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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Kanjira</h1>
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<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<caption>Kanjira</caption>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanjira.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Kanjira.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kanjira.jpg/250px-Kanjira.jpg" width="250" height="163" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kanjira.jpg/375px-Kanjira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kanjira.jpg/500px-Kanjira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="499" /></a></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Other names</th>
<td style="text-align: left">Ganjira</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Classification</a></th>
<td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Hand_percussion" title="Hand percussion">hand percussion</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left">High sound of jingles, plus some have a skin with a lower sound.</td>
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<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Riq" title="Riq">Riq</a>, Buben, <a href="/wiki/Dayereh" title="Dayereh">Dayereh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">Daf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">Frame drum</a></td>
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<p>The <b>kanjira</b>, <b>khanjira</b> or <b>ganjira</b>, a <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a>, is an instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a> family. As a folk and <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajan</a> instrument, it has been used for many centuries. It was modified to a frame drum of a single pair of jingles by Manpoondia Pillai in the 1880's <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and was added to classical concerts during the 1930s. It is used primarily in concerts of <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> (South Indian classical music) as a supporting instrument for the <i><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a></i>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
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<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Construction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Construction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Play"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Play</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Players"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Players</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction">Construction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanjira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Similar to the Western tambourine, it consists of a circular frame made of the wood of the <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a> tree, between 7 and 9 inches in width and 2 to 4 inches in depth. It is covered on one side with a <a href="/wiki/Drumhead" title="Drumhead">drumhead</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizard</a> skin (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_monitor" title="Bengal monitor">Bengal monitor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Khati1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khati1998-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Varanus bengalensis</i>, now an endangered species in India), while the other side is left open. The frame has a single slit which contain three to four small metal discs (often old coins) that jingle when the kanjira is played.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlArnold1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlArnold1998-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Play">Play</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanjira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Play">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <i>kanjira</i> is a relatively difficult Indian drum to play, especially in South Indian Carnatic music, for reasons including the complexity of the percussion patterns used in Indian music. It is normally played with the palm and fingers of the right hand, while the left hand supports the drum. The fingertips of the left hand can be used to bend the pitch by applying pressure near the outer rim. It is not tuned to any particular <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, unlike the mridangam or the <a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">ghatam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Requires_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Requires-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Normally, without, it has a very high pitched sound. To get a good bass sound, the performer reduces the tension of the drumhead by sprinkling water on the inside of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-Requires_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Requires-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> This process may have to be repeated during a concert to maintain a good sound. However, if the instrument is too moist, it will have a dead tone, requiring 5–10 minutes to dry. Tone is also affected by external temperature and moisture conditions. Performers typically carry a couple of <i>kanjira</i>s so that they can keep at least one in perfectly tuned condition at any given time.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Players">Players</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanjira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Players">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._Harishankar" title="G. Harishankar">G. Harishankar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurthy_Pillai" title="Dakshinamurthy Pillai">Dakshinamurthy Pillai</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V._Selvaganesh" title="V. Selvaganesh">V. Selvaganesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira_Ganesh_Kumar" title="Kanjira Ganesh Kumar">N. Ganesh Kumar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Lockett" title="Pete Lockett">Pete Lockett</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T_S_Nandakumar" title="T S Nandakumar" class="mw-redirect">T S Nandakumar</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanjira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nscottrobinson.com/southindiaperc.php">http://www.nscottrobinson.com/southindiaperc.php</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Khati1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khati1998_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Anand S. Khati (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KJUz97Z5LA0C"><i>National parks of India</i></a>. Pelican Creations International. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86738-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86738-00-9">978-81-86738-00-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanjira&rft.au=Anand+S.+Khati&rft.aulast=Anand+S.+Khati&rft.btitle=National+parks+of+India&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJUz97Z5LA0C&rft.isbn=978-81-86738-00-9&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Pelican+Creations+International&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NettlArnold1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NettlArnold1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bruno Nettl; Alison Arnold (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA357"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 357–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1">978-0-8240-4946-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanjira&rft.au=Alison+Arnold&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.aulast=Bruno+Nettl&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC%26pg%3DPA357&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.pages=357-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Requires-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Requires_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Requires_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850790700.htm">http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850790700.htm</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-pete-s-big-percussion-party-1286997">http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-pete-s-big-percussion-party-1286997</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanjira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indian_classical_music" title="Portal:Indian classical music">Indian classical music portal</a></td>
</tr>
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<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">N. Scott Robinson; OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZTAbngEACAAJ"><i>Tradition and Renewal: The Development of the Kanjira in South India</i></a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanjira&rft.aulast=N.+Scott+Robinson&rft.au=N.+Scott+Robinson&rft.au=OhioLINK+Electronic+Theses+and+Dissertations+Center&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Renewal%3A+The+Development+of+the+Kanjira+in+South+India&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZTAbngEACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-tambourine-trail/article6413822.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-tambourine-trail/article6413822.ece</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/MusicRes-Periodicals/PAC-TalaVadyaSeminar-2_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/MusicRes-Periodicals/PAC-TalaVadyaSeminar-2_djvu.txt</a></li>
<li><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IycqAQAAIAAJ"><i>Sruti</i></a>. 268-273. P.N. Sundaresan. 2007. p. 272.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanjira&rft.btitle=Sruti&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIycqAQAAIAAJ&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=P.N.+Sundaresan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=268-273" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123003360800.htm">http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123003360800.htm</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanjira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kanjira.org/">Kanjira.org</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_musical_instruments" title="Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></div>
</th>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Percussion</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edakka" title="Edakka" class="mw-redirect">Edakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Khanjira</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mizhav" title="Mizhav" class="mw-redirect">Mizhav</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Morsing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhavaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Parai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_(drum)" title="Sambal (drum)">Sambal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">Tavil</a></li>
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<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Sarod_and_sitar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sarod_and_sitar.jpg/90px-Sarod_and_sitar.jpg" width="90" height="181" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sarod_and_sitar.jpg/135px-Sarod_and_sitar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sarod_and_sitar.jpg/180px-Sarod_and_sitar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="879" /></a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">String</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Dilruba/Esraj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">Seni rebab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tanpura" title="Electronic tanpura">Electronic</a></li>
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</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_veena" title="Mohan veena">Mohan veena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Western</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium#On_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Harmonium" class="mw-redirect">Harmonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Wind</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">Shruti box</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th>
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<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sangeet_Vadya" title="Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya">Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamaka_(music)" title="Gamaka (music)">Gamaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meend" title="Meend">Meend</a></li>
</ul>
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