() {
		clientconn := httputil.NewClientConn(dial, nil)
		defer clientconn.Close()
		clientconn.Do(req)
		if hijackOptions.success != nil {
			hijackOptions.success <- struct{}{}
			<-hijackOptions.success
		}
		rwc, br := clientconn.Hijack()
		defer rwc.Close()

		errChanOut := make(chan error, 1)
		errChanIn := make(chan error, 1)
		if hijackOptions.stdout == nil && hijackOptions.stderr == nil {
			close(errChanOut)
		} else {
			// Only copy if hijackOptions.stdout and/or hijackOptions.stderr is actually set.
			// Otherwise, if the only stream you care about is stdin, your attach session
			// will "hang" until the container terminates, even though you're not reading
			// stdout/stderr
			if hijackOptions.stdout == nil {
				hijackOptions.stdout = ioutil.Discard
			}
			if hijackOptions.stderr == nil {
				hijackOptions.stderr = ioutil.Discard
			}

			go func() {
				defer func() {
					if hijackOptions.in != nil {
						if closer, ok := hijackOptions.in.(io.Closer); ok {
							closer.Close()
						}
						errChanIn <- nil
					}
				}()

				var err error
				if hijackOptions.setRawTerminal {
					_, err = io.Copy(hijackOptions.stdout, br)
				} else {
					_, err = stdcopy.StdCopy(hijackOptions.stdout, hijackOptions.stderr, br)
				}
				errChanOut <- err
			}()
		}

		go func() {
			var err error
			if hijackOptions.in != nil {
				_, err = io.Copy(rwc, hijackOptions.in)
			}
			errChanIn <- err
			rwc.(interface {
				CloseWrite() error
			}).CloseWrite()
		}()

		var errIn error
		select {
		case errIn = <-errChanIn:
		case <-quit:
			return
		}

		var errOut error
		select {
		case errOut = <-errChanOut:
		case <-quit:
			return
		}

		if errIn != nil {
			errs <- errIn
		} else {
			errs <- errOut
		}
	}()

	return struct {
		closerFunc
		waiterFunc
	}{
		closerFunc(func() error { close(quit); return nil }),
		waiterFunc(func() error { return <-errs }),
	}, nil
}

func (c *Client) getURL(path string) string {
	urlStr := strings.TrimRight(c.endpointURL.String(), "/")
	if c.endpointURL.Scheme == "unix" {
		urlStr = ""
	}
	if c.requestedAPIVersion != nil {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s/v%s%s", urlStr, c.requestedAPIVersion, path)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", urlStr, path)
}

// getFakeUnixURL returns the URL needed to make an HTTP request over a UNIX
// domain socket to the given path.
func (c *Client) getFakeUnixURL(path string) string {
	u := *c.endpointURL // Copy.

	// Override URL so that net/http will not complain.
	u.Scheme = "http"
	u.Host = "unix.sock" // Doesn't matter what this is - it's not used.
	u.Path = ""
	urlStr := strings.TrimRight(u.String(), "/")
	if c.requestedAPIVersion != nil {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s/v%s%s", urlStr, c.requestedAPIVersion, path)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", urlStr, path)
}

func (c *Client) unixClient() *http.Client {
	if c.unixHTTPClient != nil {
		return c.unixHTTPClient
	}
	socketPath := c.endpointURL.Path
	tr := &http.Transport{
		Dial: func(network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
			return c.Dialer.Dial("unix", socketPath)
		},
	}
	cleanhttp.SetTransportFinalizer(tr)
	c.unixHTTPClient = &http.Client{Transport: tr}
	return c.unixHTTPClient
}

type jsonMessage struct {
	Status   string `json:"status,omitempty"`
	Progress string `json:"progress,omitempty"`
	Error    string `json:"error,omitempty"`
	Stream   string `json:"stream,omitempty"`
}

func queryString(opts interface{}) string {
	if opts == nil {
		return ""
	}
	value := reflect.ValueOf(opts)
	if value.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
		value = value.Elem()
	}
	if value.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
		return ""
	}
	items := url.Values(map[string][]string{})
	for i := 0; i < value.NumField(); i++ {
		field := value.Type().Field(i)
		if field.PkgPath != "" {
			continue
		}
		key := field.Tag.Get("qs")
		if key == "" {
			key = strings.ToLower(field.Name)
		} else if key == "-" {
			continue
		}
		addQueryStringValue(items, key, value.Field(i))
	}
	return items.Encode()
}

