helper.go

// Copyright 2012 The GoSNMP Authors. All rights reserved.  Use of this
// source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in the
// LICENSE file.

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package gosnmp

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"math"
	"math/big"
	"net"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

// variable struct is used by decodeValue(), which is used for debugging
type variable struct {
	Name  []int
	Type  Asn1BER
	Value interface{}
}

// -- helper functions (mostly) in alphabetical order --------------------------

// Check makes checking errors easy, so they actually get a minimal check
func (x *GoSNMP) Check(err error) {
	if err != nil {
		x.Logger.Printf("Check: %v\n", err)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
}

// Check makes checking errors easy, so they actually get a minimal check
func (packet *SnmpPacket) Check(err error) {
	if err != nil {
		packet.Logger.Printf("Check: %v\n", err)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
}

// Check makes checking errors easy, so they actually get a minimal check
func Check(err error) {
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Check: %v\n", err)
	}
}

func (x *GoSNMP) decodeValue(data []byte, retVal *variable) error {
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return errors.New("zero byte buffer")
	}

	// values matching this mask have the type in subsequent byte
	if data[0]&AsnExtensionID == AsnExtensionID {
		if len(data) < 2 {
			return fmt.Errorf("bytes: % x err: truncated (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), 2)
		}
		data = data[1:]
	}
	switch Asn1BER(data[0]) {
	case Integer:
		// 0x02. signed
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is Integer")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("bytes: % x err: truncated (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		var ret int
		var err2 error
		if ret, err2 = parseInt(data[cursor:length]); err2 != nil {
			x.Logger.Printf("%v:", err2)
			return fmt.Errorf("bytes: % x err: %w", data, err2)
		}
		retVal.Type = Integer
		retVal.Value = ret
	case OctetString:
		// 0x04
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is OctetString")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("bytes: % x err: truncated (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		retVal.Type = OctetString
		retVal.Value = data[cursor:length]
	case Null:
		// 0x05
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is Null")
		retVal.Type = Null
		retVal.Value = nil
	case ObjectIdentifier:
		// 0x06
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is ObjectIdentifier")
		rawOid, _, err2 := parseRawField(x.Logger, data, "OID")
		if err2 != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("error parsing OID Value: %w", err2)
		}
		oid, ok := rawOid.(string)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("unable to type assert rawOid |%v| to string", rawOid)
		}
		retVal.Type = ObjectIdentifier
		retVal.Value = oid
	case IPAddress:
		// 0x40
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is IPAddress")
		retVal.Type = IPAddress
		if len(data) < 2 {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for ipv4 address: %x", data)
		}

		switch data[1] {
		case 0: // real life, buggy devices returning bad data
			retVal.Value = nil
			return nil
		case 4: // IPv4
			if len(data) < 6 {
				return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for ipv4 address: %x", data)
			}
			retVal.Value = net.IPv4(data[2], data[3], data[4], data[5]).String()
		case 16: // IPv6
			if len(data) < 18 {
				return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for ipv6 address: %x", data)
			}
			d := make(net.IP, 16)
			copy(d, data[2:17])
			retVal.Value = d.String()
		default:
			return fmt.Errorf("got ipaddress len %d, expected 4 or 16", data[1])
		}
	case Counter32:
		// 0x41. unsigned
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is Counter32")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for Counter32 %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		ret, err2 := parseUint(data[cursor:length])
		if err2 != nil {
			x.Logger.Printf("decodeValue: err is %v", err2)
			break
		}
		retVal.Type = Counter32
		retVal.Value = ret
	case Gauge32:
		// 0x42. unsigned
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is Gauge32")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for Gauge32 %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		ret, err2 := parseUint(data[cursor:length])
		if err2 != nil {
			x.Logger.Printf("decodeValue: err is %v", err2)
			break
		}
		retVal.Type = Gauge32
		retVal.Value = ret
	case TimeTicks:
		// 0x43
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is TimeTicks")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for TimeTicks %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		ret, err2 := parseUint32(data[cursor:length])
		if err2 != nil {
			x.Logger.Printf("decodeValue: err is %v", err2)
			break
		}
		retVal.Type = TimeTicks
		retVal.Value = ret
	case Opaque:
		// 0x44
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is Opaque")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for Opaque %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		opaqueData := data[cursor:length]
		// recursively decode opaque data
		return x.decodeValue(opaqueData, retVal)
	case Counter64:
		// 0x46
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is Counter64")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for Counter64 %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		ret, err2 := parseUint64(data[cursor:length])
		if err2 != nil {
			x.Logger.Printf("decodeValue: err is %v", err2)
			break
		}
		retVal.Type = Counter64
		retVal.Value = ret
	case OpaqueFloat:
		// 0x78
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is OpaqueFloat")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for OpaqueFloat %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		var err error
		retVal.Type = OpaqueFloat
		retVal.Value, err = parseFloat32(data[cursor:length])
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	case OpaqueDouble:
		// 0x79
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is OpaqueDouble")
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for OpaqueDouble %x (data %d length %d)", data, len(data), length)
		}

