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conversion.py
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conversion.py
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###############################################################################
#
# conversion: utilities to convert from galpy 'natural units' to physical
# units
#
###############################################################################
import copy
import math as m
import numbers
import warnings
from functools import wraps
from typing import Any, Tuple
import numpy
from ..util._optional_deps import _APY_LOADED, _APY_UNITS
from ..util.config import __config__
if not _APY_LOADED:
_G = 4.302 * 10.0**-3.0 # pc / Msolar (km/s)^2
_kmsInPcMyr = 1.0227121655399913
_PCIN10p18CM = 3.08567758 # 10^18 cm
_CIN10p5KMS = 2.99792458 # 10^5 km/s
_MSOLAR10p30KG = 1.9891 # 10^30 kg
_EVIN10m19J = 1.60217657 # 10^-19 J
else:
from astropy import constants, units
_G = constants.G.to(units.pc / units.Msun * units.km**2 / units.s**2).value
_kmsInPcMyr = (units.km / units.s).to(units.pc / units.Myr)
_PCIN10p18CM = units.pc.to(units.cm) / 10.0**18.0 # 10^18 cm
_CIN10p5KMS = constants.c.to(units.km / units.s).value / 10.0**5.0 # 10^5 km/s
_MSOLAR10p30KG = units.Msun.to(units.kg) / 10.0**30.0 # 10^30 kg
_EVIN10m19J = units.eV.to(units.J) * 10.0**19.0 # 10^-19 J
_MyrIn1013Sec = 3.65242198 * 0.24 * 3.6 # use tropical year, like for pms
_TWOPI = 2.0 * m.pi
def dens_in_criticaldens(vo, ro, H=70.0):
"""
Convert density to units of the critical density.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
H : float, optional
Hubble constant in km/s/Mpc. Default is 70.0.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1. to units of the critical density.
Notes
-----
- 2014-01-28 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro**2.0 * 10.0**6.0 / H**2.0 * 8.0 * numpy.pi / 3.0
def dens_in_meanmatterdens(vo, ro, H=70.0, Om=0.3):
"""
Convert density to units of the mean matter density.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
H : float, optional
Hubble constant in km/s/Mpc. Default is 70.0.
Om : float, optional
Omega matter. Default is 0.3.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1. to units of the mean matter density.
Notes
-----
- 2014-01-28 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return dens_in_criticaldens(vo, ro, H=H) / Om
def dens_in_gevcc(vo, ro):
"""
Convert density to GeV / cm^3.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1. to GeV/cm^3.
Notes
-----
- 2014-06-16 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return (
vo**2.0
/ ro**2.0
/ _G
* _MSOLAR10p30KG
* _CIN10p5KMS**2.0
/ _EVIN10m19J
/ _PCIN10p18CM**3.0
* 10.0**-4.0
)
def dens_in_msolpc3(vo, ro):
"""
Convert density to Msolar / pc^3.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1. to Msolar/pc^3.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro**2.0 / _G * 10.0**-6.0
def force_in_2piGmsolpc2(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a force or acceleration to 2piG x Msolar / pc^2
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s
ro : float
Length unit in kpc
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro / _G * 10.0**-3.0 / _TWOPI
def force_in_pcMyr2(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a force or acceleration to pc/Myr^2.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro * _kmsInPcMyr**2.0 * 10.0**-3.0
def force_in_kmsMyr(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a force or acceleration to km/s/Myr.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro * _kmsInPcMyr * 10.0**-3.0
def force_in_10m13kms2(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a force or acceleration to 10^(-13) km/s^2
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s
ro : float
Length unit in kpc
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2014-01-22 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro * _kmsInPcMyr * 10.0**-3.0 / _MyrIn1013Sec
def freq_in_Gyr(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a frequency to 1/Gyr.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo / ro * _kmsInPcMyr
def freq_in_kmskpc(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a frequency to km/s/kpc.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo / ro
def surfdens_in_msolpc2(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a surface density to Msolar / pc^2.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 / ro / _G * 10.0**-3.0
def mass_in_msol(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a mass to Msolar.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 * ro / _G * 10.0**3.0
def mass_in_1010msol(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a mass to 10^10 x Msolar.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo**2.0 * ro / _G * 10.0**-7.0
def time_in_Gyr(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a time to Gyr.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2013-09-01 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return ro / vo / _kmsInPcMyr
def velocity_in_kpcGyr(vo, ro):
"""
Convert a velocity to kpc/Gyr.
