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sql.rb
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sql.rb
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module Sequel
class Dataset
# The Dataset SQL module implements all the dataset methods concerned with
# generating SQL statements for retrieving and manipulating records.
module SQL
ALIASED_REGEXP = /\A(.*)\s(.*)\z/.freeze
QUALIFIED_REGEXP = /\A(.*)\.(.*)\z/.freeze
WILDCARD = '*'.freeze
COMMA_SEPARATOR = ", ".freeze
COLUMN_REF_RE1 = /^(\w+)__(\w+)___(\w+)/.freeze
COLUMN_REF_RE2 = /\A(\w+)___(\w+)\z/.freeze
COLUMN_REF_RE3 = /\A(\w+)__(\w+)\z/.freeze
# Converts a symbol into a column name. This method supports underscore
# notation in order to express qualified (two underscores) and aliased
# (three underscores) columns:
#
# ds = DB[:items]
# :abc.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "abc"
# :abc___a.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "abc AS a"
# :items__abc.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "items.abc"
# :items__abc___a.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "items.abc AS a"
#
def symbol_to_column_ref(sym)
s = sym.to_s
if m = COLUMN_REF_RE1.match(s)
"#{m[1]}.#{quote_column_ref(m[2])} AS #{quote_column_ref(m[3])}"
elsif m = COLUMN_REF_RE2.match(s)
"#{quote_column_ref(m[1])} AS #{quote_column_ref(m[2])}"
elsif m = COLUMN_REF_RE3.match(s)
"#{m[1]}.#{quote_column_ref(m[2])}"
else
quote_column_ref(s)
end
end
def column_all_sql(ca)
"#{ca.table}.*"
end
def subscript_sql(s)
"#{s.f}[#{s.sub.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)}]"
end
def function_sql(f)
args = f.args
"#{f.f}(#{literal(args) unless args.empty?})"
end
def qualified_column_ref_sql(qcr)
"#{qcr.table}.#{literal(qcr.column)}"
end
def column_expr_sql(ce)
r = ce.r
"#{literal(ce.l)} #{ce.op}#{" #{literal(r)}" if r}"
end
# Adds quoting to column references. This method is just a stub and can
# be overriden in adapters in order to provide correct column quoting
# behavior.
def quote_column_ref(name);
name.to_s;
end
# Returns a qualified column name (including a table name) if the column
# name isn't already qualified.
def qualified_column_name(column, table)
s = literal(column)
if s =~ QUALIFIED_REGEXP
return column
else
if table.is_a?(Dataset)
table = :t1
elsif (table =~ ALIASED_REGEXP)
table = $2
end
Sequel::SQL::QualifiedColumnRef.new(table, column)
end
end
# Converts an array of column names into a comma seperated string of
# column names. If the array is empty, a wildcard (*) is returned.
def column_list(columns)
if columns.empty?
WILDCARD
else
m = columns.map do |i|
i.is_a?(Hash) ? i.map {|kv| "#{literal(kv[0])} AS #{kv[1]}"} : literal(i)
end
m.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
end
end
def table_ref(t)
case t
when Dataset
t.to_table_reference
when Hash
t.map {|k, v| "#{table_ref(k)} #{table_ref(v)}"}.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
when Symbol, String
t
else
literal(t)
end
end
# Converts an array of sources names into into a comma separated list.
def source_list(source)
if source.nil? || source.empty?
raise Error, 'No source specified for query'
end
auto_alias_count = 0
m = source.map do |s|
case s
when Dataset
auto_alias_count += 1
s.to_table_reference(auto_alias_count)
else
table_ref(s)
end
end
m.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
end
def first_source
source = @opts[:from]
if source.nil? || source.empty?
raise Error, 'No source specified for query'
end
case s = source.first
when Hash
s.values.first
else
s
end
end
NULL = "NULL".freeze
TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "TIMESTAMP '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'".freeze