		var err error
		retVal.Type = OpaqueDouble
		retVal.Value, err = parseFloat64(data[cursor:length])
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	case NoSuchObject:
		// 0x80
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is NoSuchObject")
		retVal.Type = NoSuchObject
		retVal.Value = nil
	case NoSuchInstance:
		// 0x81
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is NoSuchInstance")
		retVal.Type = NoSuchInstance
		retVal.Value = nil
	case EndOfMibView:
		// 0x82
		x.Logger.Print("decodeValue: type is EndOfMibView")
		retVal.Type = EndOfMibView
		retVal.Value = nil
	default:
		x.Logger.Printf("decodeValue: type %x isn't implemented", data[0])
		retVal.Type = UnknownType
		retVal.Value = nil
	}
	x.Logger.Printf("decodeValue: value is %#v", retVal.Value)
	return nil
}

func marshalUvarInt(x uint32) []byte {
	buf := make([]byte, 4)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf, x)
	i := 0
	for ; i < 3; i++ {
		if buf[i] != 0 {
			break
		}
	}
	buf = buf[i:]
	// if the highest bit in buf is set and x is not negative - prepend a byte to make it positive
	if len(buf) > 0 && buf[0]&0x80 > 0 {
		buf = append([]byte{0}, buf...)
	}
	return buf
}

func marshalBase128Int(out io.ByteWriter, n int64) (err error) {
	if n == 0 {
		err = out.WriteByte(0)
		return
	}

	l := 0
	for i := n; i > 0; i >>= 7 {
		l++
	}

	for i := l - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		o := byte(n >> uint(i*7))
		o &= 0x7f
		if i != 0 {
			o |= 0x80
		}
		err = out.WriteByte(o)
		if err != nil {
			return
		}
	}

	return nil
}

/*
	snmp Integer32 and INTEGER:
	-2^31 and 2^31-1 inclusive (-2147483648 to 2147483647 decimal)
	(FYI https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.protocols.snmp/1xaAMzCe_hE)

	versus:

	snmp Counter32, Gauge32, TimeTicks, Unsigned32: (below)
	non-negative integer, maximum value of 2^32-1 (4294967295 decimal)
*/

// marshalInt32 builds a byte representation of a signed 32 bit int in BigEndian form
// ie -2^31 and 2^31-1 inclusive (-2147483648 to 2147483647 decimal)
func marshalInt32(value int) (rs []byte, err error) {
	rs = make([]byte, 4)
	if 0 <= value && value <= 2147483647 {
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(rs, uint32(value))
		if value < 0x80 {
			return rs[3:], nil
		}
		if value < 0x8000 {
			return rs[2:], nil
		}
		if value < 0x800000 {
			return rs[1:], nil
		}
		return rs, nil
	}
	if -2147483648 <= value && value < 0 {
		value = ^value
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(rs, uint32(value))
		for k, v := range rs {
			rs[k] = ^v
		}
		return rs, nil
	}
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal %d", value)
}

func marshalUint64(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
	bs := make([]byte, 8)
	source := v.(uint64)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(bs, source) // will panic on failure
	// truncate leading zeros. Cleaner technique?
	return bytes.TrimLeft(bs, "\x00"), nil
}

