resource_printer.go

/*
Copyright 2014 The Kubernetes Authors All rights reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package kubectl

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	"reflect"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"text/tabwriter"
	"text/template"
	"time"

	"github.com/ghodss/yaml"
	"github.com/golang/glog"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/meta"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/unversioned"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/apis/extensions"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/labels"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/runtime"
	utilerrors "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/errors"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/jsonpath"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/sets"
)

const (
	tabwriterMinWidth = 10
	tabwriterWidth    = 4
	tabwriterPadding  = 3
	tabwriterPadChar  = ' '
	tabwriterFlags    = 0
)

// GetPrinter takes a format type, an optional format argument. It will return true
// if the format is generic (untyped), otherwise it will return false. The printer
// is agnostic to schema versions, so you must send arguments to PrintObj in the
// version you wish them to be shown using a VersionedPrinter (typically when
// generic is true).
func GetPrinter(format, formatArgument string) (ResourcePrinter, bool, error) {
	var printer ResourcePrinter
	switch format {
	case "json":
		printer = &JSONPrinter{}
	case "yaml":
		printer = &YAMLPrinter{}
	case "name":
		printer = &NamePrinter{
			Typer:   runtime.ObjectTyperToTyper(api.Scheme),
			Decoder: api.Codecs.UniversalDecoder(),
		}
	case "template", "go-template":
		if len(formatArgument) == 0 {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("template format specified but no template given")
		}
		var err error
		printer, err = NewTemplatePrinter([]byte(formatArgument))
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error parsing template %s, %v\n", formatArgument, err)
		}
	case "templatefile", "go-template-file":
		if len(formatArgument) == 0 {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("templatefile format specified but no template file given")
		}
		data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(formatArgument)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error reading template %s, %v\n", formatArgument, err)
		}
		printer, err = NewTemplatePrinter(data)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error parsing template %s, %v\n", string(data), err)
		}
	case "jsonpath":
		if len(formatArgument) == 0 {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("jsonpath template format specified but no template given")
		}
		var err error
		printer, err = NewJSONPathPrinter(formatArgument)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error parsing jsonpath %s, %v\n", formatArgument, err)
		}
	case "jsonpath-file":
		if len(formatArgument) == 0 {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("jsonpath file format specified but no template file file given")
		}
		data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(formatArgument)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error reading template %s, %v\n", formatArgument, err)
		}
		printer, err = NewJSONPathPrinter(string(data))
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error parsing template %s, %v\n", string(data), err)
		}
	case "custom-columns":
		var err error
		if printer, err = NewCustomColumnsPrinterFromSpec(formatArgument, api.Codecs.UniversalDecoder()); err != nil {
			return nil, false, err
		}
	case "custom-columns-file":
		file, err := os.Open(formatArgument)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("error reading template %s, %v\n", formatArgument, err)
		}
		if printer, err = NewCustomColumnsPrinterFromTemplate(file, api.Codecs.UniversalDecoder()); err != nil {
			return nil, false, err
		}
	case "wide":
		fallthrough
	case "":
		return nil, false, nil
	default:
		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("output format %q not recognized", format)
	}
	return printer, true, nil
}

// ResourcePrinter is an interface that knows how to print runtime objects.
type ResourcePrinter interface {
	// Print receives a runtime object, formats it and prints it to a writer.
	PrintObj(runtime.Object, io.Writer) error
	HandledResources() []string
}

// ResourcePrinterFunc is a function that can print objects
type ResourcePrinterFunc func(runtime.Object, io.Writer) error

// PrintObj implements ResourcePrinter
func (fn ResourcePrinterFunc) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	return fn(obj, w)
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (fn ResourcePrinterFunc) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}

// VersionedPrinter takes runtime objects and ensures they are converted to a given API version
// prior to being passed to a nested printer.
type VersionedPrinter struct {
	printer   ResourcePrinter
	convertor runtime.ObjectConvertor
	versions  []unversioned.GroupVersion
}

// NewVersionedPrinter wraps a printer to convert objects to a known API version prior to printing.
func NewVersionedPrinter(printer ResourcePrinter, convertor runtime.ObjectConvertor, versions ...unversioned.GroupVersion) ResourcePrinter {
	return &VersionedPrinter{
		printer:   printer,
		convertor: convertor,
		versions:  versions,
	}
}

// PrintObj implements ResourcePrinter
func (p *VersionedPrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	if len(p.versions) == 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("no version specified, object cannot be converted")
	}
	for _, version := range p.versions {
		if version.IsEmpty() {
			continue
		}
		converted, err := p.convertor.ConvertToVersion(obj, version.String())
		if runtime.IsNotRegisteredError(err) {
			continue
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		return p.printer.PrintObj(converted, w)
	}
	return fmt.Errorf("the object cannot be converted to any of the versions: %v", p.versions)
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (p *VersionedPrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}

// NamePrinter is an implementation of ResourcePrinter which outputs "resource/name" pair of an object.
type NamePrinter struct {
	Decoder runtime.Decoder
	Typer   runtime.Typer
}

// PrintObj is an implementation of ResourcePrinter.PrintObj which decodes the object
// and print "resource/name" pair. If the object is a List, print all items in it.
func (p *NamePrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	gvk, _, _ := p.Typer.ObjectKind(obj)

	if meta.IsListType(obj) {
		items, err := meta.ExtractList(obj)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if errs := runtime.DecodeList(items, p.Decoder, runtime.UnstructuredJSONScheme); len(errs) > 0 {
			return utilerrors.NewAggregate(errs)
		}
		for _, obj := range items {
			if err := p.PrintObj(obj, w); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		return nil
	}

	// TODO: this is wrong, runtime.Unknown and runtime.Unstructured are not handled properly here.

	name := "<unknown>"
	if acc, err := meta.Accessor(obj); err == nil {
		if n := acc.GetName(); len(n) > 0 {
			name = n
		}
	}

	if gvk != nil {
		// TODO: this is wrong, it assumes that meta knows about all Kinds - should take a RESTMapper
		_, resource := meta.KindToResource(*gvk)