DATE_FORMAT = "DATE '%Y-%m-%d'".freeze
TRUE = "'t'".freeze
FALSE = "'f'".freeze
# Returns a literal representation of a value to be used as part
# of an SQL expression. The stock implementation supports literalization
# of String (with proper escaping to prevent SQL injections), numbers,
# Symbol (as column references), Array (as a list of literalized values),
# Time (as an SQL TIMESTAMP), Date (as an SQL DATE), Dataset (as a
# subquery) and nil (AS NULL).
#
# dataset.literal("abc'def\\") #=> "'abc''def\\\\'"
# dataset.literal(:items__id) #=> "items.id"
# dataset.literal([1, 2, 3]) => "(1, 2, 3)"
# dataset.literal(DB[:items]) => "(SELECT * FROM items)"
#
# If an unsupported object is given, an exception is raised.
def literal(v)
case v
when LiteralString
v
when String
"'#{v.gsub(/\\/, "\\\\\\\\").gsub(/'/, "''")}'"
when Integer, Float
v.to_s
when BigDecimal
v.to_s("F")
when NilClass
NULL
when TrueClass
TRUE
when FalseClass
FALSE
when Symbol
v.to_column_ref(self)
when Sequel::SQL::Expression
v.to_s(self)
when Array
v.empty? ? NULL : v.map {|i| literal(i)}.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
when Time
v.strftime(TIMESTAMP_FORMAT)
when Date
v.strftime(DATE_FORMAT)
when Dataset
"(#{v.sql})"
else
raise Error, "can't express #{v.inspect} as a SQL literal"
end
end
AND_SEPARATOR = " AND ".freeze
QUESTION_MARK = '?'.freeze
def expression_list_map(expr)
expr.map {|i| compare_expr(i[0], i[1])}.join(AND_SEPARATOR)
end
# Formats a where clause. If parenthesize is true, then the whole
# generated clause will be enclosed in a set of parentheses.
def expression_list(expr, parenthesize = false)
fmt = case expr
when Hash
parenthesize = false if expr.size == 1
expression_list_map(expr)
when Array
if String === expr[0]
expr.shift.gsub(QUESTION_MARK) {literal(expr.shift)}
else
expression_list_map(expr)
end
when Proc
expr.to_sql(self)
else
# if the expression is compound, it should be parenthesized in order for
# things to be predictable (when using #or and #and.)
parenthesize |= expr =~ /\).+\(/
expr
end
parenthesize ? "(#{fmt})" : fmt
end
private :qualified_column_name, :column_list, :table_ref, :source_list, :expression_list, :expression_list_map
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the source changed.
def from(*source)
clone(:from => source)
end
# Returns a dataset selecting from the current dataset.
#
# ds = DB[:items].order(:name)
# ds.sql #=> "SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name"
# ds.from_self.sql #=> "SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name)"
def from_self
clone(:from => [self], :select => nil, :group => nil,
:sql => nil, :distinct => nil, :join => nil, :where => nil,
:order => nil, :having => nil, :limit => nil, :offset => nil,
:union => nil)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the selected columns changed.
def select(*columns)
clone(:select => columns)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with additional selected columns.
def select_more(*columns)
if @opts[:select]
clone(:select => @opts[:select] + columns)
else
clone(:select => columns)
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset selecting the wildcard.
def select_all
clone(:select => nil)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the distinct option.
def uniq(*args)
clone(:distinct => args)
end
alias_method :distinct, :uniq
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order changed. If a nil is given
# the returned dataset has no order. This can accept multiple arguments
# of varying kinds, and even SQL functions.
#
# ds.order(:name).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name'
# ds.order(:a, :b).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a, b'
# ds.order('a + b'.lit).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a + b'
# ds.order(:name.desc).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name DESC'
# ds.order(:name.asc).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name ASC'
# ds.order(:arr|1).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY arr[1]'
# ds.order(nil).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items'
def order(*order)
clone(:order => (order.compact.empty?) ? nil : order)
end
alias_method :order_by, :order
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order changed.
def order_more(*order)
if @opts[:order]
clone(:order => @opts[:order] + order)
else
clone(:order => order)
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order reversed. If no order is
# given, the existing order is inverted.
def reverse_order(*order)
order(*invert_order(order.empty? ? @opts[:order] : order))
end
alias_method :reverse, :reverse_order
# Inverts the given order by breaking it into a list of column references
# and inverting them.
#
# dataset.invert_order([:id.desc]]) #=> [:id]
# dataset.invert_order(:category, :price.desc]) #=>
# [:category.desc, :price]
def invert_order(order)
return nil unless order
new_order = []
order.map do |f|
if f.is_a?(Sequel::SQL::ColumnExpr) && (f.op == Sequel::SQL::ColumnMethods::DESC)
f.l
elsif f.is_a?(Sequel::SQL::ColumnExpr) && (f.op == Sequel::SQL::ColumnMethods::ASC)
f.l.desc
else
f.desc
end
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with no order.
def unordered
clone(:order => nil)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the results grouped by the value of
# the given columns
def group(*columns)
clone(:group => columns)
end
alias_method :group_by, :group
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the given conditions imposed upon it.