// Counter32, Gauge32, TimeTicks, Unsigned32, SNMPError
func marshalUint32(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
	bs := make([]byte, 4)

	var source uint32
	switch val := v.(type) {
	case uint32:
		source = val
	case uint:
		source = uint32(val)
	case uint8:
		source = uint32(val)
	// We could do others here, but coercing from anything else is dangerous.
	// Even uint could be 64 bits, though in practice nothing we work with is.
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal %T to uint32", v)
	}

	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(bs, source) // will panic on failure
	// truncate leading zeros. Cleaner technique?
	if source < 0x80 {
		return bs[3:], nil
	}
	if source < 0x8000 {
		return bs[2:], nil
	}
	if source < 0x800000 {
		return bs[1:], nil
	}
	return bs, nil
}

func marshalFloat32(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
	source := v.(float32)
	i32 := math.Float32bits(source)
	return marshalUint32(i32)
}

func marshalFloat64(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
	source := v.(float64)
	i64 := math.Float64bits(source)
	return marshalUint64(i64)
}

// marshalLength builds a byte representation of length
//
// http://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html
//
// Length octets. There are two forms: short (for lengths between 0 and 127),
// and long definite (for lengths between 0 and 2^1008 -1).
//
// * Short form. One octet. Bit 8 has value "0" and bits 7-1 give the length.
// * Long form. Two to 127 octets. Bit 8 of first octet has value "1" and bits
//   7-1 give the number of additional length octets. Second and following
//   octets give the length, base 256, most significant digit first.
func marshalLength(length int) ([]byte, error) {
	// more convenient to pass length as int than uint64. Therefore check < 0
	if length < 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("length must be greater than zero")
	} else if length < 127 {
		return []byte{byte(length)}, nil
	}

	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
	err := binary.Write(buf, binary.BigEndian, uint64(length))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	bufBytes := buf.Bytes()

	// strip leading zeros
	for idx, octect := range bufBytes {
		if octect != 00 {
			bufBytes = bufBytes[idx:]
			break
		}
	}

	header := []byte{byte(128 | len(bufBytes))}
	return append(header, bufBytes...), nil
}

func marshalObjectIdentifier(oid string) ([]byte, error) {
	out := new(bytes.Buffer)
	oidLength := len(oid)
	oidBase := 0
	var err error
	i := 0
	for j := 0; j < oidLength; {
		if oid[j] == '.' {
			j++
			continue
		}
		var val int64 = 0
		for j < oidLength && oid[j] != '.' {
			ch := int64(oid[j] - '0')
			if ch > 9 {
				return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Invalid object identifier")
			}
			val *= 10
			val += ch
			j++
		}
		switch i {
		case 0:
			if val > 6 {
				return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Invalid object identifier")
			}
			oidBase = int(val * 40)
		case 1:
			if val >= 40 {
				return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Invalid object identifier")
			}
			oidBase += int(val)
			err = out.WriteByte(byte(oidBase))
			if err != nil {
				return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Invalid object identifier")
			}

		default:
			if val > MaxObjectSubIdentifierValue {
				return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Value out of range")
			}
			err = marshalBase128Int(out, val)
			if err != nil {
				return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Invalid object identifier")
			}
		}
		i++
	}
	if i < 2 || i > 128 {
		return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal OID: Invalid object identifier")
	}

	return out.Bytes(), nil
}

// TODO no tests
func ipv4toBytes(ip net.IP) []byte {
	return []byte(ip)[12:]
}

// parseBase128Int parses a base-128 encoded int from the given offset in the
// given byte slice. It returns the value and the new offset.
func parseBase128Int(bytes []byte, initOffset int) (ret int64, offset int, err error) {
	offset = initOffset
	for shifted := 0; offset < len(bytes); shifted++ {
		if shifted > 4 {
			err = errors.New("structural error: base 128 integer too large")
			return
		}
		ret <<= 7
		b := bytes[offset]
		ret |= int64(b & 0x7f)
		offset++
		if b&0x80 == 0 {
			return
		}
	}
	err = errors.New("syntax error: truncated base 128 integer")
	return
}

