test_views.py

# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
"""
    tests.test_views
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    Provides unit tests for the :mod:`flask_restless.views` module.

    :copyright: 2011 by Lincoln de Sousa <lincoln@comum.org>
    :copyright: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Jeffrey Finkelstein
                <jeffrey.finkelstein@gmail.com> and contributors.
    :license: GNU AGPLv3+ or BSD

"""
from datetime import date
from datetime import datetime
from datetime import timedelta
import math

import dateutil
from flask import json
try:
    from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
except:
    has_flask_sqlalchemy = False
else:
    has_flask_sqlalchemy = True
from sqlalchemy import Column
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import func
from sqlalchemy import Integer
from sqlalchemy import String
from sqlalchemy import Table
from sqlalchemy import Unicode
from sqlalchemy.ext.associationproxy import association_proxy as prox
from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
from sqlalchemy.orm import backref
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship as rel
from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import column_mapped_collection as col_mapped

from flask.ext.restless.helpers import to_dict
from flask.ext.restless.manager import APIManager

from .helpers import FlaskTestBase
from .helpers import ManagerTestBase
from .helpers import skip_unless
from .helpers import TestSupport
from .helpers import TestSupportPrefilled
from .helpers import unregister_fsa_session_signals


dumps = json.dumps
loads = json.loads


#: The User-Agent string for Microsoft Internet Explorer 8.
#:
#: From <http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2008/02/21/the-internet-explorer-8-user-agent-string.aspx>.
MSIE8_UA = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)'

#: The User-Agent string for Microsoft Internet Explorer 9.
#:
#: From <http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2010/03/23/introducing-ie9-s-user-agent-string.aspx>.
MSIE9_UA = 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)'


@skip_unless(has_flask_sqlalchemy, 'Flask-SQLAlchemy not found.')
class TestFSAModel(FlaskTestBase):
    """Tests for functions which operate on Flask-SQLAlchemy models."""

    def setUp(self):
        """Creates the Flask-SQLAlchemy database and models."""
        super(TestFSAModel, self).setUp()

        db = SQLAlchemy(self.flaskapp)

        class User(db.Model):
            id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)

        class Pet(db.Model):
            id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
            ownerid = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(User.id))
            owner = db.relationship(User, backref=db.backref('pets'))

        class LazyUser(db.Model):
            id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)

        class LazyPet(db.Model):
            id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
            ownerid = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(LazyUser.id))
            owner = db.relationship(LazyUser,
                                    backref=db.backref('pets', lazy='dynamic'))

        self.User = User
        self.Pet = Pet
        self.LazyUser = LazyUser
        self.LazyPet = LazyPet

        self.db = db
        self.db.create_all()

        self.manager = APIManager(self.flaskapp, flask_sqlalchemy_db=self.db)

    def tearDown(self):
        """Drops all tables."""
        self.db.drop_all()
        unregister_fsa_session_signals()

    def test_get(self):
        """Test for the :meth:`views.API.get` method with models defined using
        Flask-SQLAlchemy with both dynamically loaded and static relationships.

        """
        # create the API endpoint
        self.manager.create_api(self.User)
        self.manager.create_api(self.LazyUser)
        self.manager.create_api(self.Pet)
        self.manager.create_api(self.LazyPet)

        response = self.app.get('/api/user')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/lazy_user')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/pet')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/lazy_pet')
        assert 200 == response.status_code

        # create a user with two pets
        owner = self.User()
        pet1 = self.Pet()
        pet2 = self.Pet()
        pet3 = self.Pet()
        pet1.owner = owner
        pet2.owner = owner
        self.db.session.add_all([owner, pet1, pet2, pet3])
        self.db.session.commit()

        response = self.app.get('/api/user/{0:d}'.format(owner.id))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == len(data['pets'])
        for pet in data['pets']:
            assert owner.id == pet['ownerid']

        response = self.app.get('/api/pet/1')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert not isinstance(data['owner'], list)
        assert owner.id == data['ownerid']

        # create a lazy user with two lazy pets
        owner = self.LazyUser()
        pet1 = self.LazyPet()
        pet2 = self.LazyPet()
        pet1.owner = owner
        pet2.owner = owner
        self.db.session.add_all([owner, pet1, pet2])
        self.db.session.commit()

        response = self.app.get('/api/lazy_user/{0:d}'.format(owner.id))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == len(data['pets'])
        for pet in data['pets']:
            assert owner.id == pet['ownerid']

        response = self.app.get('/api/lazy_pet/1')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert not isinstance(data['owner'], list)
        assert owner.id == data['ownerid']

        # Check that it's possible to get owner if not null
        response = self.app.get('/api/pet/1/owner')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == len(data['pets'])
        # And that we get a 404 if owner is null
        response = self.app.get('/api/pet/3/owner')
        assert 404 == response.status_code


class TestFunctionAPI(TestSupportPrefilled):
    """Unit tests for the :class:`flask_restless.views.FunctionAPI` class."""

    def setUp(self):
        """Creates the database, the :class:`~flask.Flask` object, the
        :class:`~flask_restless.manager.APIManager` for that application, and
        creates the ReSTful API endpoints for the :class:`testapp.Person` and
        :class:`testapp.Computer` models.

        """
        super(TestFunctionAPI, self).setUp()
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, allow_functions=True)

    def test_function_evaluation(self):
        """Test that the :http:get:`/api/eval/person` endpoint returns the
        result of evaluating functions.

        """
        functions = [{'name': 'sum', 'field': 'age'},
                     {'name': 'avg', 'field': 'other'},
                     {'name': 'count', 'field': 'id'}]
        query = dumps(dict(functions=functions))
        response = self.app.get('/api/eval/person?q={0}'.format(query))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'sum__age' in data
        assert data['sum__age'] == 102.0
        assert 'avg__other' in data
        assert data['avg__other'] == 16.2
        assert 'count__id' in data
        assert data['count__id'] == 5

    def test_no_functions(self):
        """Tests that if no functions are defined, an empty response is
        returned.

        """
        # no data is invalid JSON
        response = self.app.get('/api/eval/person')
        assert response.status_code == 400
        # so is the empty string
        response = self.app.get('/api/eval/person?q=')
        assert response.status_code == 400

        # if we provide no functions, then we expect an empty response
        response = self.app.get('/api/eval/person?q={0}'.format(dumps(dict())))
        assert response.status_code == 204

    def test_poorly_defined_functions(self):
        """Tests that poorly defined requests for function evaluations cause an
        error message to be returned.

        """
        # test for bad field name
        search = {'functions': [{'name': 'sum', 'field': 'bogusfieldname'}]}
        resp = self.app.get('/api/eval/person?q={0}'.format(dumps(search)))
        assert resp.status_code == 400
        assert 'message' in loads(resp.data)
        assert 'bogusfieldname' in loads(resp.data)['message']

        # test for bad function name
        search = {'functions': [{'name': 'bogusfuncname', 'field': 'age'}]}
        resp = self.app.get('/api/eval/person?q={0}'.format(dumps(search)))
        assert resp.status_code == 400
        assert 'message' in loads(resp.data)
        assert 'bogusfuncname' in loads(resp.data)['message']

    def test_jsonp(self):
        """Test for JSON-P callbacks."""
        person1 = self.Person(age=10)
        person2 = self.Person(age=20)
        person3 = self.Person(age=35)
        self.session.add_all([person1, person2, person3])
        self.session.commit()
        functions = [{'name': 'sum', 'field': 'age'}]
        query = dumps(dict(functions=functions))
        # JSONP should work on function evaluation endpoints as well as on
        # normal GET endpoints.
        response = self.app.get('/api/eval/person?'
                                'q={0}&callback=baz'.format(query))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert response.mimetype == 'application/javascript'
        assert response.data.startswith(b'baz(')
        assert response.data.endswith(b')')