# If the query has been grouped, then the conditions are imposed in the
# HAVING clause. If not, then they are imposed in the WHERE clause. Filter
# accepts a Hash (formated into a list of equality expressions), an Array
# (formatted ala ActiveRecord conditions), a String (taken literally), or
# a block that is converted into expressions.
#
# dataset.filter(:id => 3).sql #=>
# "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (id = 3)"
# dataset.filter('price < ?', 100).sql #=>
# "SELECT * FROM items WHERE price < 100"
# dataset.filter('price < 100').sql #=>
# "SELECT * FROM items WHERE price < 100"
# dataset.filter {price < 100}.sql #=>
# "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (price < 100)"
#
# Multiple filter calls can be chained for scoping:
#
# software = dataset.filter(:category => 'software')
# software.filter {price < 100}.sql #=>
# "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category = 'software') AND (price < 100)"
def filter(*cond, &block)
clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
if cond === true || cond === false
raise Error::InvalidFilter, "Invalid filter specified. Did you mean to supply a block?"
end
if cond.is_a?(Hash)
cond = transform_save(cond) if @transform
filter = cond
end
parenthesize = !(cond.is_a?(Hash) || cond.is_a?(Array))
if !@opts[clause].blank?
l = expression_list(@opts[clause])
r = expression_list(block || cond, parenthesize)
clone(clause => "#{l} AND #{r}")
else
clone(:filter => cond, clause => expression_list(block || cond))
end
end
# Adds an alternate filter to an existing filter using OR. If no filter
# exists an error is raised.
def or(*cond, &block)
clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
parenthesize = !(cond.is_a?(Hash) || cond.is_a?(Array))
if @opts[clause]
l = expression_list(@opts[clause])
r = expression_list(block || cond, parenthesize)
clone(clause => "#{l} OR #{r}")
else
raise Error::NoExistingFilter, "No existing filter found."
end
end
# Adds an further filter to an existing filter using AND. If no filter
# exists an error is raised. This method is identical to #filter except
# it expects an existing filter.
def and(*cond, &block)
clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
unless @opts[clause]
raise Error::NoExistingFilter, "No existing filter found."
end
filter(*cond, &block)
end
# Performs the inverse of Dataset#filter.
#
# dataset.exclude(:category => 'software').sql #=>
# "SELECT * FROM items WHERE NOT (category = 'software')"
def exclude(*cond, &block)
clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
parenthesize = !(cond.is_a?(Hash) || cond.is_a?(Array))
if @opts[clause]
l = expression_list(@opts[clause])
r = expression_list(block || cond, parenthesize)
cond = "#{l} AND (NOT #{r})"
else
cond = "(NOT #{expression_list(block || cond, true)})"
end
clone(clause => cond)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the where conditions changed. Raises
# if the dataset has been grouped. See also #filter.
def where(*cond, &block)
filter(*cond, &block)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the having conditions changed. Raises
# if the dataset has not been grouped. See also #filter
def having(*cond, &block)
unless @opts[:group]
raise Error::InvalidOperation, "Can only specify a HAVING clause on a grouped dataset"
else
@opts[:having] = {}
filter(*cond, &block)
end
end
def grep(cols, terms)
conds = [];
cols = [cols] unless cols.is_a?(Array)
terms = [terms] unless terms.is_a?(Array)
cols.each {|c| terms.each {|t| conds << match_expr(c, t)}}
filter(conds.join(' OR '))
end
# Adds a UNION clause using a second dataset object. If all is true the
# clause used is UNION ALL, which may return duplicate rows.
def union(dataset, all = false)
clone(:union => dataset, :union_all => all)
end
# Adds an INTERSECT clause using a second dataset object. If all is true
# the clause used is INTERSECT ALL, which may return duplicate rows.
def intersect(dataset, all = false)
clone(:intersect => dataset, :intersect_all => all)
end
# Adds an EXCEPT clause using a second dataset object. If all is true the
# clause used is EXCEPT ALL, which may return duplicate rows.
def except(dataset, all = false)
clone(:except => dataset, :except_all => all)