		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s/%s\n", resource.Resource, name)
	} else {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "<unknown>/%s\n", name)
	}

	return nil
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (p *NamePrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}

// JSONPrinter is an implementation of ResourcePrinter which outputs an object as JSON.
type JSONPrinter struct {
}

// PrintObj is an implementation of ResourcePrinter.PrintObj which simply writes the object to the Writer.
func (p *JSONPrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	dst := bytes.Buffer{}
	err = json.Indent(&dst, data, "", "    ")
	dst.WriteByte('\n')
	_, err = w.Write(dst.Bytes())
	return err
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (p *JSONPrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}

// YAMLPrinter is an implementation of ResourcePrinter which outputs an object as YAML.
// The input object is assumed to be in the internal version of an API and is converted
// to the given version first.
type YAMLPrinter struct {
	version   string
	convertor runtime.ObjectConvertor
}

// PrintObj prints the data as YAML.
func (p *YAMLPrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	output, err := yaml.Marshal(obj)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err = fmt.Fprint(w, string(output))
	return err
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (p *YAMLPrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}

type handlerEntry struct {
	columns   []string
	printFunc reflect.Value
}

type PrintOptions struct {
	NoHeaders          bool
	WithNamespace      bool
	Wide               bool
	ShowAll            bool
	ShowLabels         bool
	AbsoluteTimestamps bool
	ColumnLabels       []string
}

// HumanReadablePrinter is an implementation of ResourcePrinter which attempts to provide
// more elegant output. It is not threadsafe, but you may call PrintObj repeatedly; headers
// will only be printed if the object type changes. This makes it useful for printing items
// received from watches.
type HumanReadablePrinter struct {
	handlerMap map[reflect.Type]*handlerEntry
	options    PrintOptions
	lastType   reflect.Type
}

// NewHumanReadablePrinter creates a HumanReadablePrinter.
func NewHumanReadablePrinter(noHeaders, withNamespace bool, wide bool, showAll bool, showLabels bool, absoluteTimestamps bool, columnLabels []string) *HumanReadablePrinter {
	printer := &HumanReadablePrinter{
		handlerMap: make(map[reflect.Type]*handlerEntry),
		options: PrintOptions{
			NoHeaders:          noHeaders,
			WithNamespace:      withNamespace,
			Wide:               wide,
			ShowAll:            showAll,
			ShowLabels:         showLabels,
			AbsoluteTimestamps: absoluteTimestamps,
			ColumnLabels:       columnLabels,
		},
	}
	printer.addDefaultHandlers()
	return printer
}

// Handler adds a print handler with a given set of columns to HumanReadablePrinter instance.
// See validatePrintHandlerFunc for required method signature.
func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) Handler(columns []string, printFunc interface{}) error {
	printFuncValue := reflect.ValueOf(printFunc)
	if err := h.validatePrintHandlerFunc(printFuncValue); err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Unable to add print handler: %v", err)
		return err
	}
	objType := printFuncValue.Type().In(0)
	h.handlerMap[objType] = &handlerEntry{
		columns:   columns,
		printFunc: printFuncValue,
	}
	return nil
}

// validatePrintHandlerFunc validates print handler signature.
// printFunc is the function that will be called to print an object.
// It must be of the following type:
//  func printFunc(object ObjectType, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error
// where ObjectType is the type of the object that will be printed.
func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) validatePrintHandlerFunc(printFunc reflect.Value) error {
	if printFunc.Kind() != reflect.Func {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid print handler. %#v is not a function", printFunc)
	}
	funcType := printFunc.Type()
	if funcType.NumIn() != 3 || funcType.NumOut() != 1 {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid print handler." +
			"Must accept 3 parameters and return 1 value.")
	}
	if funcType.In(1) != reflect.TypeOf((*io.Writer)(nil)).Elem() ||
		funcType.In(2) != reflect.TypeOf((*PrintOptions)(nil)).Elem() ||
		funcType.Out(0) != reflect.TypeOf((*error)(nil)).Elem() {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid print handler. The expected signature is: "+
			"func handler(obj %v, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error", funcType.In(0))
	}
	return nil
}

func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	keys := make([]string, 0)

	for k := range h.handlerMap {
		// k.String looks like "*api.PodList" and we want just "pod"
		api := strings.Split(k.String(), ".")
		resource := api[len(api)-1]
		if strings.HasSuffix(resource, "List") {
			continue
		}
		resource = strings.ToLower(resource)
		keys = append(keys, resource)
	}
	return keys
}

