bucket_test.go

package bolt_test

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"testing"
	"testing/quick"

	"github.com/boltdb/bolt"
)

// Ensure that a bucket that gets a non-existent key returns nil.
func TestBucket_Get_NonExistent(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
		assert(t, value == nil, "")
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can read a value that is not flushed yet.
func TestBucket_Get_FromNode(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
		value := b.Get([]byte("foo"))
		equals(t, []byte("bar"), value)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket retrieved via Get() returns a nil.
func TestBucket_Get_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		_, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		assert(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")) == nil, "")
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can write a key/value.
func TestBucket_Put(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
		ok(t, err)
		value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
		equals(t, value, []byte("bar"))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can rewrite a key in the same transaction.
func TestBucket_Put_Repeat(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")))
		ok(t, b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("baz")))
		value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
		equals(t, value, []byte("baz"))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can write a bunch of large values.
func TestBucket_Put_Large(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	count, factor := 100, 200
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		for i := 1; i < count; i++ {
			ok(t, b.Put([]byte(strings.Repeat("0", i*factor)), []byte(strings.Repeat("X", (count-i)*factor))))
		}
		return nil
	})
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		for i := 1; i < count; i++ {
			value := b.Get([]byte(strings.Repeat("0", i*factor)))
			equals(t, []byte(strings.Repeat("X", (count-i)*factor)), value)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a database can perform multiple large appends safely.
func TestDB_Put_VeryLarge(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	n, batchN := 400000, 200000
	ksize, vsize := 8, 500

	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	for i := 0; i < n; i += batchN {
		err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b, _ := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("widgets"))
			for j := 0; j < batchN; j++ {
				k, v := make([]byte, ksize), make([]byte, vsize)
				binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(k, uint32(i+j))
				ok(t, b.Put(k, v))
			}
			return nil
		})
		ok(t, err)
	}
}

// Ensure that a setting a value on a key with a bucket value returns an error.
func TestBucket_Put_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		_, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		equals(t, bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a setting a value while the transaction is closed returns an error.
func TestBucket_Put_Closed(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	tx, _ := db.Begin(true)
	tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
	b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
	tx.Rollback()
	equals(t, bolt.ErrTxClosed, b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")))
}

// Ensure that setting a value on a read-only bucket returns an error.
func TestBucket_Put_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, err)
		return nil
	})
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		err := b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrTxNotWritable)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can delete an existing key.
func TestBucket_Delete(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Delete([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
		assert(t, value == nil, "")
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that deleting a large set of keys will work correctly.
func TestBucket_Delete_Large(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b, _ = tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			ok(t, b.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strings.Repeat("*", 1024))))
		}
		return nil
	})
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			ok(t, b.Delete([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i))))
		}
		return nil
	})
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			assert(t, b.Get([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i))) == nil, "")
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// Deleting a very large list of keys will cause the freelist to use overflow.
func TestBucket_Delete_FreelistOverflow(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	k := make([]byte, 16)
	for i := uint64(0); i < 10000; i++ {
		err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("0"))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("bucket error: %s", err)
			}

			for j := uint64(0); j < 1000; j++ {
				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k[:8], i)
				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k[8:], j)
				if err := b.Put(k, nil); err != nil {
					t.Fatalf("put error: %s", err)
				}
			}

			return nil
		})

		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("update error: %s", err)
		}
	}

	// Delete all of them in one large transaction
	err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("0"))
		c := b.Cursor()
		for k, _ := c.First(); k != nil; k, _ = c.Next() {
			b.Delete(k)
		}
		return nil
	})

	// Check that a freelist overflow occurred.
	ok(t, err)
}

// Ensure that accessing and updating nested buckets is ok across transactions.
func TestBucket_Nested(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		// Create a widgets bucket.
		b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, err)

		// Create a widgets/foo bucket.
		_, err = b.CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)

		// Create a widgets/bar key.
		ok(t, b.Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("0000")))

		return nil
	})
	db.MustCheck()

	// Update widgets/bar.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, b.Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("xxxx")))
		return nil
	})
	db.MustCheck()

	// Cause a split.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
			ok(t, b.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))))
		}
		return nil
	})
	db.MustCheck()

	// Insert into widgets/foo/baz.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, b.Bucket([]byte("foo")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("yyyy")))
		return nil
	})
	db.MustCheck()