end
JOIN_TYPES = {
:left_outer => 'LEFT OUTER JOIN'.freeze,
:right_outer => 'RIGHT OUTER JOIN'.freeze,
:full_outer => 'FULL OUTER JOIN'.freeze,
:inner => 'INNER JOIN'.freeze
}
# Returns a join clause based on the specified join type and condition.
def join_expr(type, table, expr, options)
raise(Error::InvalidJoinType, "Invalid join type: #{type}") unless join_type = JOIN_TYPES[type || :inner]
table_alias = options[:table_alias]
join_conditions = []
expr.each do |k, v|
k = qualified_column_name(k, table_alias || table) if k.is_a?(Symbol)
v = qualified_column_name(v, @opts[:last_joined_table] || first_source) if v.is_a?(Symbol)
join_conditions << [k,v]
end
" #{join_type} #{table} #{"#{table_alias} " if table_alias}ON #{expression_list(join_conditions)}"
end
# Returns a joined dataset with the specified join type and condition.
def join_table(type, table, expr)
expr = [[expr, :id]] unless (Hash === expr) || (Array === expr)
options = {}
if Dataset === table
table = "(#{table.sql})"
table_alias_num = @opts[:num_dataset_joins] || 1
options[:table_alias] = "t#{table_alias_num}"
elsif table.respond_to?(:table_name)
table = table.table_name
end
clause = join_expr(type, table, expr, options)
opts = {:join => @opts[:join] ? @opts[:join] + clause : clause, :last_joined_table => options[:table_alias] || table}
opts[:num_dataset_joins] = table_alias_num + 1 if table_alias_num
clone(opts)
end
# Returns a LEFT OUTER joined dataset.
def left_outer_join(table, expr); join_table(:left_outer, table, expr); end
# Returns a RIGHT OUTER joined dataset.
def right_outer_join(table, expr); join_table(:right_outer, table, expr); end
# Returns an OUTER joined dataset.
def full_outer_join(table, expr); join_table(:full_outer, table, expr); end
# Returns an INNER joined dataset.
def inner_join(table, expr); join_table(:inner, table, expr); end
alias join inner_join
# Inserts multiple values. If a block is given it is invoked for each
# item in the given array before inserting it.
def insert_multiple(array, &block)
if block
array.each {|i| insert(block[i])}
else
array.each {|i| insert(i)}
end
end
# Formats a SELECT statement using the given options and the dataset
# options.
def select_sql(opts = nil)
opts = opts ? @opts.merge(opts) : @opts
if sql = opts[:sql]
return sql
end
columns = opts[:select]
select_columns = columns ? column_list(columns) : WILDCARD
if distinct = opts[:distinct]
distinct_clause = distinct.empty? ? "DISTINCT" : "DISTINCT ON (#{column_list(distinct)})"
sql = "SELECT #{distinct_clause} #{select_columns}"
else
sql = "SELECT #{select_columns}"
end
if opts[:from]
sql << " FROM #{source_list(opts[:from])}"
end
if join = opts[:join]
sql << join
end
if where = opts[:where]
sql << " WHERE #{where}"
end
if group = opts[:group]
sql << " GROUP BY #{column_list(group)}"
end
if order = opts[:order]
sql << " ORDER BY #{column_list(order)}"
end
if having = opts[:having]
sql << " HAVING #{having}"
end
if limit = opts[:limit]
sql << " LIMIT #{limit}"
if offset = opts[:offset]
sql << " OFFSET #{offset}"
end
end
if union = opts[:union]
sql << (opts[:union_all] ? \
" UNION ALL #{union.sql}" : " UNION #{union.sql}")
elsif intersect = opts[:intersect]
sql << (opts[:intersect_all] ? \
" INTERSECT ALL #{intersect.sql}" : " INTERSECT #{intersect.sql}")
elsif except = opts[:except]
sql << (opts[:except_all] ? \
" EXCEPT ALL #{except.sql}" : " EXCEPT #{except.sql}")
end
sql
end
alias_method :sql, :select_sql
# Returns the SQL for formatting an insert statement with default values
def insert_default_values_sql
"INSERT INTO #{source_list(@opts[:from])} DEFAULT VALUES"
end
# Formats an INSERT statement using the given values. If a hash is given,
# the resulting statement includes column names. If no values are given,
# the resulting statement includes a DEFAULT VALUES clause.
#
# dataset.insert_sql() #=> 'INSERT INTO items DEFAULT VALUES'
# dataset.insert_sql(1,2,3) #=> 'INSERT INTO items VALUES (1, 2, 3)'
# dataset.insert_sql(:a => 1, :b => 2) #=>
# 'INSERT INTO items (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)'
def insert_sql(*values)
if values.empty?