        # Add some more people so the result will be paginated.
        for n in range(20):
            self.session.add(self.Person(name=u'{0}'.format(n)))
        self.session.commit()
        response = self.app.get('/api/person?callback=baz')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert response.data.startswith(b'baz(')
        assert response.data.endswith(b')')
        # Get the dictionary representation of the JSON string inside the
        # 'baz()' part of the JSONP response.
        data = loads(response.data[4:-1])
        assert 'meta' in data
        assert 'data' in data
        # The meta should include a JSON representation of the HTTP status.
        assert 'status' in data['meta']
        assert data['meta']['status'] == 200
        # The metadata should include a JSON representation of the HTTP Link
        # header information.
        assert 'Link' in data['meta']
        assert len(data['meta']['Link']) == 2
        assert data['meta']['Link'][0]['rel'] == 'next'
        assert data['meta']['Link'][1]['rel'] == 'last'
        # TODO What other headers should the metadata include?


class TestAPI(TestSupport):
    """Unit tests for the :class:`flask_restless.views.API` class."""

    def setUp(self):
        """Creates the database, the :class:`~flask.Flask` object, the
        :class:`~flask_restless.manager.APIManager` for that application, and
        creates the ReSTful API endpoints for the :class:`testapp.Person` and
        :class:`testapp.Computer` models.

        """
        # create the database
        super(TestAPI, self).setUp()

        # setup the URLs for the Person and Computer API
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person,
                                methods=['GET', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'DELETE'])
        self.manager.create_api(self.Computer,
                                methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH'])

        # setup the URLs for the Car manufacturer API
        self.manager.create_api(self.CarManufacturer,
                                methods=['GET', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'DELETE'])
        self.manager.create_api(self.CarModel,
                                methods=['GET', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'DELETE'])

        self.manager.create_api(self.User, methods=['POST'],
                                primary_key='email')

        # to facilitate searching
        self.app.search = lambda url, q: self.app.get(url + '?q={0}'.format(q))

    def test_post(self):
        """Test for creating a new instance of the database model using the
        :http:method:`post` method.

        """
        # Invalid JSON in request data should respond with error.
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data='Invalid JSON string')
        assert response.status_code == 400
        assert loads(response.data)['message'] == 'Unable to decode data'

        # Now, let's test the validation stuff
        # response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({'name': u'Test',
        #                                                      'age': 'oi'}))
        # assert loads(response.data)['message'] == 'Validation error'
        # assert loads(response.data)['error_list'].keys() == ['age']

        # Test the integrity exception by violating the unique 'name' field
        # of person
        response = self.app.post('/api/person',
                                 data=dumps({'name': u'George', 'age': 23}))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        # This errors as expected
        response = self.app.post('/api/person',
                                 data=dumps({'name': u'George', 'age': 23}))
        assert response.status_code == 400
        assert json.loads(response.data)['message'] == 'IntegrityError'
        assert self.session.is_active, "Session is in `partial rollback` state"

        # For issue #158 we make sure that the previous failure is rolled back
        # so that we can add valid entries again
        response = self.app.post('/api/person',
                                 data=dumps({'name': u'Benjamin', 'age': 23}))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        response = self.app.post('/api/person',
                                 data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert 'id' in loads(response.data)

        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200

        deep = {'computers': [], 'projects': []}
        person = self.session.query(self.Person).filter_by(id=1).first()
        inst = to_dict(person, deep)
        assert loads(response.data) == inst

    def test_post_m2m(self):
        """Test for creating a new instance of the database model that has a
        many to many relation that uses an association object to allow extra
        info to be stored on the helper table.

        For more info, see issue #166.

        """
        vim = self.Program(name=u'Vim')
        emacs = self.Program(name=u'Emacs')
        self.session.add_all([vim, emacs])
        self.session.commit()
        data = {
            'vendor': u'Apple',
            'name': u'iMac',
            'programs': [
                {
                    'program_id': 1,
                    'licensed': False
                },
                {
                    'program_id': 2,
                    'licensed': True
                }
            ]
        }
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert 'id' in loads(response.data)
        response = self.app.get('/api/computer/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200

    def test_post_bad_parameter(self):
        """Tests that attempting to make a :http:method:`post` request with a
        form parameter which does not exist on the specified model responds
        with an error message.

        """
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(dict(bogus=0)))
        assert 400 == response.status_code

        response = self.app.post('/api/person',
                                 data=dumps(dict(is_minor=True)))
        assert 400 == response.status_code

    def test_post_nullable_date(self):
        """Tests the creation of a model with a nullable date field."""
        self.manager.create_api(self.Star, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
        data = dict(inception_time=None)
        response = self.app.post('/api/star', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/star/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['inception_time'] is None

    def test_post_empty_date(self):
        """Tests that attempting to assign an empty date string to a date field
        actually assigns a value of ``None``.

        """
        self.manager.create_api(self.Star, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
        data = dict(inception_time='')
        response = self.app.post('/api/star', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/star/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['inception_time'] is None

    def test_post_date_functions(self):
        """Tests that ``'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'`` gets converted into a datetime
        object when making a request to set a date or time field.

        """
        self.manager.create_api(self.Star, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
        data = dict(inception_time='CURRENT_TIMESTAMP')
        response = self.app.post('/api/star', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/star/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        inception_time = loads(response.data)['inception_time']
        assert inception_time is not None
        inception_time = dateutil.parser.parse(inception_time)
        diff = datetime.utcnow() - inception_time
        assert diff.days == 0
        assert (diff.seconds + diff.microseconds / 1000000.0) < 3600

    def test_serialize_time(self):
        """Test for getting the JSON representation of a time field."""
        self.manager.create_api(self.User, primary_key='id')
        now = datetime.now().time()
        user = self.User(id=1, email='foo', wakeup=now)
        self.session.add(user)
        self.session.commit()

        response = self.app.get('/api/user/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert data['wakeup'] == now.isoformat()

    def test_post_interval_functions(self):
        oldJSONEncoder = self.flaskapp.json_encoder

        class IntervalJSONEncoder(oldJSONEncoder):
            def default(self, obj):
                if isinstance(obj, timedelta):
                    return int(obj.days * 86400 + obj.seconds)
                return oldJSONEncoder.default(self, obj)

        self.flaskapp.json_encoder = IntervalJSONEncoder

        self.manager.create_api(self.Satellite, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
        data = dict(name="Callufrax_Minor", period=300)
        response = self.app.post('/api/satellite', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/satellite/Callufrax_Minor')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['period'] == 300
        satellite = self.session.query(self.Satellite).first()
        assert satellite.period == timedelta(0, 300)

    def test_post_with_submodels(self):
        """Tests the creation of a model with a related field."""
        data = {'name': u'John', 'age': 2041,
                'computers': [{'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lemote'}]}
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert 'id' in loads(response.data)

        response = self.app.get('/api/person')
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 1

        # Test with nested objects
        data = {'name': 'Rodriguez', 'age': 70,
                'computers': [{'name': 'iMac', 'vendor': 'Apple',
                               'programs': [{'program': {'name': 'iPhoto'}}]}]}
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/computer/2/programs')
        programs = loads(response.data)['objects']
        assert programs[0]['program']['name'] == 'iPhoto'

    def test_post_unicode_primary_key(self):
        """Test for creating a new instance of the database model using the
        :http:method:`post` method with a Unicode primary key.

        """
        response = self.app.post('/api/user', data=dumps({'id': 1,
                                                          'email': u'Юникод'}))
        assert response.status_code == 201

    def test_post_with_single_submodel(self):
        data = {'vendor': u'Apple',  'name': u'iMac',
                'owner': {'name': u'John', 'age': 2041}}
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert 'id' in loads(response.data)
        # Test if owner was successfully created
        response = self.app.get('/api/person')
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 1

    def test_patch_update_relations(self):
        """Test for posting a new model and simultaneously adding related
        instances *and* updating information on those instances.