// parseInt64 treats the given bytes as a big-endian, signed integer and
// returns the result.
func parseInt64(bytes []byte) (ret int64, err error) {
	if len(bytes) > 8 {
		// We'll overflow an int64 in this case.
		err = errors.New("integer too large")
		return
	}
	for bytesRead := 0; bytesRead < len(bytes); bytesRead++ {
		ret <<= 8
		ret |= int64(bytes[bytesRead])
	}

	// Shift up and down in order to sign extend the result.
	ret <<= 64 - uint8(len(bytes))*8
	ret >>= 64 - uint8(len(bytes))*8
	return
}

// parseInt treats the given bytes as a big-endian, signed integer and returns
// the result.
func parseInt(bytes []byte) (int, error) {
	ret64, err := parseInt64(bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if ret64 != int64(int(ret64)) {
		return 0, errors.New("integer too large")
	}
	return int(ret64), nil
}

// parseLength parses and calculates an snmp packet length
//
// http://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html
//
// Length octets. There are two forms: short (for lengths between 0 and 127),
// and long definite (for lengths between 0 and 2^1008 -1).
//
// * Short form. One octet. Bit 8 has value "0" and bits 7-1 give the length.
// * Long form. Two to 127 octets. Bit 8 of first octet has value "1" and bits
//   7-1 give the number of additional length octets. Second and following
//   octets give the length, base 256, most significant digit first.
func parseLength(bytes []byte) (length int, cursor int) {
	switch {
	case len(bytes) <= 2:
		// handle null octet strings ie "0x04 0x00"
		cursor = len(bytes)
		length = len(bytes)
	case int(bytes[1]) <= 127:
		length = int(bytes[1])
		length += 2
		cursor += 2
	default:
		numOctets := int(bytes[1]) & 127
		for i := 0; i < numOctets; i++ {
			length <<= 8
			length += int(bytes[2+i])
		}
		length += 2 + numOctets
		cursor += 2 + numOctets
	}
	return length, cursor
}

// parseObjectIdentifier parses an OBJECT IDENTIFIER from the given bytes and
// returns it. An object identifier is a sequence of variable length integers
// that are assigned in a hierarchy.
func parseObjectIdentifier(src []byte) (ret string, err error) {
	if len(src) == 0 {
		err = fmt.Errorf("invalid OID length")
		return
	}
	out := new(bytes.Buffer)

	out.WriteByte('.')
	out.WriteString(strconv.FormatInt(int64(int(src[0])/40), 10))
	out.WriteByte('.')
	out.WriteString(strconv.FormatInt(int64(int(src[0])%40), 10))

	for offset := 1; offset < len(src); {
		out.WriteByte('.')
		var v int64
		v, offset, err = parseBase128Int(src, offset)
		if err != nil {
			return
		}
		out.WriteString(strconv.FormatInt(v, 10))
	}
	ret = out.String()
	return
}

func parseRawField(logger Logger, data []byte, msg string) (interface{}, int, error) {
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("empty data passed to parseRawField")
	}
	logger.Printf("parseRawField: %s", msg)
	switch Asn1BER(data[0]) {
	case Integer:
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough data for Integer (%d vs %d): %x", length, len(data), data)
		}
		i, err := parseInt(data[cursor:length])
		if err != nil {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse raw INTEGER: %x err: %w", data, err)
		}
		return i, length, nil
	case OctetString:
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough data for OctetString (%d vs %d): %x", length, len(data), data)
		}
		return string(data[cursor:length]), length, nil
	case ObjectIdentifier:
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough data for OID (%d vs %d): %x", length, len(data), data)
		}
		oid, err := parseObjectIdentifier(data[cursor:length])
		return oid, length, err
	case IPAddress:
		length, _ := parseLength(data)
		if len(data) < 2 {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough data for ipv4 address: %x", data)
		}

		switch data[1] {
		case 0: // real life, buggy devices returning bad data
			return nil, length, nil
		case 4: // IPv4
			if len(data) < 6 {
				return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough data for ipv4 address: %x", data)
			}
			return net.IPv4(data[2], data[3], data[4], data[5]).String(), length, nil
		default:
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("got ipaddress len %d, expected 4", data[1])
		}
	case TimeTicks:
		length, cursor := parseLength(data)
		if length > len(data) {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough data for TimeTicks (%d vs %d): %x", length, len(data), data)
		}
		ret, err := parseUint(data[cursor:length])
		if err != nil {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("error in parseUint: %w", err)
		}
		return ret, length, nil
	}

	return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("unknown field type: %x", data[0])
}