// NOTE: When adding a new resource type here, please update the list
// pkg/kubectl/cmd/get.go to reflect the new resource type.
var podColumns = []string{"NAME", "READY", "STATUS", "RESTARTS", "AGE"}
var podTemplateColumns = []string{"TEMPLATE", "CONTAINER(S)", "IMAGE(S)", "PODLABELS"}
var replicationControllerColumns = []string{"NAME", "DESIRED", "CURRENT", "AGE"}
var replicaSetColumns = []string{"NAME", "DESIRED", "CURRENT", "AGE"}
var jobColumns = []string{"NAME", "DESIRED", "SUCCESSFUL", "AGE"}
var serviceColumns = []string{"NAME", "CLUSTER-IP", "EXTERNAL-IP", "PORT(S)", "AGE"}
var ingressColumns = []string{"NAME", "RULE", "BACKEND", "ADDRESS", "AGE"}
var endpointColumns = []string{"NAME", "ENDPOINTS", "AGE"}
var nodeColumns = []string{"NAME", "STATUS", "AGE"}
var daemonSetColumns = []string{"NAME", "DESIRED", "CURRENT", "NODE-SELECTOR", "AGE"}
var eventColumns = []string{"FIRSTSEEN", "LASTSEEN", "COUNT", "NAME", "KIND", "SUBOBJECT", "TYPE", "REASON", "SOURCE", "MESSAGE"}
var limitRangeColumns = []string{"NAME", "AGE"}
var resourceQuotaColumns = []string{"NAME", "AGE"}
var namespaceColumns = []string{"NAME", "STATUS", "AGE"}
var secretColumns = []string{"NAME", "TYPE", "DATA", "AGE"}
var serviceAccountColumns = []string{"NAME", "SECRETS", "AGE"}
var persistentVolumeColumns = []string{"NAME", "CAPACITY", "ACCESSMODES", "STATUS", "CLAIM", "REASON", "AGE"}
var persistentVolumeClaimColumns = []string{"NAME", "STATUS", "VOLUME", "CAPACITY", "ACCESSMODES", "AGE"}
var componentStatusColumns = []string{"NAME", "STATUS", "MESSAGE", "ERROR"}
var thirdPartyResourceColumns = []string{"NAME", "DESCRIPTION", "VERSION(S)"}
var horizontalPodAutoscalerColumns = []string{"NAME", "REFERENCE", "TARGET", "CURRENT", "MINPODS", "MAXPODS", "AGE"}
var withNamespacePrefixColumns = []string{"NAMESPACE"} // TODO(erictune): print cluster name too.
var deploymentColumns = []string{"NAME", "DESIRED", "CURRENT", "UP-TO-DATE", "AVAILABLE", "AGE"}
var configMapColumns = []string{"NAME", "DATA", "AGE"}
var podSecurityPolicyColumns = []string{"NAME", "PRIV", "CAPS", "VOLUMEPLUGINS", "SELINUX", "RUNASUSER"}

// addDefaultHandlers adds print handlers for default Kubernetes types.
func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) addDefaultHandlers() {
	h.Handler(podColumns, printPod)
	h.Handler(podColumns, printPodList)
	h.Handler(podTemplateColumns, printPodTemplate)
	h.Handler(podTemplateColumns, printPodTemplateList)
	h.Handler(replicationControllerColumns, printReplicationController)
	h.Handler(replicationControllerColumns, printReplicationControllerList)
	h.Handler(replicaSetColumns, printReplicaSet)
	h.Handler(replicaSetColumns, printReplicaSetList)
	h.Handler(daemonSetColumns, printDaemonSet)
	h.Handler(daemonSetColumns, printDaemonSetList)
	h.Handler(jobColumns, printJob)
	h.Handler(jobColumns, printJobList)
	h.Handler(serviceColumns, printService)
	h.Handler(serviceColumns, printServiceList)
	h.Handler(ingressColumns, printIngress)
	h.Handler(ingressColumns, printIngressList)
	h.Handler(endpointColumns, printEndpoints)
	h.Handler(endpointColumns, printEndpointsList)
	h.Handler(nodeColumns, printNode)
	h.Handler(nodeColumns, printNodeList)
	h.Handler(eventColumns, printEvent)
	h.Handler(eventColumns, printEventList)
	h.Handler(limitRangeColumns, printLimitRange)
	h.Handler(limitRangeColumns, printLimitRangeList)
	h.Handler(resourceQuotaColumns, printResourceQuota)
	h.Handler(resourceQuotaColumns, printResourceQuotaList)
	h.Handler(namespaceColumns, printNamespace)
	h.Handler(namespaceColumns, printNamespaceList)
	h.Handler(secretColumns, printSecret)
	h.Handler(secretColumns, printSecretList)
	h.Handler(serviceAccountColumns, printServiceAccount)
	h.Handler(serviceAccountColumns, printServiceAccountList)
	h.Handler(persistentVolumeClaimColumns, printPersistentVolumeClaim)
	h.Handler(persistentVolumeClaimColumns, printPersistentVolumeClaimList)
	h.Handler(persistentVolumeColumns, printPersistentVolume)
	h.Handler(persistentVolumeColumns, printPersistentVolumeList)
	h.Handler(componentStatusColumns, printComponentStatus)
	h.Handler(componentStatusColumns, printComponentStatusList)
	h.Handler(thirdPartyResourceColumns, printThirdPartyResource)
	h.Handler(thirdPartyResourceColumns, printThirdPartyResourceList)
	h.Handler(deploymentColumns, printDeployment)
	h.Handler(deploymentColumns, printDeploymentList)
	h.Handler(horizontalPodAutoscalerColumns, printHorizontalPodAutoscaler)
	h.Handler(horizontalPodAutoscalerColumns, printHorizontalPodAutoscalerList)
	h.Handler(configMapColumns, printConfigMap)
	h.Handler(configMapColumns, printConfigMapList)
	h.Handler(podSecurityPolicyColumns, printPodSecurityPolicy)
	h.Handler(podSecurityPolicyColumns, printPodSecurityPolicyList)
}

func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) unknown(data []byte, w io.Writer) error {
	_, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "Unknown object: %s", string(data))
	return err
}

func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) printHeader(columnNames []string, w io.Writer) error {
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", strings.Join(columnNames, "\t")); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// Pass ports=nil for all ports.
func formatEndpoints(endpoints *api.Endpoints, ports sets.String) string {
	if len(endpoints.Subsets) == 0 {
		return "<none>"
	}
	list := []string{}
	max := 3
	more := false
	count := 0
	for i := range endpoints.Subsets {
		ss := &endpoints.Subsets[i]
		for i := range ss.Ports {
			port := &ss.Ports[i]
			if ports == nil || ports.Has(port.Name) {
				for i := range ss.Addresses {
					if len(list) == max {
						more = true
					}
					addr := &ss.Addresses[i]
					if !more {
						list = append(list, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", addr.IP, port.Port))
					}
					count++
				}
			}
		}
	}
	ret := strings.Join(list, ",")
	if more {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s + %d more...", ret, count-max)
	}
	return ret
}

func shortHumanDuration(d time.Duration) string {
	// Allow deviation no more than 2 seconds(excluded) to tolerate machine time
	// inconsistence, it can be considered as almost now.
	if seconds := int(d.Seconds()); seconds < -1 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("<invalid>")
	} else if seconds < 0 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("0s")
	} else if seconds < 60 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%ds", seconds)
	} else if minutes := int(d.Minutes()); minutes < 60 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%dm", minutes)
	} else if hours := int(d.Hours()); hours < 24 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%dh", hours)
	} else if hours < 24*364 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%dd", hours/24)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%dy", int(d.Hours()/24/365))
}