        For more information see issue #164.

        """
        # First, create a new computer object with an empty `name` field and a
        # new person with no related computers.
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps({}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        # Second, patch the person by setting its list of related computer
        # instances to include the previously created computer, *and*
        # simultaneously update the `name` attribute of that computer.
        data = dict(computers=[dict(id=1, name='foo')])
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        # Check that the computer now has its `name` field set.
        response = self.app.get('/api/computer/1')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert 'foo' == loads(response.data)['name']
        # Add a new computer by patching person
        data = {'computers': [{'id': 1},
                              {'name': 'iMac', 'vendor': 'Apple',
                               'programs': [{'program': {'name': 'iPhoto'}}]}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/computer/2/programs')
        programs = loads(response.data)['objects']
        assert programs[0]['program']['name'] == 'iPhoto'
        # Add a program to the computer through the person
        data = {'computers': [{'id': 1},
                              {'id': 2,
                               'programs': [{'program_id': 1},
                                            {'program': {'name': 'iMovie'}}]}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/computer/2/programs')
        programs = loads(response.data)['objects']
        assert programs[1]['program']['name'] == 'iMovie'

    def test_patch_m2m(self):
        """Test for updating a model with a many to many relation that uses
        an association object to allow extra data to be stored in the helper
        table.

        For more info, see issue #166

        """
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps({}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        vim = self.Program(name=u'Vim')
        emacs = self.Program(name=u'Emacs')
        self.session.add_all([vim, emacs])
        self.session.commit()
        data = {
            'programs': {
                'add': [
                    {
                        'program_id': 1,
                        'licensed': False
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
        response = self.app.patch('/api/computer/1', data=dumps(data))
        computer = loads(response.data)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        vim_relation = {
            'computer_id': 1,
            'program_id': 1,
            'licensed': False
        }
        assert vim_relation in computer['programs']
        data = {
            'programs': {
                'add': [
                    {
                        'program_id': 2,
                        'licensed': True
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
        response = self.app.patch('/api/computer/1', data=dumps(data))
        computer = loads(response.data)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        emacs_relation = {
            'computer_id': 1,
            'program_id': 2,
            'licensed': True
        }
        assert emacs_relation in computer['programs']
        vim_relation = {
            'computer_id': 1,
            'program_id': 1,
            'licensed': False
        }
        assert vim_relation in computer['programs']

    def test_patch_remove_m2m(self):
        """Test for removing a relation on a model that uses an association
        object to allow extra data to be stored in the helper table.

        For more info, see issue #166

        """
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps({}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        vim = self.Program(name=u'Vim')
        emacs = self.Program(name=u'Emacs')
        self.session.add_all([vim, emacs])
        self.session.commit()
        data = {
            'programs': [
                {
                    'program_id': 1,
                    'licensed': False
                },
                {
                    'program_id': 2,
                    'licensed': True
                }
            ]
        }
        response = self.app.patch('/api/computer/1', data=dumps(data))
        computer = loads(response.data)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        vim_relation = {
            'computer_id': 1,
            'program_id': 1,
            'licensed': False
        }
        emacs_relation = {
            'computer_id': 1,
            'program_id': 2,
            'licensed': True
        }
        assert vim_relation in computer['programs']
        assert emacs_relation in computer['programs']
        data = {
            'programs': {
                'remove': [{'program_id': 1}]
            }
        }
        response = self.app.patch('/api/computer/1', data=dumps(data))
        computer = loads(response.data)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert vim_relation not in computer['programs']
        assert emacs_relation in computer['programs']

    def test_patch_integrity_error(self):
        self.session.add(self.Person(name=u"Waldorf", age=89))
        self.session.add(self.Person(name=u"Statler", age=91))
        self.session.commit()

        # This errors as expected
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1',
                                  data=dumps({'name': u'Statler'}))
        assert response.status_code == 400
        assert json.loads(response.data)['message'] == 'IntegrityError'
        assert self.session.is_active, "Session is in `partial rollback` state"

    def test_delete(self):
        """Test for deleting an instance of the database using the
        :http:method:`delete` method.

        """
        # Creating the person who's gonna be deleted
        response = self.app.post('/api/person',
                                 data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert 'id' in loads(response.data)

        # Making sure it has been created
        deep = {'computers': [], 'projects': []}
        person = self.session.query(self.Person).filter_by(id=1).first()
        inst = to_dict(person, deep)
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        assert loads(response.data) == inst

        # Deleting it
        response = self.app.delete('/api/person/1')
        assert response.status_code == 204

        # Making sure it has been deleted
        people = self.session.query(self.Person).filter_by(id=1)
        assert people.count() == 0

    def test_disallow_delete_many(self):
        """Tests for deleting many instances of a collection by using a search
        query to select instances to delete.

        """
        # Don't allow deleting many unless explicitly requested.
        response = self.app.delete('/api/person')
        assert response.status_code == 405

    def test_delete_many(self):
        """Tests for deleting many instances of a collection by using a search
        query to select instances to delete.

        """
        # Recreate the API to allow delete many at /api2/person.
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['DELETE'],
                                allow_delete_many=True, url_prefix='/api2')
        person1 = self.Person(name=u'foo')
        person2 = self.Person(name=u'bar')
        person3 = self.Person(name=u'baz')
        self.session.add_all([person1, person2, person3])
        self.session.commit()

        search = {'filters': [{'name': 'name', 'val': 'ba%', 'op': 'like'}]}
        response = self.app.delete('/api2/person?q={0}'.format(dumps(search)))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert data['num_deleted'] == 2

    def test_delete_integrity_error(self):
        """Tests that an :exc:`IntegrityError` raised in a
        :http:method:`delete` request is caught and returned to the client
        safely.

        """
        # TODO Fill me in.
        pass

    def test_delete_absent_instance(self):
        """Test that deleting an instance of the model which does not exist
        fails.

        This should give us a 404 when the object is not found.

        """
        response = self.app.delete('/api/person/1')
        assert response.status_code == 404

    def test_disallow_patch_many(self):
        """Tests that disallowing "patch many" requests responds with a
        :http:statuscode:`405`.

        """
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person', data=dumps(dict(name='foo')))
        assert response.status_code == 405

    def test_put_same_as_patch(self):
        """Tests that :http:method:`put` requests are the same as
        :http:method:`patch` requests.

        """
        # recreate the api to allow patch many at /api/v2/person
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PUT'],
                                allow_patch_many=True, url_prefix='/api/v2')

        # Creating some people
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}))
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Lucy', 'age': 23}))
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Mary', 'age': 25}))

        # change a single entry
        resp = self.app.put('/api/v2/person/1', data=dumps({'age': 24}))
        assert resp.status_code == 200

        resp = self.app.get('/api/v2/person/1')
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert loads(resp.data)['age'] == 24

        # Changing the birth date field of the entire collection
        day, month, year = 15, 9, 1986
        birth_date = date(year, month, day).strftime('%d/%m/%Y')  # iso8601
        form = {'birth_date': birth_date}
        self.app.put('/api/v2/person', data=dumps(form))

        # Finally, testing if the change was made
        response = self.app.get('/api/v2/person')
        loaded = loads(response.data)['objects']
        for i in loaded:
            expected = '{0:4d}-{1:02d}-{2:02d}'.format(year, month, day)
            assert i['birth_date'] == expected

    def test_patch_empty(self):
        """Test for making a :http:method:`patch` request with no data."""
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(dict(name='foo')))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        personid = loads(response.data)['id']
        # here we really send no data
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/' + str(personid))
        assert response.status_code == 400
        # here we send the empty string (which is not valid JSON)
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/' + str(personid), data='')
        assert response.status_code == 400

    def test_patch_bad_parameter(self):
        """Tests that attempting to make a :http:method:`patch` request with a
        form parameter which does not exist on the specified model responds
        with an error message.