Parameters
----------
vo : float
Velocity unit in km/s.
ro : float
Length unit in kpc.
Returns
-------
float
Conversion from units where vo=1. at ro=1.
Notes
-----
- 2014-12-19 - Written - Bovy (IAS)
"""
return vo * _kmsInPcMyr
def get_physical(obj: Any, include_set: bool = False) -> dict:
"""
Return the velocity and length units for converting between physical and internal units as a dictionary for any galpy object, so they can easily be fed to galpy routines.
Parameters
----------
obj : Any
A galpy object or list of such objects (e.g., a Potential, list of Potentials, Orbit, actionAngle instance, DF instance).
include_set : bool, optional
If True, also include roSet and voSet, flags of whether the unit is explicitly set in the object. Default is False.
Returns
-------
dict
A dictionary {'ro':length unit in kpc,'vo':velocity unit in km/s}; note that this routine will *always* return these conversion units, even if the obj you provide does not have units turned on.
Notes
-----
- 2019-08-03 - Written - Bovy (UofT)
"""
# Try flattening the object in case it's a nested list of Potentials
from ..potential import Force
from ..potential import flatten as flatten_pot
from ..potential import linearPotential, planarPotential
try:
new_obj = flatten_pot(obj)
except: # pragma: no cover
pass # hope for the best!
else: # only apply flattening for potentials
if isinstance(new_obj, (Force, planarPotential, linearPotential)) or (
isinstance(new_obj, list)
and len(new_obj) > 0
and isinstance(new_obj[0], (Force, planarPotential, linearPotential))
):
obj = new_obj
if isinstance(obj, list):
out_obj = obj[0]
else:
out_obj = obj
out = {"ro": out_obj._ro, "vo": out_obj._vo}
if include_set:
out.update({"roSet": out_obj._roSet, "voSet": out_obj._voSet})
return out
def extract_physical_kwargs(kwargs: dict) -> dict:
"""
Extract the physical kwargs from a kwargs dictionary.
Parameters
----------
kwargs : dict
A dictionary of kwargs.
Returns
-------
dict
A dictionary with just the physical kwargs.
Notes
-----
- 2023-04-24 - Written - Bovy (UofT)
"""
out = {}
for key in kwargs.copy():
if key in ["use_physical", "ro", "vo", "quantity"]:
out[key] = kwargs.pop(key)
return out
def physical_compatible(obj: Any, other_obj: Any) -> bool:
"""
Test whether the velocity and length units for converting between physical and internal units are compatible for two galpy objects.
Parameters
----------
obj : galpy object or list of such objects
A galpy object or list of such objects (e.g., a Potential, list of Potentials, Orbit, actionAngle instance, DF instance)
other_obj : galpy object or list of such objects
Another galpy object or list of such objects (e.g., a Potential, list of Potentials, Orbit, actionAngle instance, DF instance)
Returns
-------
bool
True if the units are compatible, False if not (compatible means that the units are the same when they are set for both objects).