// translateTimestamp returns the elapsed time since timestamp in
// human-readable approximation.
func translateTimestamp(timestamp unversioned.Time) string {
	if timestamp.IsZero() {
		return "<unknown>"
	}
	return shortHumanDuration(time.Now().Sub(timestamp.Time))
}

func printPod(pod *api.Pod, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	return printPodBase(pod, w, options)
}

func printPodBase(pod *api.Pod, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := pod.Name
	namespace := pod.Namespace

	restarts := 0
	totalContainers := len(pod.Spec.Containers)
	readyContainers := 0

	reason := string(pod.Status.Phase)
	// if not printing all pods, skip terminated pods (default)
	if !options.ShowAll && (reason == string(api.PodSucceeded) || reason == string(api.PodFailed)) {
		return nil
	}
	if pod.Status.Reason != "" {
		reason = pod.Status.Reason
	}

	for i := len(pod.Status.ContainerStatuses) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		container := pod.Status.ContainerStatuses[i]

		restarts += container.RestartCount
		if container.State.Waiting != nil && container.State.Waiting.Reason != "" {
			reason = container.State.Waiting.Reason
		} else if container.State.Terminated != nil && container.State.Terminated.Reason != "" {
			reason = container.State.Terminated.Reason
		} else if container.State.Terminated != nil && container.State.Terminated.Reason == "" {
			if container.State.Terminated.Signal != 0 {
				reason = fmt.Sprintf("Signal:%d", container.State.Terminated.Signal)
			} else {
				reason = fmt.Sprintf("ExitCode:%d", container.State.Terminated.ExitCode)
			}
		} else if container.Ready && container.State.Running != nil {
			readyContainers++
		}
	}
	if pod.DeletionTimestamp != nil {
		reason = "Terminating"
	}

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d/%d\t%s\t%d\t%s",
		name,
		readyContainers,
		totalContainers,
		reason,
		restarts,
		translateTimestamp(pod.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if options.Wide {
		nodeName := pod.Spec.NodeName
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s",
			nodeName,
		); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(pod.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, pod.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func printPodList(podList *api.PodList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, pod := range podList.Items {
		if err := printPodBase(&pod, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printPodTemplate(pod *api.PodTemplate, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := pod.Name
	namespace := pod.Namespace

	containers := pod.Template.Spec.Containers

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", name); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := layoutContainers(containers, w); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s", labels.FormatLabels(pod.Template.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(pod.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, pod.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func printPodTemplateList(podList *api.PodTemplateList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, pod := range podList.Items {
		if err := printPodTemplate(&pod, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// TODO(AdoHe): try to put wide output in a single method
func printReplicationController(controller *api.ReplicationController, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := controller.Name
	namespace := controller.Namespace
	containers := controller.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	desiredReplicas := controller.Spec.Replicas
	currentReplicas := controller.Status.Replicas
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\t%d\t%s",
		name,
		desiredReplicas,
		currentReplicas,
		translateTimestamp(controller.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if options.Wide {
		if err := layoutContainers(containers, w); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s", labels.FormatLabels(controller.Spec.Selector)); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(controller.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, controller.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func printReplicationControllerList(list *api.ReplicationControllerList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, controller := range list.Items {
		if err := printReplicationController(&controller, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printReplicaSet(rs *extensions.ReplicaSet, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := rs.Name
	namespace := rs.Namespace
	containers := rs.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	desiredReplicas := rs.Spec.Replicas
	currentReplicas := rs.Status.Replicas
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\t%d\t%s",
		name,
		desiredReplicas,
		currentReplicas,
		translateTimestamp(rs.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if options.Wide {
		if err := layoutContainers(containers, w); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s", unversioned.FormatLabelSelector(rs.Spec.Selector)); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(rs.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, rs.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func printReplicaSetList(list *extensions.ReplicaSetList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, rs := range list.Items {
		if err := printReplicaSet(&rs, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printJob(job *extensions.Job, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := job.Name
	namespace := job.Namespace
	containers := job.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	selector, err := unversioned.LabelSelectorAsSelector(job.Spec.Selector)
	if err != nil {
		// this shouldn't happen if LabelSelector passed validation
		return err
	}
	if job.Spec.Completions != nil {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\t%d\t%s",
			name,
			*job.Spec.Completions,
			job.Status.Succeeded,
			translateTimestamp(job.CreationTimestamp),
		); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%d\t%s",
			name,
			"<none>",
			job.Status.Succeeded,
			translateTimestamp(job.CreationTimestamp),
		); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if options.Wide {
		if err := layoutContainers(containers, w); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s", selector.String()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(job.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, job.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func printJobList(list *extensions.JobList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, job := range list.Items {
		if err := printJob(&job, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// loadBalancerStatusStringer behaves just like a string interface and converts the given status to a string.
func loadBalancerStatusStringer(s api.LoadBalancerStatus) string {
	ingress := s.Ingress
	result := []string{}
	for i := range ingress {
		if ingress[i].IP != "" {
			result = append(result, ingress[i].IP)
		}
	}
	return strings.Join(result, ",")
}

func getServiceExternalIP(svc *api.Service) string {
	switch svc.Spec.Type {
	case api.ServiceTypeClusterIP:
		if len(svc.Spec.ExternalIPs) > 0 {
			return strings.Join(svc.Spec.ExternalIPs, ",")
		}
		return "<none>"
	case api.ServiceTypeNodePort:
		if len(svc.Spec.ExternalIPs) > 0 {
			return strings.Join(svc.Spec.ExternalIPs, ",")
		}
		return "nodes"
	case api.ServiceTypeLoadBalancer:
		lbIps := loadBalancerStatusStringer(svc.Status.LoadBalancer)
		if len(svc.Spec.ExternalIPs) > 0 {
			result := append(strings.Split(lbIps, ","), svc.Spec.ExternalIPs...)
			return strings.Join(result, ",")
		}
		return lbIps
	}
	return "unknown"
}

func makePortString(ports []api.ServicePort) string {
	pieces := make([]string, len(ports))
	for ix := range ports {
		port := &ports[ix]
		pieces[ix] = fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", port.Port, port.Protocol)
	}
	return strings.Join(pieces, ",")
}

func printService(svc *api.Service, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := svc.Name
	namespace := svc.Namespace

	internalIP := svc.Spec.ClusterIP
	externalIP := getServiceExternalIP(svc)