	// Verify.
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var b = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		equals(t, []byte("yyyy"), b.Bucket([]byte("foo")).Get([]byte("baz")))
		equals(t, []byte("xxxx"), b.Get([]byte("bar")))
		for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
			equals(t, []byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), b.Get([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i))))
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that deleting a bucket using Delete() returns an error.
func TestBucket_Delete_Bucket(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		_, err := b.CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		equals(t, bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue, b.Delete([]byte("foo")))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that deleting a key on a read-only bucket returns an error.
func TestBucket_Delete_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		return nil
	})
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		err := b.Delete([]byte("foo"))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrTxNotWritable)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a deleting value while the transaction is closed returns an error.
func TestBucket_Delete_Closed(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	tx, _ := db.Begin(true)
	tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
	b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
	tx.Rollback()
	equals(t, bolt.ErrTxClosed, b.Delete([]byte("foo")))
}

// Ensure that deleting a bucket causes nested buckets to be deleted.
func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_Nested(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		_, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		_, err = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")).CreateBucket([]byte("bar"))
		ok(t, err)
		ok(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")).Bucket([]byte("bar")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("bat")))
		ok(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).DeleteBucket([]byte("foo")))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that deleting a bucket causes nested buckets to be deleted after they have been committed.
func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_Nested2(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		_, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		_, err = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")).CreateBucket([]byte("bar"))
		ok(t, err)
		ok(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")).Bucket([]byte("bar")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("bat")))
		return nil
	})
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		assert(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) != nil, "")
		assert(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")) != nil, "")
		assert(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")).Bucket([]byte("bar")) != nil, "")
		equals(t, []byte("bat"), tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")).Bucket([]byte("bar")).Get([]byte("baz")))
		ok(t, tx.DeleteBucket([]byte("widgets")))
		return nil
	})
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		assert(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")) == nil, "")
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that deleting a child bucket with multiple pages causes all pages to get collected.
func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_Large(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, err)
		_, err = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo"))
		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
			ok(t, b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)), []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%0100d", i))))
		}
		return nil
	})
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		ok(t, tx.DeleteBucket([]byte("widgets")))
		return nil
	})

	// NOTE: Consistency check in TestDB.Close() will panic if pages not freed properly.
}

// Ensure that a simple value retrieved via Bucket() returns a nil.
func TestBucket_Bucket_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")))
		assert(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Bucket([]byte("foo")) == nil, "")
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that creating a bucket on an existing non-bucket key returns an error.
func TestBucket_CreateBucket_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, err)
		ok(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")))
		_, err = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		equals(t, bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue, err)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that deleting a bucket on an existing non-bucket key returns an error.
func TestBucket_DeleteBucket_IncompatibleValue(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		ok(t, err)
		ok(t, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar")))
		equals(t, bolt.ErrIncompatibleValue, tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).DeleteBucket([]byte("foo")))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can return an autoincrementing sequence.
func TestBucket_NextSequence(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("woojits"))

		// Make sure sequence increments.
		seq, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence()
		ok(t, err)
		equals(t, seq, uint64(1))
		seq, err = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence()
		ok(t, err)
		equals(t, seq, uint64(2))

		// Buckets should be separate.
		seq, err = tx.Bucket([]byte("woojits")).NextSequence()
		ok(t, err)
		equals(t, seq, uint64(1))
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket will persist an autoincrementing sequence even if its
// the only thing updated on the bucket.
// https://github.com/boltdb/bolt/issues/296
func TestBucket_NextSequence_Persist(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		return nil
	})

	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, _ = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence()
		return nil
	})

	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		seq, err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).NextSequence()
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
		} else if seq != 2 {
			t.Fatalf("unexpected sequence: %d", seq)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that retrieving the next sequence on a read-only bucket returns an error.
func TestBucket_NextSequence_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		return nil
	})
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		i, err := b.NextSequence()
		equals(t, i, uint64(0))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrTxNotWritable)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that retrieving the next sequence for a bucket on a closed database return an error.
func TestBucket_NextSequence_Closed(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	tx, _ := db.Begin(true)
	tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
	b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
	tx.Rollback()
	_, err := b.NextSequence()
	equals(t, bolt.ErrTxClosed, err)
}