Notes
-----
- 2020-04-22 - Written - Bovy (UofT)
"""
if obj is None or other_obj is None: # if one is None, just state compat
return True
phys = get_physical(obj, include_set=True)
other_phys = get_physical(other_obj, include_set=True)
out = True
if phys["roSet"] and other_phys["roSet"]:
out = out and m.fabs((phys["ro"] - other_phys["ro"]) / phys["ro"]) < 1e-8
if phys["voSet"] and other_phys["voSet"]:
out = out and m.fabs((phys["vo"] - other_phys["vo"]) / phys["vo"]) < 1e-8
return out
# Parsers of different inputs with units
def check_parser_input_type(func):
"""
Decorator to check the inputs to a parse_ function; should be either:
a) a number
b) an array of numbers
c) an astropy Quantity (incl. arrays)
Also parses ro/vo if they are provided and converts them to the correct
internal representation
"""
@wraps(func)
def parse_x_wrapper(x, **kwargs):
if (
not x is None
and not isinstance(x, numbers.Number)
and not (
isinstance(x, numpy.ndarray)
and (x.size == 0 or isinstance(x.flatten()[0], numbers.Number))
)
and not (_APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity))
):
raise RuntimeError(
f"Input '{x}' not understood; should either be a number or an astropy Quantity"
)
# Also parse ro and vo inputs
if "ro" in kwargs:
if (
not kwargs["ro"] is None
and not isinstance(kwargs["ro"], numbers.Number)
and not (_APY_LOADED and isinstance(kwargs["ro"], units.Quantity))
):
raise RuntimeError(
f"Input 'ro={kwargs['ro']}' not understood; should either be a number or an astropy Quantity"
)
else:
kwargs["ro"] = (
kwargs["ro"].to(units.kpc).value
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(kwargs["ro"], units.Quantity)
else kwargs["ro"]
)
if "vo" in kwargs:
if (
not kwargs["vo"] is None
and not isinstance(kwargs["vo"], numbers.Number)
and not (_APY_LOADED and isinstance(kwargs["vo"], units.Quantity))
):
raise RuntimeError(
f"Input 'vo={kwargs['vo']}' not understood; should either be a number or an astropy Quantity"
)
else:
kwargs["vo"] = (
kwargs["vo"].to(units.km / units.s).value
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(kwargs["vo"], units.Quantity)
else kwargs["vo"]
)
return func(x, **kwargs)
return parse_x_wrapper
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_length(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(units.kpc).value / ro
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_length_kpc(x):
return x.to(units.kpc).value if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity) else x
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_velocity(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(units.km / units.s).value / vo
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_velocity_kms(x):
return (
x.to(units.km / units.s).value
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_angle(x):
return x.to(units.rad).value if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity) else x
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_time(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(units.Gyr).value / time_in_Gyr(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_mass(x, ro=None, vo=None):
try:
return (
x.to(units.pc * units.km**2 / units.s**2).value / mass_in_msol(vo, ro) / _G
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
except units.UnitConversionError:
pass
return (
x.to(1e10 * units.Msun).value / mass_in_1010msol(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_energy(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(units.km**2 / units.s**2).value / vo**2.0
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_angmom(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(units.kpc * units.km / units.s).value / ro / vo
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_frequency(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(units.km / units.s / units.kpc).value / freq_in_kmskpc(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_force(x, ro=None, vo=None):
try:
return (
x.to(units.pc / units.Myr**2).value / force_in_pcMyr2(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
except units.UnitConversionError:
pass
return (
x.to(units.Msun / units.pc**2).value / force_in_2piGmsolpc2(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_dens(x, ro=None, vo=None):
try:
return (