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s",
		name,
		internalIP,
		externalIP,
		makePortString(svc.Spec.Ports),
		translateTimestamp(svc.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if options.Wide {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s", labels.FormatLabels(svc.Spec.Selector)); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(svc.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, svc.Labels))
	return err
}

func printServiceList(list *api.ServiceList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, svc := range list.Items {
		if err := printService(&svc, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// backendStringer behaves just like a string interface and converts the given backend to a string.
func backendStringer(backend *extensions.IngressBackend) string {
	if backend == nil {
		return ""
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v:%v", backend.ServiceName, backend.ServicePort.String())
}

func printIngress(ingress *extensions.Ingress, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := ingress.Name
	namespace := ingress.Namespace

	hostRules := ingress.Spec.Rules
	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%v\t%v\t%v\t%s",
		name,
		"-",
		backendStringer(ingress.Spec.Backend),
		loadBalancerStatusStringer(ingress.Status.LoadBalancer),
		translateTimestamp(ingress.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(ingress.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, ingress.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Lay out all the rules on separate lines if use wide output.
	// TODO(AdoHe): improve ingress output
	extraLinePrefix := ""
	if options.WithNamespace {
		extraLinePrefix = "\t"
	}
	for _, rules := range hostRules {
		if rules.HTTP == nil {
			continue
		}
		_, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%v\t", extraLinePrefix, rules.Host)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabelTabs(options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		for _, rule := range rules.HTTP.Paths {
			_, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%v\t%v", extraLinePrefix, rule.Path, backendStringer(&rule.Backend))
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabelTabs(options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func printIngressList(ingressList *extensions.IngressList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, ingress := range ingressList.Items {
		if err := printIngress(&ingress, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printDaemonSet(ds *extensions.DaemonSet, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := ds.Name
	namespace := ds.Namespace

	containers := ds.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	desiredScheduled := ds.Status.DesiredNumberScheduled
	currentScheduled := ds.Status.CurrentNumberScheduled
	selector, err := unversioned.LabelSelectorAsSelector(ds.Spec.Selector)
	if err != nil {
		// this shouldn't happen if LabelSelector passed validation
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\t%d\t%s\t%s",
		name,
		desiredScheduled,
		currentScheduled,
		labels.FormatLabels(ds.Spec.Template.Spec.NodeSelector),
		translateTimestamp(ds.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if options.Wide {
		if err := layoutContainers(containers, w); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s", selector.String()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(ds.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, ds.Labels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func printDaemonSetList(list *extensions.DaemonSetList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, ds := range list.Items {
		if err := printDaemonSet(&ds, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printEndpoints(endpoints *api.Endpoints, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := endpoints.Name
	namespace := endpoints.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s", name, formatEndpoints(endpoints, nil), translateTimestamp(endpoints.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(endpoints.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, endpoints.Labels))
	return err
}

func printEndpointsList(list *api.EndpointsList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printEndpoints(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printNamespace(item *api.Namespace, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	if options.WithNamespace {
		return fmt.Errorf("namespace is not namespaced")
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s", item.Name, item.Status.Phase, translateTimestamp(item.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(item.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, item.Labels))
	return err
}

func printNamespaceList(list *api.NamespaceList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printNamespace(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printSecret(item *api.Secret, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := item.Name
	namespace := item.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%v\t%s", name, item.Type, len(item.Data), translateTimestamp(item.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(item.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, item.Labels))
	return err
}

func printSecretList(list *api.SecretList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printSecret(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func printServiceAccount(item *api.ServiceAccount, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := item.Name
	namespace := item.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\t%s", name, len(item.Secrets), translateTimestamp(item.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(item.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, item.Labels))
	return err
}

func printServiceAccountList(list *api.ServiceAccountList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printServiceAccount(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func printNode(node *api.Node, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	if options.WithNamespace {
		return fmt.Errorf("node is not namespaced")
	}
	conditionMap := make(map[api.NodeConditionType]*api.NodeCondition)
	NodeAllConditions := []api.NodeConditionType{api.NodeReady}
	for i := range node.Status.Conditions {
		cond := node.Status.Conditions[i]
		conditionMap[cond.Type] = &cond
	}
	var status []string
	for _, validCondition := range NodeAllConditions {
		if condition, ok := conditionMap[validCondition]; ok {
			if condition.Status == api.ConditionTrue {
				status = append(status, string(condition.Type))
			} else {
				status = append(status, "Not"+string(condition.Type))
			}
		}
	}
	if len(status) == 0 {
		status = append(status, "Unknown")
	}
	if node.Spec.Unschedulable {
		status = append(status, "SchedulingDisabled")
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s", node.Name, strings.Join(status, ","), translateTimestamp(node.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Display caller specify column labels first.
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(node.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, node.Labels))
	return err
}

func printNodeList(list *api.NodeList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, node := range list.Items {
		if err := printNode(&node, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printPersistentVolume(pv *api.PersistentVolume, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	if options.WithNamespace {
		return fmt.Errorf("persistentVolume is not namespaced")
	}
	name := pv.Name

	claimRefUID := ""
	if pv.Spec.ClaimRef != nil {
		claimRefUID += pv.Spec.ClaimRef.Namespace
		claimRefUID += "/"
		claimRefUID += pv.Spec.ClaimRef.Name
	}

	modesStr := api.GetAccessModesAsString(pv.Spec.AccessModes)

	aQty := pv.Spec.Capacity[api.ResourceStorage]
	aSize := aQty.String()