// Ensure a user can loop over all key/value pairs in a bucket.
func TestBucket_ForEach(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("0000"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("0001"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("0002"))

		var index int
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
			switch index {
			case 0:
				equals(t, k, []byte("bar"))
				equals(t, v, []byte("0002"))
			case 1:
				equals(t, k, []byte("baz"))
				equals(t, v, []byte("0001"))
			case 2:
				equals(t, k, []byte("foo"))
				equals(t, v, []byte("0000"))
			}
			index++
			return nil
		})
		ok(t, err)
		equals(t, index, 3)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure a database can stop iteration early.
func TestBucket_ForEach_ShortCircuit(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("bar"), []byte("0000"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("0000"))
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("0000"))

		var index int
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
			index++
			if bytes.Equal(k, []byte("baz")) {
				return errors.New("marker")
			}
			return nil
		})
		equals(t, errors.New("marker"), err)
		equals(t, 2, index)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that looping over a bucket on a closed database returns an error.
func TestBucket_ForEach_Closed(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	tx, _ := db.Begin(true)
	tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
	b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
	tx.Rollback()
	err := b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { return nil })
	equals(t, bolt.ErrTxClosed, err)
}

// Ensure that an error is returned when inserting with an empty key.
func TestBucket_Put_EmptyKey(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte(""), []byte("bar"))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrKeyRequired)
		err = tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put(nil, []byte("bar"))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrKeyRequired)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that an error is returned when inserting with a key that's too large.
func TestBucket_Put_KeyTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put(make([]byte, 32769), []byte("bar"))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrKeyTooLarge)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that an error is returned when inserting a value that's too large.
func TestBucket_Put_ValueTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
	if os.Getenv("DRONE") == "true" {
		t.Skip("not enough RAM for test")
	}

	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), make([]byte, bolt.MaxValueSize+1))
		equals(t, err, bolt.ErrValueTooLarge)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure a bucket can calculate stats.
func TestBucket_Stats(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	// Add bucket with fewer keys but one big value.
	big_key := []byte("really-big-value")
	for i := 0; i < 500; i++ {
		db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b, _ := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("woojits"))
			return b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%03d", i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i)))
		})
	}
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b, _ := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("woojits"))
		return b.Put(big_key, []byte(strings.Repeat("*", 10000)))
	})

	db.MustCheck()
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("woojits"))
		stats := b.Stats()
		equals(t, 1, stats.BranchPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchOverflowN)
		equals(t, 7, stats.LeafPageN)
		equals(t, 2, stats.LeafOverflowN)
		equals(t, 501, stats.KeyN)
		equals(t, 2, stats.Depth)

		branchInuse := 16     // branch page header
		branchInuse += 7 * 16 // branch elements
		branchInuse += 7 * 3  // branch keys (6 3-byte keys)
		equals(t, branchInuse, stats.BranchInuse)

		leafInuse := 7 * 16                      // leaf page header
		leafInuse += 501 * 16                    // leaf elements
		leafInuse += 500*3 + len(big_key)        // leaf keys
		leafInuse += 1*10 + 2*90 + 3*400 + 10000 // leaf values
		equals(t, leafInuse, stats.LeafInuse)

		if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 {
			// Incompatible page size
			equals(t, 4096, stats.BranchAlloc)
			equals(t, 36864, stats.LeafAlloc)
		}

		equals(t, 1, stats.BucketN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.InlineBucketN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.InlineBucketInuse)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure a bucket with random insertion utilizes fill percentage correctly.
func TestBucket_Stats_RandomFill(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	} else if os.Getpagesize() != 4096 {
		t.Skip("invalid page size for test")
	}

	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	// Add a set of values in random order. It will be the same random
	// order so we can maintain consistency between test runs.
	var count int
	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(42))
	for _, i := range r.Perm(1000) {
		db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b, _ := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("woojits"))
			b.FillPercent = 0.9
			for _, j := range r.Perm(100) {
				index := (j * 10000) + i
				b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d000000000000000", index)), []byte("0000000000"))
				count++
			}
			return nil
		})
	}
	db.MustCheck()