        """
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(dict(bogus=0)))
        assert 400 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1',
                                  data=dumps(dict(is_minor=True)))
        assert 400 == response.status_code

    def test_patch_many(self):
        """Test for updating a collection of instances of the model using the
        :http:method:`patch` method.

        """
        # recreate the api to allow patch many at /api/v2/person
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH'],
                                allow_patch_many=True, url_prefix='/api/v2')

        # Creating some people
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}))
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Lucy', 'age': 23}))
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Mary', 'age': 25}))

        # Trying to pass invalid data to the update method
        resp = self.app.patch('/api/v2/person', data='Hello there')
        assert resp.status_code == 400
        assert loads(resp.data)['message'] == 'Unable to decode data'

        # Changing the birth date field of the entire collection
        day, month, year = 15, 9, 1986
        birth_date = date(year, month, day).strftime('%d/%m/%Y')  # iso8601
        form = {'birth_date': birth_date}
        self.app.patch('/api/v2/person', data=dumps(form))

        # Finally, testing if the change was made
        response = self.app.get('/api/v2/person')
        loaded = loads(response.data)['objects']
        for i in loaded:
            expected = '{0:4d}-{1:02d}-{2:02d}'.format(year, month, day)
            assert i['birth_date'] == expected

    def test_patch_many_with_filter(self):
        """Test for updating a collection of instances of the model using a
        :http:method:patch request with filters.

        """
        # recreate the api to allow patch many at /api/v2/person
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH'],
                                allow_patch_many=True, url_prefix='/api/v2')
        # Creating some people
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}))
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Lucy', 'age': 23}))
        self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                      data=dumps({'name': u'Mary', 'age': 25}))
        search = {'filters': [{'name': 'name', 'val': u'Lincoln',
                               'op': 'equals'}]}
        # Changing the birth date field for objects where name field equals
        # Lincoln
        day, month, year = 15, 9, 1986
        birth_date = date(year, month, day).strftime('%d/%m/%Y')  # iso8601
        form = {'birth_date': birth_date, 'q': search}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/v2/person', data=dumps(form))
        num_modified = loads(response.data)['num_modified']
        assert num_modified == 1

    def test_single_update(self):
        """Test for updating a single instance of the model using the
        :http:method:`patch` method.

        """
        resp = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln',
                                                        'age': 10}))
        assert resp.status_code == 201
        assert 'id' in loads(resp.data)

        # Trying to pass invalid data to the update method
        resp = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data='Invalid JSON string')
        assert resp.status_code == 400
        assert loads(resp.data)['message'] == 'Unable to decode data'

        resp = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps({'age': 24}))
        assert resp.status_code == 200

        resp = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert loads(resp.data)['age'] == 24

    def test_patch_404(self):
        """Tests that making a :http:method:`patch` request to an instance
        which does not exist results in a :http:statuscode:`404`.

        """
        resp = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(dict(name='foo')))
        assert resp.status_code == 404

    def test_patch_with_single_submodel(self):
        # Create a new object with a single submodel
        data = {'vendor': u'Apple', 'name': u'iMac',
                'owner': {'name': u'John', 'age': 2041}}
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 1 == data['owner']['id']
        assert u'John' == data['owner']['name']
        assert 2041 == data['owner']['age']

        # Update the submodel
        data = {'id': 1, 'owner': {'id': 1, 'age': 29}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/computer/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)

        assert u'John' == data['owner']['name']
        assert 29 == data['owner']['age']

    def test_patch_set_submodel(self):
        """Test for assigning a list to a relation of a model using
        :http:method:`patch`.

        """
        # create the person
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({}))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        # patch the person with some computers
        data = {'computers': [{'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lemote'},
                              {'name': u'foo', 'vendor': u'bar'}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == len(data['computers'])
        assert u'lixeiro' == data['computers'][0]['name']
        assert u'Lemote' == data['computers'][0]['vendor']
        assert u'foo' == data['computers'][1]['name']
        assert u'bar' == data['computers'][1]['vendor']

        # change one of the computers
        data = {'computers': [{'id': data['computers'][0]['id']},
                              {'id': data['computers'][1]['id'],
                               'vendor': u'Apple'}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == len(data['computers'])
        assert u'lixeiro' == data['computers'][0]['name']
        assert u'Lemote' == data['computers'][0]['vendor']
        assert u'foo' == data['computers'][1]['name']
        assert u'Apple' == data['computers'][1]['vendor']

        # patch the person with some new computers
        data = {'computers': [{'name': u'hey', 'vendor': u'you'},
                              {'name': u'big', 'vendor': u'money'},
                              {'name': u'milk', 'vendor': u'chocolate'}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 3 == len(data['computers'])
        assert u'hey' == data['computers'][0]['name']
        assert u'big' == data['computers'][1]['name']
        assert u'milk' == data['computers'][2]['name']

    def test_patch_duplicate(self):
        """Test for assigning a list containing duplicate items
        to a relation of a model using :http:method:`patch`.

        """
        # create the manufacturer with a duplicate car
        data = {'name': u'Ford', 'models': [{'name': u'Maverick', 'seats': 2},
                                            {'name': u'Mustang', 'seats': 4},
                                            {'name': u'Maverick', 'seats': 2}]}
        response = self.app.post('/api/car_manufacturer', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        responsedata = loads(response.data)
        assert 3 == len(data['models'])
        assert u'Maverick' == responsedata['models'][0]['name']
        assert u'Mustang' == responsedata['models'][1]['name']
        assert u'Maverick' == responsedata['models'][2]['name']

        # add another duplicate car
        data['models'].append({'name': u'Mustang', 'seats': 4})
        response = self.app.patch('/api/car_manufacturer/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 4 == len(data['models'])
        assert u'Maverick' == data['models'][0]['name']
        assert u'Mustang' == data['models'][1]['name']
        assert u'Maverick' == data['models'][2]['name']
        assert u'Mustang' == data['models'][3]['name']

    def test_patch_new_single(self):
        """Test for adding a single new object to a one-to-one relationship
        using :http:method:`patch`.

        """
        # create the person
        data = {'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        # patch the person with a new computer
        data = {'computers': {'add': {'name': u'lixeiro',
                                      'vendor': u'Lemote'}}}

        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Let's check it out
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        loaded = loads(response.data)

        assert len(loaded['computers']) == 1
        assert loaded['computers'][0]['name'] == \
            data['computers']['add']['name']
        assert loaded['computers'][0]['vendor'] == \
            data['computers']['add']['vendor']

        # test that this new computer was added to the database as well
        computer = self.session.query(self.Computer).filter_by(id=1).first()
        assert computer is not None
        assert data['computers']['add']['name'] == computer.name
        assert data['computers']['add']['vendor'] == computer.vendor

    def test_patch_existing_single(self):
        """Test for adding a single existing object to a one-to-one
        relationship using :http:method:`patch`.

        """
        # create the person
        data = {'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        # create the computer
        data = {'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lemote'}
        response = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        # patch the person with the created computer
        data = {'computers': {'add': {'id': 1}}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Let's check it out
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        loaded = loads(response.data)

        assert len(loaded['computers']) == 1
        assert loaded['computers'][0]['id'] == data['computers']['add']['id']

    def test_patch_add_submodels(self):
        """Test for updating a single instance of the model by adding a list of
        related models using the :http:method:`patch` method.