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s",
		name,
		aSize, modesStr,
		pv.Status.Phase,
		claimRefUID,
		pv.Status.Reason,
		translateTimestamp(pv.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(pv.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, pv.Labels))
	return err
}

func printPersistentVolumeList(list *api.PersistentVolumeList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, pv := range list.Items {
		if err := printPersistentVolume(&pv, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printPersistentVolumeClaim(pvc *api.PersistentVolumeClaim, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := pvc.Name
	namespace := pvc.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	phase := pvc.Status.Phase
	storage := pvc.Spec.Resources.Requests[api.ResourceStorage]
	capacity := ""
	accessModes := ""
	if pvc.Spec.VolumeName != "" {
		accessModes = api.GetAccessModesAsString(pvc.Status.AccessModes)
		storage = pvc.Status.Capacity[api.ResourceStorage]
		capacity = storage.String()
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s", name, phase, pvc.Spec.VolumeName, capacity, accessModes, translateTimestamp(pvc.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(pvc.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, pvc.Labels))
	return err
}

func printPersistentVolumeClaimList(list *api.PersistentVolumeClaimList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, psd := range list.Items {
		if err := printPersistentVolumeClaim(&psd, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printEvent(event *api.Event, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	namespace := event.Namespace
	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// While watching event, we should print absolute time.
	var FirstTimestamp, LastTimestamp string
	if options.AbsoluteTimestamps {
		FirstTimestamp = event.FirstTimestamp.String()
		LastTimestamp = event.LastTimestamp.String()
	} else {
		FirstTimestamp = translateTimestamp(event.FirstTimestamp)
		LastTimestamp = translateTimestamp(event.LastTimestamp)
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(
		w, "%s\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s",
		FirstTimestamp,
		LastTimestamp,
		event.Count,
		event.InvolvedObject.Name,
		event.InvolvedObject.Kind,
		event.InvolvedObject.FieldPath,
		event.Type,
		event.Reason,
		event.Source,
		event.Message,
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(event.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, event.Labels))
	return err
}

// Sorts and prints the EventList in a human-friendly format.
func printEventList(list *api.EventList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	sort.Sort(SortableEvents(list.Items))
	for i := range list.Items {
		if err := printEvent(&list.Items[i], w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printLimitRange(limitRange *api.LimitRange, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := limitRange.Name
	namespace := limitRange.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(
		w, "%s\t%s",
		name,
		translateTimestamp(limitRange.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(limitRange.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, limitRange.Labels))
	return err
}

// Prints the LimitRangeList in a human-friendly format.
func printLimitRangeList(list *api.LimitRangeList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for i := range list.Items {
		if err := printLimitRange(&list.Items[i], w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printResourceQuota(resourceQuota *api.ResourceQuota, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := resourceQuota.Name
	namespace := resourceQuota.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(
		w, "%s\t%s",
		name,
		translateTimestamp(resourceQuota.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(resourceQuota.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, resourceQuota.Labels))
	return err
}

// Prints the ResourceQuotaList in a human-friendly format.
func printResourceQuotaList(list *api.ResourceQuotaList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for i := range list.Items {
		if err := printResourceQuota(&list.Items[i], w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printComponentStatus(item *api.ComponentStatus, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	if options.WithNamespace {
		return fmt.Errorf("componentStatus is not namespaced")
	}
	status := "Unknown"
	message := ""
	error := ""
	for _, condition := range item.Conditions {
		if condition.Type == api.ComponentHealthy {
			if condition.Status == api.ConditionTrue {
				status = "Healthy"
			} else {
				status = "Unhealthy"
			}
			message = condition.Message
			error = condition.Error
			break
		}
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s", item.Name, status, message, error); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(item.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, item.Labels))
	return err
}

func printComponentStatusList(list *api.ComponentStatusList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printComponentStatus(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func printThirdPartyResource(rsrc *extensions.ThirdPartyResource, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	versions := make([]string, len(rsrc.Versions))
	for ix := range rsrc.Versions {
		version := &rsrc.Versions[ix]
		versions[ix] = fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", version.APIGroup, version.Name)
	}
	versionsString := strings.Join(versions, ",")
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\n", rsrc.Name, rsrc.Description, versionsString); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func printThirdPartyResourceList(list *extensions.ThirdPartyResourceList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printThirdPartyResource(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func printDeployment(deployment *extensions.Deployment, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", deployment.Namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	desiredReplicas := deployment.Spec.Replicas
	currentReplicas := deployment.Status.Replicas
	updatedReplicas := deployment.Status.UpdatedReplicas
	availableReplicas := deployment.Status.AvailableReplicas
	age := translateTimestamp(deployment.CreationTimestamp)
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%s", deployment.Name, desiredReplicas, currentReplicas, updatedReplicas, availableReplicas, age); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(deployment.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, deployment.Labels))
	return err
}

func printDeploymentList(list *extensions.DeploymentList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printDeployment(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printHorizontalPodAutoscaler(hpa *extensions.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	namespace := hpa.Namespace
	name := hpa.Name
	reference := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s",
		hpa.Spec.ScaleRef.Kind,
		hpa.Spec.ScaleRef.Name,
		hpa.Spec.ScaleRef.Subresource)
	target := "<unset>"
	if hpa.Spec.CPUUtilization != nil {
		target = fmt.Sprintf("%d%%", hpa.Spec.CPUUtilization.TargetPercentage)
	}
	current := "<waiting>"
	if hpa.Status.CurrentCPUUtilizationPercentage != nil {
		current = fmt.Sprintf("%d%%", *hpa.Status.CurrentCPUUtilizationPercentage)
	}
	minPods := "<unset>"
	if hpa.Spec.MinReplicas != nil {
		minPods = fmt.Sprintf("%d", *hpa.Spec.MinReplicas)
	}
	maxPods := hpa.Spec.MaxReplicas
	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%d\t%s",
		name,
		reference,
		target,
		current,
		minPods,
		maxPods,
		translateTimestamp(hpa.CreationTimestamp),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(hpa.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, hpa.Labels))
	return err
}