insert_default_values_sql
else
values = values[0] if values.size == 1
# if hash or array with keys we need to transform the values
if @transform && (values.is_a?(Hash) || (values.is_a?(Array) && values.keys))
values = transform_save(values)
end
from = source_list(@opts[:from])
case values
when Array
if values.empty?
insert_default_values_sql
else
"INSERT INTO #{from} VALUES (#{literal(values)})"
end
when Hash
if values.empty?
insert_default_values_sql
else
fl, vl = [], []
values.each {|k, v| fl << literal(k.is_a?(String) ? k.to_sym : k); vl << literal(v)}
"INSERT INTO #{from} (#{fl.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)}) VALUES (#{vl.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)})"
end
when Dataset
"INSERT INTO #{from} #{literal(values)}"
else
if values.respond_to?(:values)
insert_sql(values.values)
else
"INSERT INTO #{from} VALUES (#{literal(values)})"
end
end
end
end
# Returns an array of insert statements for inserting multiple records.
# This method is used by #multi_insert to format insert statements and
# expects a keys array and and an array of value arrays.
#
# This method may be overriden by descendants.
def multi_insert_sql(columns, values)
table = @opts[:from].first
columns = literal(columns)
values.map do |r|
"INSERT INTO #{table} (#{columns}) VALUES (#{literal(r)})"
end
end
# Formats an UPDATE statement using the given values.
#
# dataset.update_sql(:price => 100, :category => 'software') #=>
# "UPDATE items SET price = 100, category = 'software'"
def update_sql(values = {}, opts = nil, &block)
opts = opts ? @opts.merge(opts) : @opts
if opts[:group]
raise Error::InvalidOperation, "A grouped dataset cannot be updated"
elsif (opts[:from].size > 1) or opts[:join]
raise Error::InvalidOperation, "A joined dataset cannot be updated"
end
sql = "UPDATE #{source_list(@opts[:from])} SET "
if block
sql << block.to_sql(self, :comma_separated => true)
else
# check if array with keys
values = values.to_hash if values.is_a?(Array) && values.keys
if values.is_a?(Hash)
# get values from hash
values = transform_save(values) if @transform
set = values.map do |k, v|
# convert string key into symbol
k = k.to_sym if String === k
"#{literal(k)} = #{literal(v)}"
end.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
else
# copy values verbatim
set = values
end
sql << set
end
if where = opts[:where]
sql << " WHERE #{where}"
end
sql
end
# Formats a DELETE statement using the given options and dataset options.
#
# dataset.filter {price >= 100}.delete_sql #=>
# "DELETE FROM items WHERE (price >= 100)"
def delete_sql(opts = nil)
opts = opts ? @opts.merge(opts) : @opts
if opts[:group]
raise Error::InvalidOperation, "Grouped datasets cannot be deleted from"
elsif opts[:from].is_a?(Array) && opts[:from].size > 1
raise Error::InvalidOperation, "Joined datasets cannot be deleted from"
end
sql = "DELETE FROM #{source_list(opts[:from])}"
if where = opts[:where]
sql << " WHERE #{where}"
end
sql
end
# Returns a table reference for use in the FROM clause. If the dataset has
# only a :from option refering to a single table, only the table name is
# returned. Otherwise a subquery is returned.
def to_table_reference(idx = nil)
if opts.keys == [:from] && opts[:from].size == 1
opts[:from].first.to_s
else
idx ? "(#{sql}) t#{idx}" : "(#{sql})"
end
end
# Returns an EXISTS clause for the dataset.
#
# DB.select(1).where(DB[:items].exists).sql
# #=> "SELECT 1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM items)"
def exists(opts = nil)
"EXISTS (#{select_sql(opts)})"
end
# If given an integer, the dataset will contain only the first l results.
# If given a range, it will contain only those at offsets within that
# range. If a second argument is given, it is used as an offset.
def limit(l, o = nil)
return from_self.limit(l, o) if @opts[:sql]
if Range === l
o = l.first
l = l.interval + 1
end
l = l.to_i
raise(Error, 'Limits must be greater than or equal to 1') unless l >= 1
opts = {:limit => l}
if o
o = o.to_i
raise(Error, 'Offsets must be greater than or equal to 0') unless o >= 0
opts[:offset] = o
end
clone(opts)
end
STOCK_COUNT_OPTS = {:select => ["COUNT(*)".lit], :order => nil}.freeze
# Returns the number of records in the dataset.
def count
if @opts[:sql] || @opts[:group]
from_self.count
else
single_value(STOCK_COUNT_OPTS).to_i
end
end
alias_method :size, :count
end
end
end