	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		s := tx.Bucket([]byte("woojits")).Stats()
		equals(t, 100000, s.KeyN)

		equals(t, 98, s.BranchPageN)
		equals(t, 0, s.BranchOverflowN)
		equals(t, 130984, s.BranchInuse)
		equals(t, 401408, s.BranchAlloc)

		equals(t, 3412, s.LeafPageN)
		equals(t, 0, s.LeafOverflowN)
		equals(t, 4742482, s.LeafInuse)
		equals(t, 13975552, s.LeafAlloc)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure a bucket can calculate stats.
func TestBucket_Stats_Small(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		// Add a bucket that fits on a single root leaf.
		b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("whozawhats"))
		ok(t, err)
		b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))

		return nil
	})
	db.MustCheck()
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("whozawhats"))
		stats := b.Stats()
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchOverflowN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafOverflowN)
		equals(t, 1, stats.KeyN)
		equals(t, 1, stats.Depth)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchInuse)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafInuse)
		if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 {
			// Incompatible page size
			equals(t, 0, stats.BranchAlloc)
			equals(t, 0, stats.LeafAlloc)
		}
		equals(t, 1, stats.BucketN)
		equals(t, 1, stats.InlineBucketN)
		equals(t, 16+16+6, stats.InlineBucketInuse)
		return nil
	})
}

func TestBucket_Stats_EmptyBucket(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		// Add a bucket that fits on a single root leaf.
		_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("whozawhats"))
		ok(t, err)
		return nil
	})
	db.MustCheck()
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("whozawhats"))
		stats := b.Stats()
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchOverflowN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafOverflowN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.KeyN)
		equals(t, 1, stats.Depth)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchInuse)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafInuse)
		if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 {
			// Incompatible page size
			equals(t, 0, stats.BranchAlloc)
			equals(t, 0, stats.LeafAlloc)
		}
		equals(t, 1, stats.BucketN)
		equals(t, 1, stats.InlineBucketN)
		equals(t, 16, stats.InlineBucketInuse)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure a bucket can calculate stats.
func TestBucket_Stats_Nested(t *testing.T) {
	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("foo"))
		ok(t, err)
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			b.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%02d", i)), []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%02d", i)))
		}
		bar, err := b.CreateBucket([]byte("bar"))
		ok(t, err)
		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
			bar.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i)))
		}
		baz, err := bar.CreateBucket([]byte("baz"))
		ok(t, err)
		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
			baz.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(i)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(i)))
		}
		return nil
	})

	db.MustCheck()

	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("foo"))
		stats := b.Stats()
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchOverflowN)
		equals(t, 2, stats.LeafPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafOverflowN)
		equals(t, 122, stats.KeyN)
		equals(t, 3, stats.Depth)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchInuse)

		foo := 16            // foo (pghdr)
		foo += 101 * 16      // foo leaf elements
		foo += 100*2 + 100*2 // foo leaf key/values
		foo += 3 + 16        // foo -> bar key/value

		bar := 16      // bar (pghdr)
		bar += 11 * 16 // bar leaf elements
		bar += 10 + 10 // bar leaf key/values
		bar += 3 + 16  // bar -> baz key/value

		baz := 16      // baz (inline) (pghdr)
		baz += 10 * 16 // baz leaf elements
		baz += 10 + 10 // baz leaf key/values

		equals(t, foo+bar+baz, stats.LeafInuse)
		if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 {
			// Incompatible page size
			equals(t, 0, stats.BranchAlloc)
			equals(t, 8192, stats.LeafAlloc)
		}
		equals(t, 3, stats.BucketN)
		equals(t, 1, stats.InlineBucketN)
		equals(t, baz, stats.InlineBucketInuse)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure a large bucket can calculate stats.
func TestBucket_Stats_Large(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	db := NewTestDB()
	defer db.Close()

	var index int
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
		db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			// Add bucket with lots of keys.
			b, _ := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("widgets"))
			for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
				b.Put([]byte(strconv.Itoa(index)), []byte(strconv.Itoa(index)))
				index++
			}
			return nil
		})
	}
	db.MustCheck()

	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
		stats := b.Stats()
		equals(t, 13, stats.BranchPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.BranchOverflowN)
		equals(t, 1196, stats.LeafPageN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.LeafOverflowN)
		equals(t, 100000, stats.KeyN)
		equals(t, 3, stats.Depth)
		equals(t, 25257, stats.BranchInuse)
		equals(t, 2596916, stats.LeafInuse)
		if os.Getpagesize() == 4096 {
			// Incompatible page size
			equals(t, 53248, stats.BranchAlloc)
			equals(t, 4898816, stats.LeafAlloc)
		}
		equals(t, 1, stats.BucketN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.InlineBucketN)
		equals(t, 0, stats.InlineBucketInuse)
		return nil
	})
}