func printHorizontalPodAutoscalerList(list *extensions.HorizontalPodAutoscalerList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for i := range list.Items {
		if err := printHorizontalPodAutoscaler(&list.Items[i], w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printConfigMap(configMap *api.ConfigMap, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	name := configMap.Name
	namespace := configMap.Namespace

	if options.WithNamespace {
		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t", namespace); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%v\t%s", name, len(configMap.Data), translateTimestamp(configMap.CreationTimestamp)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendLabels(configMap.Labels, options.ColumnLabels)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, appendAllLabels(options.ShowLabels, configMap.Labels))
	return err
}

func printConfigMapList(list *api.ConfigMapList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for i := range list.Items {
		if err := printConfigMap(&list.Items[i], w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func printPodSecurityPolicy(item *extensions.PodSecurityPolicy, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	_, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%t\t%v\t%t\t%s\t%s\n", item.Name, item.Spec.Privileged,
		item.Spec.Capabilities, item.Spec.Volumes, item.Spec.SELinux.Rule,
		item.Spec.RunAsUser.Rule)
	return err
}

func printPodSecurityPolicyList(list *extensions.PodSecurityPolicyList, w io.Writer, options PrintOptions) error {
	for _, item := range list.Items {
		if err := printPodSecurityPolicy(&item, w, options); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func appendLabels(itemLabels map[string]string, columnLabels []string) string {
	var buffer bytes.Buffer

	for _, cl := range columnLabels {
		buffer.WriteString(fmt.Sprint("\t"))
		if il, ok := itemLabels[cl]; ok {
			buffer.WriteString(fmt.Sprint(il))
		} else {
			buffer.WriteString("<none>")
		}
	}

	return buffer.String()
}

// Append all labels to a single column. We need this even when show-labels flag* is
// false, since this adds newline delimiter to the end of each row.
func appendAllLabels(showLabels bool, itemLabels map[string]string) string {
	var buffer bytes.Buffer

	if showLabels {
		buffer.WriteString(fmt.Sprint("\t"))
		buffer.WriteString(labels.FormatLabels(itemLabels))
	}
	buffer.WriteString("\n")

	return buffer.String()
}

// Append a set of tabs for each label column.  We need this in the case where
// we have extra lines so that the tabwriter will still line things up.
func appendLabelTabs(columnLabels []string) string {
	var buffer bytes.Buffer

	for i := range columnLabels {
		// NB: This odd dance is to make the loop both compatible with go 1.3 and
		// pass `gofmt -s`
		_ = i
		buffer.WriteString("\t")
	}
	buffer.WriteString("\n")

	return buffer.String()
}

// Lay out all the containers on one line if use wide output.
func layoutContainers(containers []api.Container, w io.Writer) error {
	var namesBuffer bytes.Buffer
	var imagesBuffer bytes.Buffer

	for i, container := range containers {
		namesBuffer.WriteString(container.Name)
		imagesBuffer.WriteString(container.Image)
		if i != len(containers)-1 {
			namesBuffer.WriteString(",")
			imagesBuffer.WriteString(",")
		}
	}
	_, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s\t%s", namesBuffer.String(), imagesBuffer.String())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func formatLabelHeaders(columnLabels []string) []string {
	formHead := make([]string, len(columnLabels))
	for i, l := range columnLabels {
		p := strings.Split(l, "/")
		formHead[i] = strings.ToUpper((p[len(p)-1]))
	}
	return formHead
}

// headers for -o wide
func formatWideHeaders(wide bool, t reflect.Type) []string {
	if wide {
		if t.String() == "*api.Pod" || t.String() == "*api.PodList" {
			return []string{"NODE"}
		}
		if t.String() == "*api.ReplicationController" || t.String() == "*api.ReplicationControllerList" {
			return []string{"CONTAINER(S)", "IMAGE(S)", "SELECTOR"}
		}
		if t.String() == "*extensions.Job" || t.String() == "*extensions.JobList" {
			return []string{"CONTAINER(S)", "IMAGE(S)", "SELECTOR"}
		}
		if t.String() == "*api.Service" || t.String() == "*api.ServiceList" {
			return []string{"SELECTOR"}
		}
		if t.String() == "*extensions.DaemonSet" || t.String() == "*extensions.DaemonSetList" {
			return []string{"CONTAINER(S)", "IMAGE(S)", "SELECTOR"}
		}
		if t.String() == "*extensions.ReplicaSet" || t.String() == "*extensions.ReplicaSetList" {
			return []string{"CONTAINER(S)", "IMAGE(S)", "SELECTOR"}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// headers for --show-labels=true
func formatShowLabelsHeader(showLabels bool, t reflect.Type) []string {
	if showLabels {
		if t.String() != "*api.ThirdPartyResource" && t.String() != "*api.ThirdPartyResourceList" {
			return []string{"LABELS"}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// GetNewTabWriter returns a tabwriter that translates tabbed columns in input into properly aligned text.
func GetNewTabWriter(output io.Writer) *tabwriter.Writer {
	return tabwriter.NewWriter(output, tabwriterMinWidth, tabwriterWidth, tabwriterPadding, tabwriterPadChar, tabwriterFlags)
}