x.to(units.Msun / units.pc**3).value / dens_in_msolpc3(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
except units.UnitConversionError:
pass
# Try Gxdens
return (
x.to(units.km**2 / units.s**2 / units.pc**2).value
/ dens_in_msolpc3(vo, ro)
/ _G
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_surfdens(x, ro=None, vo=None):
try:
return (
x.to(units.Msun / units.pc**2).value / surfdens_in_msolpc2(vo, ro)
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
except units.UnitConversionError:
pass
# Try Gxsurfdens
return (
x.to(units.km**2 / units.s**2 / units.pc).value
/ surfdens_in_msolpc2(vo, ro)
/ _G
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
@check_parser_input_type
def parse_numdens(x, ro=None, vo=None):
return (
x.to(1 / units.kpc**3).value * ro**3
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(x, units.Quantity)
else x
)
# Decorator to apply these transformations
# NOTE: names with underscores in them signify return values that *always* have
# units, which is depended on in the Orbit returns (see issue #326)
_roNecessary = {
"time": True,
"position": True,
"position_kpc": True,
"velocity": False,
"velocity2": False,
"velocity2surfacendensity": False,
"velocity_kms": False,
"energy": False,
"density": True,
"numberdensity": True,
"force": True,
"velocity2surfacedensity": True,
"surfacedensity": True,
"numbersurfacedensity": True,
"surfacedensitydistance": True,
"mass": True,
"action": True,
"frequency": True,
"frequency-kmskpc": True,
"forcederivative": True,
"angle": True,
"angle_deg": True,
"proper-motion_masyr": True,
"phasespacedensity": True,
"phasespacedensity2d": True,
"phasespacedensityvelocity": True,
"phasespacedensityvelocity2": True,
"energydensity": False,
"dimensionless": False,
}
_voNecessary = copy.copy(_roNecessary)
_voNecessary["position"] = False
_voNecessary["position_kpc"] = False
_voNecessary["angle"] = False
_voNecessary["angle_deg"] = False
_voNecessary["velocity"] = True
_voNecessary["velocity2"] = True
_voNecessary["velocity_kms"] = True
_voNecessary["energy"] = True
_voNecessary["energydensity"] = True
# Determine whether or not outputs will be physical or not
def physical_output(obj: Any, kwargs: dict, quantity: str) -> Tuple[bool, float, float]:
"""
Determine whether or not outputs will be physical or not
Parameters
----------
obj : galpy object (or list in case of potentials)
galpy object.
kwargs : dict
Kwargs passed to the method.
quantity : str
Quantity to be returned.
Returns
-------
tuple
A tuple containing:
- boolean that indicates whether or not to use physical units.
- ro.
- vo.
Notes
-----
- 2023-04-24 - Written - Bovy (UofT).
"""
use_physical = kwargs.get("use_physical", True) and not kwargs.get("log", False)
# Parse whether ro or vo should be considered to be set, because
# the return value will have units anyway
# (like in Orbit methods that return numbers with units, like ra)
roSet = "_" in quantity # _ in quantity name means always units
voSet = "_" in quantity # _ in quantity name means always units
use_physical = (
use_physical or "_" in quantity
) # _ in quantity name means always units
ro = kwargs.get("ro", None)
if ro is None and (roSet or (hasattr(obj, "_roSet") and obj._roSet)):
ro = obj._ro
if (
ro is None
and isinstance(obj, list)
and hasattr(obj[0], "_roSet")
and obj[0]._roSet
):
# For lists of Potentials
ro = obj[0]._ro
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(ro, units.Quantity):
ro = ro.to(units.kpc).value
vo = kwargs.get("vo", None)
if vo is None and (voSet or (hasattr(obj, "_voSet") and obj._voSet)):
vo = obj._vo
if (
vo is None
and isinstance(obj, list)
and hasattr(obj[0], "_voSet")
and obj[0]._voSet
):
# For lists of Potentials
vo = obj[0]._vo
if _APY_LOADED and isinstance(vo, units.Quantity):
vo = vo.to(units.km / units.s).value
return (
(
use_physical
and not (_voNecessary[quantity.lower()] and vo is None)
and not (_roNecessary[quantity.lower()] and ro is None)
),
ro,
vo,
)
def physical_conversion(quantity, pop=False):
"""Decorator to convert to physical coordinates:
quantity = [position,velocity,time]"""
def wrapper(method):
@wraps(method)
def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
# Determine whether or not to return outputs in physical units
use_physical_output, ro, vo = physical_output(args[0], kwargs, quantity)