        """
        data = dict(name=u'Lincoln', age=23)
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        add1 = {'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lemote'}
        add2 = {'name': u'foo', 'vendor': u'bar'}
        data = {'computers': {'add': [add1, add2]}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        loaded = loads(response.data)

        assert len(loaded['computers']) == 2
        assert loaded['computers'][0]['name'] == u'lixeiro'
        assert loaded['computers'][0]['vendor'] == u'Lemote'
        assert loaded['computers'][1]['name'] == u'foo'
        assert loaded['computers'][1]['vendor'] == u'bar'

        # test that these new computers were added to the database as well
        computer = self.session.query(self.Computer).filter_by(id=1).first()
        assert computer is not None
        assert u'lixeiro' == computer.name
        assert u'Lemote' == computer.vendor
        computer = self.session.query(self.Computer).filter_by(id=2).first()
        assert computer is not None
        assert u'foo' == computer.name
        assert u'bar' == computer.vendor

    def test_patch_remove_submodel(self):
        """Test for updating a single instance of the model by removing a
        related model using the :http:method:`patch` method.

        """
        # Creating the row that will be updated
        data = {
            'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23,
            'computers': [
                {'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lemote'},
                {'name': u'pidinti', 'vendor': u'HP'},
            ],
        }
        self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))

        # Data for the update
        update_data = {
            'computers': {
                'remove': [{'name': u'pidinti'}],
            }
        }
        resp = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(update_data))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert loads(resp.data)['id'] == 1

        # Let's check it out
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        loaded = loads(response.data)
        assert len(loaded['computers']) == 1

    def test_patch_autodelete_submodel(self):
        """Tests the automatic deletion of entries marked with the
        ``__delete__`` flag on an update operation.

        It also tests adding an already created instance as a related item.

        """
        # Creating all rows needed in our test
        person_data = {'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}
        resp = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(person_data))
        assert resp.status_code == 201
        comp_data = {'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lemote'}
        resp = self.app.post('/api/computer', data=dumps(comp_data))
        assert resp.status_code == 201

        # updating person to add the computer
        update_data = {'computers': {'add': [{'id': 1}]}}
        self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(update_data))

        # Making sure that everything worked properly
        resp = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        loaded = loads(resp.data)
        assert len(loaded['computers']) == 1
        assert loaded['computers'][0]['name'] == u'lixeiro'

        # Now, let's remove it and delete it
        update2_data = {
            'computers': {
                'remove': [
                    {'id': 1, '__delete__': True},
                ],
            },
        }
        resp = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(update2_data))
        assert resp.status_code == 200

        # Testing to make sure it was removed from the related field
        resp = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        loaded = loads(resp.data)
        assert len(loaded['computers']) == 0

        # Making sure it was removed from the database
        resp = self.app.get('/api/computer/1')
        assert resp.status_code == 404

    def test_pagination(self):
        """Tests for pagination of long result sets."""
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, url_prefix='/api/v2',
                                results_per_page=5)
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, url_prefix='/api/v3',
                                results_per_page=0)
        for i in range(25):
            d = dict(name='person{0}'.format(i))
            response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(d))
            assert response.status_code == 201

        response = self.app.get('/api/person')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 1
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 10
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 3

        response = self.app.get('/api/person?page=1')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 1
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 10
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 3

        response = self.app.get('/api/person?page=2')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 2
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 10
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 3

        response = self.app.get('/api/person?page=3')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 3
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 5
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 3

        response = self.app.get('/api/v2/person?page=3')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 3
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 5
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 5

        response = self.app.get('/api/v3/person')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 1
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 25
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 1

        response = self.app.get('/api/v3/person?page=2')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['page'] == 1
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 25
        assert loads(response.data)['total_pages'] == 1

    def test_num_results(self):
        """Tests that a request for (a subset of) all instances of a model
        includes the total number of results as part of the JSON response.

        """
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person)
        for i in range(15):
            d = dict(name='person{0}'.format(i))
            response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(d))
            assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/person')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'num_results' in data
        assert data['num_results'] == 15

    def test_alternate_primary_key(self):
        """Tests that models with primary keys which are not ``id`` columns are
        accessible via their primary keys.

        """
        self.manager.create_api(self.Planet, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
        response = self.app.post('/api/planet', data=dumps(dict(name='Earth')))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/planet/1')
        assert response.status_code == 404
        response = self.app.get('/api/planet')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 1
        response = self.app.get('/api/planet/Earth')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data) == dict(name='Earth')

    def test_specified_primary_key(self):
        """Tests that models with more than one primary key are
        accessible via a specified primary key.

        """
        self.manager.create_api(self.User, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH'],
                                primary_key='email')
        data = dict(id=1, email='foo', wakeup=None)
        response = self.app.post('/api/user', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201
        response = self.app.get('/api/user/1')
        assert response.status_code == 404
        response = self.app.get('/api/user')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 1
        response = self.app.get('/api/user/foo')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data) == data
        response = self.app.patch('/api/user/foo', data=dumps(dict(id=2)),
                                  content_type='application/json')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert loads(response.data)['id'] == 2

    def test_post_form_preprocessor(self):
        """Tests POST method decoration using a custom function."""
        def decorator_function(data=None, **kw):
            if data:
                data['other'] = 7

        # test for function that decorates parameters with 'other' attribute
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['POST'],
                                url_prefix='/api/v2',
                                post_form_preprocessor=decorator_function)

        response = self.app.post('/api/v2/person',
                                 data=dumps({'name': u'Lincoln', 'age': 23}))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        personid = loads(response.data)['id']
        person = self.session.query(self.Person).filter_by(id=personid).first()
        assert person.other == 7

    def test_results_per_page(self):
        """Tests that the client can correctly specify the number of results
        appearing per page, in addition to specifying which page of results to
        return.

        """
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['POST', 'GET'])
        for n in range(25):
            response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({}))
            assert 201 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/person?results_per_page=20')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 20 == len(data['objects'])
        # Fall back to default number of results per page on bad requests.
        response = self.app.get('/api/person?results_per_page=-1')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 10 == len(data['objects'])
        # Only return max number of results per page.
        response = self.app.get('/api/person?results_per_page=30')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 25 == len(data['objects'])

    def test_get_string_pk(self):
        """Tests for getting a row which has a string primary key, including
        the possibility of a string representation of a number.

        """
        # create a model and an instance of the model
        class StringID(self.Base):
            __tablename__ = 'stringid'
            name = Column(Unicode, primary_key=True)
        self.Base.metadata.create_all()
        self.manager.create_api(StringID)

        foo = StringID(name=u'1')
        self.session.add(foo)
        self.session.commit()
        response = self.app.get('/api/stringid/1')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'name' in data
        assert '1' == data['name']
        response = self.app.get('/api/stringid/01')
        assert 404 == response.status_code

        bar = StringID(name=u'01')
        self.session.add(bar)
        self.session.commit()
        response = self.app.get('/api/stringid/01')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'name' in data
        assert '01' == data['name']

        baz = StringID(name=u'hey')
        self.session.add(baz)
        self.session.commit()
        response = self.app.get('/api/stringid/hey')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'name' in data
        assert 'hey' == data['name']

    def test_jsonp(self):
        """Test for JSON-P callbacks."""
        person1 = self.Person(name=u'foo')
        person2 = self.Person(name=u'bar')
        self.session.add_all([person1, person2])
        self.session.commit()
        # test for GET
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1?callback=baz')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert response.data.startswith(b'baz(')
        assert response.data.endswith(b')')
        # test for search
        response = self.app.get('/api/person?callback=baz')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert response.data.startswith(b'baz(')
        assert response.data.endswith(b')')

    def test_duplicate_post(self):
        """Tests for making a :http:method:`post` request with data that
        already exists in the database.

        """
        data = dict(name='test')
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data))
        assert 400 == response.status_code

    def test_delete_from_relation(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`delete` request to a related instance
        removes that related instance from the specified model.

        See issue #193.