func addQueryStringValue(items url.Values, key string, v reflect.Value) {
	switch v.Kind() {
	case reflect.Bool:
		if v.Bool() {
			items.Add(key, "1")
		}
	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
		if v.Int() > 0 {
			items.Add(key, strconv.FormatInt(v.Int(), 10))
		}
	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
		if v.Float() > 0 {
			items.Add(key, strconv.FormatFloat(v.Float(), 'f', -1, 64))
		}
	case reflect.String:
		if v.String() != "" {
			items.Add(key, v.String())
		}
	case reflect.Ptr:
		if !v.IsNil() {
			if b, err := json.Marshal(v.Interface()); err == nil {
				items.Add(key, string(b))
			}
		}
	case reflect.Map:
		if len(v.MapKeys()) > 0 {
			if b, err := json.Marshal(v.Interface()); err == nil {
				items.Add(key, string(b))
			}
		}
	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
		vLen := v.Len()
		if vLen > 0 {
			for i := 0; i < vLen; i++ {
				addQueryStringValue(items, key, v.Index(i))
			}
		}
	}
}

// Error represents failures in the API. It represents a failure from the API.
type Error struct {
	Status  int
	Message string
}

func newError(resp *http.Response) *Error {
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		return &Error{Status: resp.StatusCode, Message: fmt.Sprintf("cannot read body, err: %v", err)}
	}
	return &Error{Status: resp.StatusCode, Message: string(data)}
}

func (e *Error) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("API error (%d): %s", e.Status, e.Message)
}

func parseEndpoint(endpoint string, tls bool) (*url.URL, error) {
	if endpoint != "" && !strings.Contains(endpoint, "://") {
		endpoint = "tcp://" + endpoint
	}
	u, err := url.Parse(endpoint)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ErrInvalidEndpoint
	}
	if tls {
		u.Scheme = "https"
	}
	switch u.Scheme {
	case "unix":
		return u, nil
	case "http", "https", "tcp":
		_, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(u.Host)
		if err != nil {
			if e, ok := err.(*net.AddrError); ok {
				if e.Err == "missing port in address" {
					return u, nil
				}
			}
			return nil, ErrInvalidEndpoint
		}
		number, err := strconv.ParseInt(port, 10, 64)
		if err == nil && number > 0 && number < 65536 {
			if u.Scheme == "tcp" {
				if tls {
					u.Scheme = "https"
				} else {
					u.Scheme = "http"
				}
			}
			return u, nil
		}
		return nil, ErrInvalidEndpoint
	default:
		return nil, ErrInvalidEndpoint
	}
}

type dockerEnv struct {
	dockerHost      string
	dockerTLSVerify bool
	dockerCertPath  string
}

func getDockerEnv() (*dockerEnv, error) {
	dockerHost := os.Getenv("DOCKER_HOST")
	var err error
	if dockerHost == "" {
		dockerHost, err = DefaultDockerHost()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	dockerTLSVerify := os.Getenv("DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY") != ""
	var dockerCertPath string
	if dockerTLSVerify {
		dockerCertPath = os.Getenv("DOCKER_CERT_PATH")
		if dockerCertPath == "" {
			home := homedir.Get()
			if home == "" {
				return nil, errors.New("environment variable HOME must be set if DOCKER_CERT_PATH is not set")
			}
			dockerCertPath = filepath.Join(home, ".docker")
			dockerCertPath, err = filepath.Abs(dockerCertPath)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		}
	}
	return &dockerEnv{
		dockerHost:      dockerHost,
		dockerTLSVerify: dockerTLSVerify,
		dockerCertPath:  dockerCertPath,
	}, nil
}

// DefaultDockerHost returns the default docker socket for the current OS
func DefaultDockerHost() (string, error) {
	var defaultHost string
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		// If we do not have a host, default to TCP socket on Windows
		defaultHost = fmt.Sprintf("tcp://%s:%d", opts.DefaultHTTPHost, opts.DefaultHTTPPort)
	} else {
		// If we do not have a host, default to unix socket
		defaultHost = fmt.Sprintf("unix://%s", opts.DefaultUnixSocket)
	}
	return opts.ValidateHost(defaultHost)
}