# Determine whether physical outputs were explicitly asked for
use_physical_explicitly_set = kwargs.get("use_physical", False)
# Determine whether or not to return outputs as quantities
_apy_units = kwargs.get("quantity", _APY_UNITS)
# Remove ro, vo, use_physical, and quantity kwargs if necessary
if pop:
_ = extract_physical_kwargs(kwargs)
if use_physical_output:
from ..orbit import Orbit
if quantity.lower() == "time":
fac = time_in_Gyr(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.Gyr
elif quantity.lower() == "position":
fac = ro
if _apy_units:
u = units.kpc
elif quantity.lower() == "position_kpc": # already in kpc
fac = 1.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.kpc
elif quantity.lower() == "velocity":
fac = vo
if _apy_units:
u = units.km / units.s
elif quantity.lower() == "velocity2":
fac = vo**2.0
if _apy_units:
u = (units.km / units.s) ** 2
elif quantity.lower() == "velocity_kms": # already in km/s
fac = 1.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.km / units.s
elif quantity.lower() == "frequency":
if kwargs.get("kmskpc", False) and not _apy_units:
fac = freq_in_kmskpc(vo, ro)
else:
fac = freq_in_Gyr(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.Gyr**-1.0
elif quantity.lower() == "frequency-kmskpc":
fac = freq_in_kmskpc(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.km / units.s / units.kpc
elif quantity.lower() == "action":
fac = ro * vo
if _apy_units:
u = units.kpc * units.km / units.s
elif quantity.lower() == "energy":
fac = vo**2.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.km**2.0 / units.s**2.0
elif quantity.lower() == "angle": # in rad
fac = 1.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.rad
elif quantity.lower() == "angle_deg": # already in deg
fac = 1.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.deg
elif quantity.lower() == "proper-motion_masyr": # already in mas/yr
fac = 1.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.mas / units.yr
elif quantity.lower() == "force":
fac = force_in_kmsMyr(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.km / units.s / units.Myr
elif quantity.lower() == "density":
fac = dens_in_msolpc3(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.Msun / units.pc**3
elif quantity.lower() == "numberdensity":
fac = 1 / ro**3.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / units.kpc**3
elif quantity.lower() == "velocity2surfacedensity":
fac = surfdens_in_msolpc2(vo, ro) * vo**2
if _apy_units:
u = units.Msun / units.pc**2 * (units.km / units.s) ** 2
elif quantity.lower() == "surfacedensity":
fac = surfdens_in_msolpc2(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.Msun / units.pc**2
elif quantity.lower() == "numbersurfacedensity":
fac = 1.0 / ro**2.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / units.kpc**2
elif quantity.lower() == "surfacedensitydistance":
fac = surfdens_in_msolpc2(vo, ro) * ro * 1000.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.Msun / units.pc
elif quantity.lower() == "mass":
fac = mass_in_msol(vo, ro)
if _apy_units:
u = units.Msun
elif quantity.lower() == "forcederivative":
fac = freq_in_Gyr(vo, ro) ** 2.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.Gyr**-2.0
elif quantity.lower() == "phasespacedensity":
fac = 1.0 / vo**3.0 / ro**3.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / (units.km / units.s) ** 3 / units.kpc**3
elif quantity.lower() == "phasespacedensity2d":
fac = 1.0 / vo**2.0 / ro**2.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / (units.km / units.s) ** 2 / units.kpc**2
elif quantity.lower() == "phasespacedensityvelocity":
fac = 1.0 / vo**2.0 / ro**3.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / (units.km / units.s) ** 2 / units.kpc**3
elif quantity.lower() == "phasespacedensityvelocity2":
fac = 1.0 / vo / ro**3.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / (units.km / units.s) / units.kpc**3
elif quantity.lower() == "energydensity":
fac = 1.0 / vo**2.0
if _apy_units:
u = 1 / (units.km / units.s) ** 2
elif quantity.lower() == "dimensionless":
fac = 1.0
if _apy_units:
u = units.dimensionless_unscaled
out = method(*args, **kwargs)
if out is None:
return out
if _apy_units:
return units.Quantity(out * fac, unit=u)
else:
# complicated logic for dealing with ro and vo arrays
return out * (
fac[:, numpy.newaxis]
if isinstance(fac, numpy.ndarray) and len(out.shape) > 1