// parseUint64 treats the given bytes as a big-endian, unsigned integer and returns
// the result.
func parseUint64(bytes []byte) (ret uint64, err error) {
	if len(bytes) > 9 || (len(bytes) > 8 && bytes[0] != 0x0) {
		// We'll overflow a uint64 in this case.
		err = errors.New("integer too large")
		return
	}
	for bytesRead := 0; bytesRead < len(bytes); bytesRead++ {
		ret <<= 8
		ret |= uint64(bytes[bytesRead])
	}
	return
}

// parseUint32 treats the given bytes as a big-endian, signed integer and returns
// the result.
func parseUint32(bytes []byte) (uint32, error) {
	ret, err := parseUint(bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return uint32(ret), nil
}

// parseUint treats the given bytes as a big-endian, signed integer and returns
// the result.
func parseUint(bytes []byte) (uint, error) {
	ret64, err := parseUint64(bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if ret64 != uint64(uint(ret64)) {
		return 0, errors.New("integer too large")
	}
	return uint(ret64), nil
}

func parseFloat32(bytes []byte) (ret float32, err error) {
	if len(bytes) > 4 {
		// We'll overflow a uint64 in this case.
		err = errors.New("float too large")
		return
	}
	ret = math.Float32frombits(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(bytes))
	return
}

func parseFloat64(bytes []byte) (ret float64, err error) {
	if len(bytes) > 8 {
		// We'll overflow a uint64 in this case.
		err = errors.New("float too large")
		return
	}
	ret = math.Float64frombits(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(bytes))
	return
}

// Issue 4389: math/big: add SetUint64 and Uint64 functions to *Int
//
// uint64ToBigInt copied from: http://github.com/cznic/mathutil/blob/master/mathutil.go#L341
//
// replace with Uint64ToBigInt or equivalent when using Go 1.1

//nolint:gochecknoglobals
var uint64ToBigIntDelta big.Int

func init() {
	uint64ToBigIntDelta.SetBit(&uint64ToBigIntDelta, 63, 1)
}

func uint64ToBigInt(n uint64) *big.Int {
	if n <= math.MaxInt64 {
		return big.NewInt(int64(n))
	}

	y := big.NewInt(int64(n - uint64(math.MaxInt64) - 1))
	return y.Add(y, &uint64ToBigIntDelta)
}

// -- Bit String ---------------------------------------------------------------

// BitStringValue is the structure to use when you want an ASN.1 BIT STRING type. A
// bit string is padded up to the nearest byte in memory and the number of
// valid bits is recorded. Padding bits will be zero.
type BitStringValue struct {
	Bytes     []byte // bits packed into bytes.
	BitLength int    // length in bits.
}

// At returns the bit at the given index. If the index is out of range it
// returns false.
func (b BitStringValue) At(i int) int {
	if i < 0 || i >= b.BitLength {
		return 0
	}
	x := i / 8
	y := 7 - uint(i%8)
	return int(b.Bytes[x]>>y) & 1
}

// RightAlign returns a slice where the padding bits are at the beginning. The
// slice may share memory with the BitString.
func (b BitStringValue) RightAlign() []byte {
	shift := uint(8 - (b.BitLength % 8))
	if shift == 8 || len(b.Bytes) == 0 {
		return b.Bytes
	}

	a := make([]byte, len(b.Bytes))
	a[0] = b.Bytes[0] >> shift
	for i := 1; i < len(b.Bytes); i++ {
		a[i] = b.Bytes[i-1] << (8 - shift)
		a[i] |= b.Bytes[i] >> shift
	}

	return a
}

// -- SnmpVersion --------------------------------------------------------------

func (s SnmpVersion) String() string {
	if s == Version1 {
		return "1"
	} else if s == Version2c {
		return "2c"
	}
	return "3"
}