        """
        person = self.Person()
        computer = self.Computer()
        person.computers.append(computer)
        self.session.add_all((person, computer))
        self.session.commit()
        # Delete the related computer.
        response = self.app.delete('/api/person/1/computers/1')
        assert response.status_code == 204
        # Check that it is actually gone from the relation.
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(loads(response.data)['computers']) == 0
        # Check that the related instance hasn't been deleted from the database
        # altogether.
        response = self.app.get('/api/computer/1')
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # # Add the computer back in to the relation and use the Delete-Orphan
        # # header to instruct the server to delete the orphaned computer
        # # instance.
        # person.computers.append(computer)
        # self.session.commit()
        # response = self.app.delete('/api/person/1/computers/1',
        #                            headers={'Delete-Orphan': 1})
        # assert response.status_code == 204
        # response = self.app.get('/api/person/1/computers')
        # assert response.status_code == 200
        # assert len(loads(response.data)['computers']) == 0
        # response = self.app.get('/api/computers')
        # assert response.status_code == 200
        # assert len(loads(response.data)['objects']) == 0

    def test_get_callable_query_attribute(self):
        """Tests that a callable model.query attribute is being used
        when available.

        """
        # create aliases for the sake of brevity
        CarModel, CarManufacturer = self.CarModel, self.CarManufacturer

        # create some example car manufacturers and models
        manufacturer_name = u'Super Cars Ltd.'
        cm1 = CarManufacturer(name=manufacturer_name)
        cm2 = CarManufacturer(name=u'Trash Cars Ltd.')
        self.session.add_all((cm1, cm2))

        car1 = CarModel(name=u'Luxory deluxe L', manufacturer=cm1)
        car2 = CarModel(name=u'Luxory deluxe XL', manufacturer=cm1)
        car3 = CarModel(name=u'Broken wheel', manufacturer=cm2)
        self.session.add_all((car1, car2, car3))
        self.session.commit()

        # create a custom query method for the CarModel class
        def query(cls):
            car_model = self.session.query(cls)
            name_filter = (CarManufacturer.name == manufacturer_name)
            return car_model.join(CarManufacturer).filter(name_filter)
        CarModel.query = classmethod(query)

        response = self.app.get('/api/car_model')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == len(data['objects'])

        for car in data['objects']:
            assert car['manufacturer']['name'] == manufacturer_name

        for car in [car1, car2]:
            response = self.app.get('/api/car_model/{0}'.format(car.id))
            assert 200 == response.status_code
            data = loads(response.data)
            assert data['manufacturer_id'] == cm1.id
            assert data['name'] == car.name

        response = self.app.get('/api/car_model/{0}'.format(car3.id))
        assert 404 == response.status_code

    def test_set_hybrid_property(self):
        """Tests that a hybrid property can be correctly set by a client."""

        class HybridPerson(self.Person):

            @hybrid_property
            def abs_other(self):
                return self.other is not None and abs(self.other) or 0

            @abs_other.expression
            def abs_other(self):
                return func.sum(HybridPerson.other)

            @abs_other.setter
            def abs_other(self, v):
                self.other = v

            @hybrid_property
            def sq_other(self):
                if not isinstance(self.other, float):
                    return None

                return self.other ** 2

            @sq_other.setter
            def sq_other(self, v):
                self.other = math.sqrt(v)

        self.manager.create_api(HybridPerson, methods=['POST', 'PATCH'],
                                collection_name='hybrid')
        response = self.app.post('/api/hybrid', data=dumps({'abs_other': 1}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 1 == data['other']
        assert 1 == data['abs_other']

        response = self.app.post('/api/hybrid', data=dumps({'name': u'Rod'}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.patch('/api/hybrid/2', data=dumps({'sq_other': 4}))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 2 == data['other']
        assert 4 == data['sq_other']

    def test_patch_with_hybrid_property(self):
        """Tests that a hybrid property can be correctly posted from a client.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Screen(id=1, width=5, height=4))
        self.session.commit()
        self.manager.create_api(self.Screen, methods=['PATCH'],
                                collection_name='screen')
        response = self.app.patch('/api/screen/1',
                                  data=dumps({"number_of_pixels": 50}))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 5 == data['width']
        assert 10 == data['height']
        assert 50 == data['number_of_pixels']


class TestHeaders(TestSupportPrefilled):
    """Tests for correct HTTP headers in responses."""

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestHeaders, self).setUp()
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH'])

    def test_post_location(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`post` request responds with the correct
        ``Location`` header.

        """
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps({}))
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        assert 'Location' in response.headers
        # there are five existing people
        expected = 'http://localhost/api/person/6'
        actual = response.headers['Location']
        assert expected == actual

    def test_pagination_links(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`get` request that would respond with a
        paginated list of results returns the appropriate ``Link`` headers.

        """
        response = self.app.get('/api/person?page=2&results_per_page=1')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert 'Link' in response.headers
        links = response.headers['Link']
        # next page
        assert 'page=3' in links
        assert 'rel="next"' in links
        # last page
        assert 'page=5' in links
        assert 'rel="last"' in links

    def test_content_type(self):
        """Tests that the server responds only to requests with a JSON
        Content-Type.

        """
        # A request that does not require a body without a Content-Type headers
        # should be OK either way.
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1', content_type=None)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1',
                                content_type='application/json')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        # A request that requires a body but without a Content-Type header
        # should produce an error (specifically, error 415 Unsupported media
        # type).
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(dict(name='foo')),
                                 content_type=None)
        assert 415 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(dict(name='foo')),
                                 content_type='application/json')
        assert 201 == response.status_code
        # A request without an Accept header should return JSON.
        assert 'Content-Type' in response.headers
        assert 'application/json' == response.headers['Content-Type']
        assert 'foo' == loads(response.data)['name']
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(dict(name='foo')),
                                 content_type=None)
        assert 415 == response.status_code
        # Same goes for a PATCH request.
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/6', data=dumps(dict(name='x')),
                                  content_type=None)
        assert 415 == response.status_code
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/6', data=dumps(dict(name='x')),
                                  content_type='application/json')
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        content_type = 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/6', data=dumps(dict(name='x')),
                                  content_type=content_type)
        assert 200 == response.status_code

        # A request without an Accept header should return JSON.
        assert 'Content-Type' in response.headers
        assert 'application/json' == response.headers['Content-Type']
        assert 'x' == loads(response.data)['name']

    def test_content_type_msie(self):
        """Tests for compatibility with Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and 9.

        According to issue #267, making requests using JavaScript from these
        web browsers does not allow changing the content type of the request
        (it is always ``text/html``). Therefore :http:method:`post` and
        :http:method:`patch` should ignore the content type when a request is
        coming from these old browsers.

        """
        # Test for Microsoft Internet Explorer 8.
        headers = {'User-Agent': '{0}'.format(MSIE8_UA)}
        content_type = 'text/html'
        data = dict(name=u'foo')
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data),
                                 headers=headers, content_type=content_type)
        assert response.status_code == 201
        person = loads(response.data)
        assert person['name'] == 'foo'
        personid = person['id']
        data = dict(name=u'bar')
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/{0}'.format(personid),
                                  data=dumps(data), headers=headers,
                                  content_type=content_type)
        assert response.status_code == 200
        person = loads(response.data)
        assert person['name'] == 'bar'

        # Test for Microsoft Internet Explorer 9.
        headers = {'User-Agent': '{0}'.format(MSIE9_UA)}
        data = dict(name=u'foo2')
        response = self.app.post('/api/person', data=dumps(data),
                                 headers=headers, content_type=content_type)
        assert response.status_code == 201
        personid = loads(response.data)['id']
        data = dict(name=u'bar2')
        response = self.app.patch('/api/person/{0}'.format(personid),
                                  data=dumps(data), headers=headers,
                                  content_type=content_type)
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert loads(response.data)['name'] == 'bar2'

    def test_accept(self):
        """Tests that the server responds to the ``Accept`` with a response of
        the correct content-type.