// PrintObj prints the obj in a human-friendly format according to the type of the obj.
func (h *HumanReadablePrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, output io.Writer) error {
	// if output is a tabwriter (when it's called by kubectl get), we use it; create a new tabwriter otherwise
	w, found := output.(*tabwriter.Writer)
	if !found {
		w = GetNewTabWriter(output)
		defer w.Flush()
	}
	t := reflect.TypeOf(obj)
	if handler := h.handlerMap[t]; handler != nil {
		if !h.options.NoHeaders && t != h.lastType {
			headers := append(handler.columns, formatWideHeaders(h.options.Wide, t)...)
			headers = append(headers, formatLabelHeaders(h.options.ColumnLabels)...)
			// LABELS is always the last column.
			headers = append(headers, formatShowLabelsHeader(h.options.ShowLabels, t)...)
			if h.options.WithNamespace {
				headers = append(withNamespacePrefixColumns, headers...)
			}
			h.printHeader(headers, w)
			h.lastType = t
		}
		args := []reflect.Value{reflect.ValueOf(obj), reflect.ValueOf(w), reflect.ValueOf(h.options)}
		resultValue := handler.printFunc.Call(args)[0]
		if resultValue.IsNil() {
			return nil
		}
		return resultValue.Interface().(error)
	}
	return fmt.Errorf("error: unknown type %#v", obj)
}

// TemplatePrinter is an implementation of ResourcePrinter which formats data with a Go Template.
type TemplatePrinter struct {
	rawTemplate string
	template    *template.Template
}

func NewTemplatePrinter(tmpl []byte) (*TemplatePrinter, error) {
	t, err := template.New("output").
		Funcs(template.FuncMap{"exists": exists}).
		Parse(string(tmpl))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &TemplatePrinter{
		rawTemplate: string(tmpl),
		template:    t,
	}, nil
}

// PrintObj formats the obj with the Go Template.
func (p *TemplatePrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	out := map[string]interface{}{}
	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &out); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err = p.safeExecute(w, out); err != nil {
		// It is way easier to debug this stuff when it shows up in
		// stdout instead of just stdin. So in addition to returning
		// a nice error, also print useful stuff with the writer.
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error executing template: %v. Printing more information for debugging the template:\n", err)
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\ttemplate was:\n\t\t%v\n", p.rawTemplate)
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\traw data was:\n\t\t%v\n", string(data))
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tobject given to template engine was:\n\t\t%+v\n\n", out)
		return fmt.Errorf("error executing template %q: %v", p.rawTemplate, err)
	}
	return nil
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (p *TemplatePrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}

// safeExecute tries to execute the template, but catches panics and returns an error
// should the template engine panic.
func (p *TemplatePrinter) safeExecute(w io.Writer, obj interface{}) error {
	var panicErr error
	// Sorry for the double anonymous function. There's probably a clever way
	// to do this that has the defer'd func setting the value to be returned, but
	// that would be even less obvious.
	retErr := func() error {
		defer func() {
			if x := recover(); x != nil {
				panicErr = fmt.Errorf("caught panic: %+v", x)
			}
		}()
		return p.template.Execute(w, obj)
	}()
	if panicErr != nil {
		return panicErr
	}
	return retErr
}

func tabbedString(f func(io.Writer) error) (string, error) {
	out := new(tabwriter.Writer)
	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
	out.Init(buf, 0, 8, 1, '\t', 0)

	err := f(out)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	out.Flush()
	str := string(buf.String())
	return str, nil
}

// exists returns true if it would be possible to call the index function
// with these arguments.
//
// TODO: how to document this for users?
//
// index returns the result of indexing its first argument by the following
// arguments.  Thus "index x 1 2 3" is, in Go syntax, x[1][2][3]. Each
// indexed item must be a map, slice, or array.
func exists(item interface{}, indices ...interface{}) bool {
	v := reflect.ValueOf(item)
	for _, i := range indices {
		index := reflect.ValueOf(i)
		var isNil bool
		if v, isNil = indirect(v); isNil {
			return false
		}
		switch v.Kind() {
		case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice, reflect.String:
			var x int64
			switch index.Kind() {
			case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
				x = index.Int()
			case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
				x = int64(index.Uint())
			default:
				return false
			}
			if x < 0 || x >= int64(v.Len()) {
				return false
			}
			v = v.Index(int(x))
		case reflect.Map:
			if !index.IsValid() {
				index = reflect.Zero(v.Type().Key())
			}
			if !index.Type().AssignableTo(v.Type().Key()) {
				return false
			}
			if x := v.MapIndex(index); x.IsValid() {
				v = x
			} else {
				v = reflect.Zero(v.Type().Elem())
			}
		default:
			return false
		}
	}
	if _, isNil := indirect(v); isNil {
		return false
	}
	return true
}

// stolen from text/template
// indirect returns the item at the end of indirection, and a bool to indicate if it's nil.
// We indirect through pointers and empty interfaces (only) because
// non-empty interfaces have methods we might need.
func indirect(v reflect.Value) (rv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
	for ; v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || v.Kind() == reflect.Interface; v = v.Elem() {
		if v.IsNil() {
			return v, true
		}
		if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface && v.NumMethod() > 0 {
			break
		}
	}
	return v, false
}

// JSONPathPrinter is an implementation of ResourcePrinter which formats data with jsonpath expression.
type JSONPathPrinter struct {
	rawTemplate string
	*jsonpath.JSONPath
}

func NewJSONPathPrinter(tmpl string) (*JSONPathPrinter, error) {
	j := jsonpath.New("out")
	if err := j.Parse(tmpl); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &JSONPathPrinter{tmpl, j}, nil
}

// PrintObj formats the obj with the JSONPath Template.
func (j *JSONPathPrinter) PrintObj(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
	var queryObj interface{} = obj
	if meta.IsListType(obj) {
		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		queryObj = map[string]interface{}{}
		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &queryObj); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if err := j.JSONPath.Execute(w, queryObj); err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error executing template: %v. Printing more information for debugging the template:\n", err)
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\ttemplate was:\n\t\t%v\n", j.rawTemplate)
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tobject given to jsonpath engine was:\n\t\t%#v\n\n", queryObj)
		return fmt.Errorf("error executing jsonpath %q: %v\n", j.rawTemplate, err)
	}
	return nil
}

// TODO: implement HandledResources()
func (p *JSONPathPrinter) HandledResources() []string {
	return []string{}
}