// Ensure that a bucket can write random keys and values across multiple transactions.
func TestBucket_Put_Single(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	index := 0
	f := func(items testdata) bool {
		db := NewTestDB()
		defer db.Close()

		m := make(map[string][]byte)

		db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
			return err
		})
		for _, item := range items {
			db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
				if err := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put(item.Key, item.Value); err != nil {
					panic("put error: " + err.Error())
				}
				m[string(item.Key)] = item.Value
				return nil
			})

			// Verify all key/values so far.
			db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
				i := 0
				for k, v := range m {
					value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte(k))
					if !bytes.Equal(value, v) {
						t.Logf("value mismatch [run %d] (%d of %d):\nkey: %x\ngot: %x\nexp: %x", index, i, len(m), []byte(k), value, v)
						db.CopyTempFile()
						t.FailNow()
					}
					i++
				}
				return nil
			})
		}

		index++
		return true
	}
	if err := quick.Check(f, qconfig()); err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}
}

// Ensure that a transaction can insert multiple key/value pairs at once.
func TestBucket_Put_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	f := func(items testdata) bool {
		db := NewTestDB()
		defer db.Close()
		// Bulk insert all values.
		db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
			return err
		})
		err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
			for _, item := range items {
				ok(t, b.Put(item.Key, item.Value))
			}
			return nil
		})
		ok(t, err)

		// Verify all items exist.
		db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
			for _, item := range items {
				value := b.Get(item.Key)
				if !bytes.Equal(item.Value, value) {
					db.CopyTempFile()
					t.Fatalf("exp=%x; got=%x", item.Value, value)
				}
			}
			return nil
		})
		return true
	}
	if err := quick.Check(f, qconfig()); err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}
}

// Ensure that a transaction can delete all key/value pairs and return to a single leaf page.
func TestBucket_Delete_Quick(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	f := func(items testdata) bool {
		db := NewTestDB()
		defer db.Close()
		// Bulk insert all values.
		db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
			return err
		})
		err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
			for _, item := range items {
				ok(t, b.Put(item.Key, item.Value))
			}
			return nil
		})
		ok(t, err)

		// Remove items one at a time and check consistency.
		for _, item := range items {
			err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
				return tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Delete(item.Key)
			})
			ok(t, err)
		}

		// Anything before our deletion index should be nil.
		db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
				t.Fatalf("bucket should be empty; found: %06x", trunc(k, 3))
				return nil
			})
			return nil
		})
		return true
	}
	if err := quick.Check(f, qconfig()); err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}
}

func ExampleBucket_Put() {
	// Open the database.
	db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
	defer os.Remove(db.Path())
	defer db.Close()

	// Start a write transaction.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		// Create a bucket.
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))

		// Set the value "bar" for the key "foo".
		tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
		return nil
	})

	// Read value back in a different read-only transaction.
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
		fmt.Printf("The value of 'foo' is: %s\n", value)
		return nil
	})

	// Output:
	// The value of 'foo' is: bar
}

func ExampleBucket_Delete() {
	// Open the database.
	db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
	defer os.Remove(db.Path())
	defer db.Close()

	// Start a write transaction.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		// Create a bucket.
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))

		// Set the value "bar" for the key "foo".
		b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))

		// Retrieve the key back from the database and verify it.
		value := b.Get([]byte("foo"))
		fmt.Printf("The value of 'foo' was: %s\n", value)
		return nil
	})

	// Delete the key in a different write transaction.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		return tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Delete([]byte("foo"))
	})

	// Retrieve the key again.
	db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
		if value == nil {
			fmt.Printf("The value of 'foo' is now: nil\n")
		}
		return nil
	})

	// Output:
	// The value of 'foo' was: bar
	// The value of 'foo' is now: nil
}

func ExampleBucket_ForEach() {
	// Open the database.
	db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
	defer os.Remove(db.Path())
	defer db.Close()

	// Insert data into a bucket.
	db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tx.CreateBucket([]byte("animals"))
		b := tx.Bucket([]byte("animals"))
		b.Put([]byte("dog"), []byte("fun"))
		b.Put([]byte("cat"), []byte("lame"))
		b.Put([]byte("liger"), []byte("awesome"))

		// Iterate over items in sorted key order.
		b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
			fmt.Printf("A %s is %s.\n", k, v)
			return nil
		})
		return nil
	})

	// Output:
	// A cat is lame.
	// A dog is fun.
	// A liger is awesome.
}