        """
        # A request without an Accept header should return JSON.
        headers = None
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1', headers=headers)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert 'Content-Type' in response.headers
        assert 'application/json' == response.headers['Content-Type']
        assert 1 == loads(response.data)['id']
        headers = dict(Accept='application/json')
        response = self.app.get('/api/person/1', headers=headers)
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        assert 'Content-Type' in response.headers
        assert 'application/json' == response.headers['Content-Type']
        assert 1 == loads(response.data)['id']
        # Check for accepting XML.
        # headers = dict(Accept='application/xml')
        # response = self.app.get('/api/person/1', headers=headers)
        # assert 200 == response.status_code
        # assert 'Content-Type' in response.headers
        # assert 'application/xml' == response.headers['Content-Type']
        # assert '<id>1</id>' in response.data


class TestSearch(TestSupportPrefilled):
    """Unit tests for the search query functionality."""

    def setUp(self):
        """Creates the database, the :class:`~flask.Flask` object, the
        :class:`~flask_restless.manager.APIManager` for that application, and
        creates the ReSTful API endpoints for the :class:`testapp.Person` and
        :class:`testapp.Computer` models.

        """
        super(TestSearch, self).setUp()
        self.manager.create_api(self.Person, methods=['GET', 'PATCH'])
        self.app.search = lambda url, q: self.app.get(url + '?q={0}'.format(q))

    def test_search(self):
        """Tests basic search using the :http:method:`get` method."""
        # Trying to pass invalid params to the search method
        resp = self.app.get('/api/person?q=Test')
        assert resp.status_code == 400
        assert loads(resp.data)['message'] == 'Unable to decode data'

        search = {'filters': [{'name': 'name', 'val': '%y%', 'op': 'like'}]}
        # Let's search for users with that above filter
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        loaded = loads(resp.data)
        assert len(loaded['objects']) == 3  # Mary, Lucy and Katy

        # Tests searching for a single row
        search = {
            'single': True,      # I'm sure we have only one row here
            'filters': [
                {'name': 'name', 'val': u'Lincoln', 'op': 'equals'}
            ],
        }
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert loads(resp.data)['name'] == u'Lincoln'

        # Looking for something that does not exist on the database
        search['filters'][0]['val'] = 'Sammy'
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 404
        assert loads(resp.data)['message'] == 'No result found'

        # We have to receive an error if the user provides an invalid
        # data to the search, like this:
        search = {
            'filters': [
                {'name': 'age', 'val': 'It should not be a string', 'op': 'gt'}
            ]
        }
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert len(loads(resp.data)['objects']) == 0

        # Testing the order_by stuff
        search = {'order_by': [{'field': 'age', 'direction': 'asc'}]}
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        loaded = loads(resp.data)['objects']
        assert loaded[0][u'age'] == 7
        assert loaded[1][u'age'] == 19
        assert loaded[2][u'age'] == 23
        assert loaded[3][u'age'] == 25
        assert loaded[4][u'age'] == 28

        # Test the IN operation
        search = {
            'filters': [
                {'name': 'age', 'val': [7, 28], 'op': 'in'}
            ]
        }
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        loaded = loads(resp.data)['objects']
        assert loaded[0][u'age'] == 7
        assert loaded[1][u'age'] == 28

        # Testing related search
        update = {
            'computers': {
                'add': [{'name': u'lixeiro', 'vendor': u'Lenovo'}]
            }
        }
        resp = self.app.patch('/api/person/1', data=dumps(update))
        assert resp.status_code == 200

        # TODO document this
        search = {
            'single': True,
            'filters': [
                {'name': 'computers__name',
                 'val': u'lixeiro',
                 'op': 'any'}
            ]
        }
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert loads(resp.data)['computers'][0]['name'] == 'lixeiro'

        # Testing the comparation for two fields. We want to compare
        # `age' and `other' fields. If the first one is lower than or
        # equals to the second one, we want the object
        search = {
            'filters': [
                {'name': 'age', 'op': 'lte', 'field': 'other'}
            ],
            'order_by': [
                {'field': 'other'}
            ]
        }
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        loaded = loads(resp.data)['objects']
        assert len(loaded) == 2
        assert loaded[0]['other'] == 10
        assert loaded[1]['other'] == 19

    def test_search2(self):
        """Testing more search functionality."""
        # Let's test the search using an id
        search = {
            'single': True,
            'filters': [{'name': 'id', 'op': 'equal_to', 'val': 1}]
        }
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert loads(resp.data)['name'] == u'Lincoln'

        # Testing limit and offset
        search = {'limit': 1, 'offset': 1}
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert 1 == len(loads(resp.data)['objects'])
        assert loads(resp.data)['num_results'] == 1
        assert loads(resp.data)['objects'][0]['name'] == u'Mary'

        # Testing limit by itself
        search = {'limit': 1}
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert 1 == len(loads(resp.data)['objects'])
        assert loads(resp.data)['num_results'] == 1
        assert loads(resp.data)['objects'][0]['name'] == u'Lincoln'

        search = {'limit': 5000}
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert 5 == len(loads(resp.data)['objects'])
        assert loads(resp.data)['num_results'] == 5
        assert loads(resp.data)['objects'][0]['name'] == u'Lincoln'

        # Testing offset by itself
        search = {'offset': 1}
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 200
        assert 4 == len(loads(resp.data)['objects'])
        assert loads(resp.data)['num_results'] == 4
        assert loads(resp.data)['objects'][0]['name'] == u'Mary'

        # Testing multiple results when calling .one()
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps({'single': True}))
        assert resp.status_code == 400
        assert loads(resp.data)['message'] == 'Multiple results found'

    def test_search_dates(self):
        """Test date parsing"""
        # Lincoln has been allocated a birthday of 1900-01-02.
        # We'll ask for dates in a variety of formats, including invalid ones.
        search = {
            'single': True,
            'filters': [{'name': 'birth_date', 'op': 'eq'}]
        }

        # 1900-01-02
        search['filters'][0]['val'] = '1900-01-02'
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert loads(resp.data)['name'] == u'Lincoln'

        # 2nd Jan 1900
        search['filters'][0]['val'] = '2nd Jan 1900'
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert loads(resp.data)['name'] == u'Lincoln'

        # Invalid Date
        search['filters'][0]['val'] = 'REALLY-BAD-DATE'
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert resp.status_code == 400

        # DateTime
        # This will be cropped to a date, since birth_date is a Date column
        search['filters'][0]['val'] = '2nd Jan 1900 14:35'
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(search))
        assert loads(resp.data)['name'] == u'Lincoln'

    def test_search_boolean_formula(self):
        """Tests for Boolean formulas of filters in a search query."""
        # This searches for people whose name is John, or people older than age
        # 10 who have a "y" in their names.
        #
        # According to the pre-filled database, this should return three
        # people: John, Lucy, and Mary.
        data = {'filters':
                    [{'or':
                          [{'and':
                                [dict(name='name', op='like', val='%y%'),
                                 dict(name='age', op='ge', val=10)]},
                           dict(name='name', op='eq', val='John')
                           ]
                      }]
                }
        response = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(data))
        assert 200 == response.status_code
        data = loads(response.data)['objects']
        assert 3 == len(data)
        assert set(['Lucy', 'Mary', 'John']) == \
            set([person['name'] for person in data])

    def test_search_bad_arguments(self):
        """Tests that search requests with bad parameters respond with an error
        message.

        """
        # missing argument
        d = dict(filters=[dict(name='name', op='==')])
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(d))
        assert resp.status_code == 400

        # missing operator
        d = dict(filters=[dict(name='name', val='Test')])
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(d))
        assert resp.status_code == 400

        # missing fieldname
        d = dict(filters=[dict(op='==', val='Test')])
        resp = self.app.search('/api/person', dumps(d))
        assert resp.status_code == 400


class TestAssociationProxy(ManagerTestBase):
    """Unit tests for models which have a relationship involving an association
    proxy.

    """

    def setUp(self):
        """Creates example models which are related by an association proxy
        table.

        """
        super(TestAssociationProxy, self).setUp()

        tag_product = Table('tag_product', self.Base.metadata,
                            Column('tag_id', Integer,
                                   ForeignKey('tag.id'),
                                   primary_key=True),
                            Column('product_id', Integer,
                                   ForeignKey('product.id'),
                                   primary_key=True))

        # Metadata is a key-value pair, used to test for association
        # proxies that use AssociationDict types
        # this is the association table for Image->metadata
        product_meta = Table('product_meta', self.Base.metadata,
                             Column('image_id', Integer,
                                    ForeignKey('image.id')),
                             Column('meta_id', Integer, ForeignKey('meta.id')))

        # For brevity, create this association proxy creator functions here.
        creator1 = lambda product: ChosenProductImage(product=product)
        creator2 = lambda image: ChosenProductImage(image=image)
        creator3 = lambda key, value: Metadata(key, value)

        class Metadata(self.Base):
            def __init__(self, key, value):
                super(Metadata, self).__init__()
                self.key = key
                self.value = value

            __tablename__ = 'meta'
            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
            key = Column(String(256), nullable=False)
            value = Column(String(256))

        class Image(self.Base):
            __tablename__ = 'image'
            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
            products = prox('chosen_product_images', 'product',
                            creator=creator1)

            meta_store = rel('Metadata',
                             cascade='all',
                             backref=backref(name='metadata'),
                             collection_class=col_mapped(Metadata.__table__.c.key),
                             secondary=lambda: product_meta)
            meta = prox('meta_store', 'value', creator=creator3)

        class ChosenProductImage(self.Base):
            __tablename__ = 'chosen_product_image'
            product_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('product.id'),
                                primary_key=True)
            image_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('image.id'),
                              primary_key=True)
            image = rel('Image', backref=backref(name='chosen_product_images',
                                                 cascade="all, delete-orphan"),
                        enable_typechecks=False)
            name = Column(Unicode, default=lambda: u'default name')

        class Tag(self.Base):
            __tablename__ = 'tag'
            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
            name = Column(Unicode, nullable=False)

        class Product(self.Base):
            __tablename__ = 'product'
            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
            chosen_product_images = rel(ChosenProductImage,
                                        backref=backref(name='product'),
                                        cascade="all, delete-orphan")
            chosen_images = prox('chosen_product_images', 'image',
                                 creator=creator2)
            image_names = prox('chosen_product_images', 'name')
            tags = rel(Tag, secondary=tag_product, lazy='joined',
                       backref=backref(name='products', lazy='dynamic'))
            tag_names = prox('tags', 'name',
                             creator=lambda tag_name: Tag(name=tag_name))

        self.Product = Product
        self.Image = Image
        self.ChosenProductImage = ChosenProductImage
        self.Tag = Tag

        # create all the tables required for the models
        self.Base.metadata.create_all()

        # create the API endpoints
        self.manager.create_api(self.Product, methods=['GET', 'PATCH', 'POST'],
                                url_prefix='/api')
        self.manager.create_api(self.Image, methods=['GET', 'PATCH', 'POST'],
                                url_prefix='/api')

    def tearDown(self):
        """Drops all tables from the temporary database."""
        self.Base.metadata.drop_all()

    def _check_relations(self):
        """Makes :http:method:`get` requests for the product with ID 1 and the
        image with ID 1, ensuring that each has a relationship with the other
        via the association proxy table.

        """
        response = self.app.get('/api/product/1')
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'chosen_images' in data
        assert {'id': 1} in data['chosen_images']

        response = self.app.get('/api/image/1')
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'products' in data
        assert {'id': 1} in data['products']

    def _check_meta_relation(self):
        response = self.app.get('/api/image/1')
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'meta_store' in data
        assert 'file type' in data['meta_store']

    def _check_relations_two(self):
        """Makes :http:method:`get` requests for the product with ID 1 and the
        images with ID 1 and 2, ensuring that the product has a relationship
        with each image, and each image has a relationship with the product.

        """
        response = self.app.get('/api/product/1')
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'chosen_images' in data

        expected_chosen_project_images = [
            {'image_id': 1, 'product_id': 1, 'name': 'default name'},
            {'image_id': 2, 'product_id': 1, 'name': 'default name'}
        ]

        assert data['chosen_images'], [{'id': 1} == {'id': 2}]
        assert data['chosen_product_images'] == expected_chosen_project_images

        response = self.app.get('/api/image/1')
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'products' in data
        assert {'id': 1} in data['products']

        response = self.app.get('/api/image/2')
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert 'products' in data
        assert {'id': 1} in data['products']

    def test_assoc_dict_put(self):
        data = {'products': [{'id': 1}],
                'meta': [{'key': 'file type', 'value': 'png'}]}
        response = self.app.post('/api/image', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        self._check_meta_relation()

    def test_get_data(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`get` request exhibits the correct
        associations.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.add(self.ChosenProductImage(image_id=1, product_id=1))
        self.session.commit()

        self._check_relations()

    def test_post(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`post` request correctly adds an
        association.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'products': [{'id': 1}]}
        response = self.app.post('/api/image', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        self._check_relations()

    def test_post_many(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`post` request correctly adds multiple
        associations.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'chosen_images': [{'id': 1}, {'id': 2}]}
        response = self.app.post('/api/product', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 201

        self._check_relations_two()

    def test_patch(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`patch` request correctly sets the
        appropriate associations.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'chosen_images': [{'id': 1}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        self._check_relations()

    def test_patch_multiple(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`patch` request correctly adds multiple
        associations.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'chosen_images': [{'id': 1}, {'id': 2}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        self._check_relations_two()

    def test_patch_with_add(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`patch` request correctly adds an
        association.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'chosen_images': {'add': {'id': 1}}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        self._check_relations()

    def test_patch_with_remove(self):
        """Tests that a :http:method:`patch` request correctly removes an
        association.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'chosen_images': {'add': {'id': 1}}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        data = {'chosen_images': {'add': {'id': 2}}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        data = {'chosen_images': {'remove': [{'id': 2}]}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        self._check_relations()

    def test_any(self):
        """Tests that a search query correctly searches fields on an associated
        model.

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.add(self.Image())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'chosen_images': [{'id': 1}, {'id': 2}]}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        filters = {'filters': [{'name': 'chosen_images__id', 'op': 'any',
                                'val': 1}]}
        response = self.app.get('/api/product?q=' + dumps(filters))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert {'id': 1} in data['objects'][0]['chosen_images']

        data = {'chosen_images': {'remove': [{'id': 1}]}}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        filters = {'filters': [{'name': 'chosen_images__id', 'op': 'any',
                                'val': 1}]}
        response = self.app.get('/api/product?q=' + dumps(filters))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert data['num_results'] == 0

        filters = {'filters': [{'name': 'chosen_images', 'op': 'any',
                                'val': {'name': 'id', 'op': 'eq', 'val': 1}}]}
        response = self.app.get('/api/product?q=' + dumps(filters))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert data['num_results'] == 0

    def test_scalar(self):
        """Tests that association proxies to remote scalar attributes work
        correctly.

        This is also somewhat tested indirectly through the other tests here
        for the chosen product image names but this is a direct test with the
        Tags and a different type of relation

        """
        self.session.add(self.Product())
        self.session.commit()

        data = {'tag_names': ['tag1', 'tag2']}
        response = self.app.patch('/api/product/1', data=dumps(data))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)

        assert sorted(data['tag_names']), sorted(['tag1' == 'tag2'])

    def test_num_results(self):
        """Tests that the total number of results is returned."""
        self.session.add(self.Product(tag_names=['tag1', 'tag2']))
        self.session.commit()

        response = self.app.get('/api/product')
        assert response.status_code == 200
        data = loads(response.data)
        assert data['num_results'] == 1