symbol.py

from __future__ import print_function, division

from sympy.core.assumptions import StdFactKB
from sympy.core.compatibility import string_types
from .basic import Basic
from .core import C
from .sympify import sympify
from .singleton import S
from .expr import Expr, AtomicExpr
from .cache import cacheit
from .function import FunctionClass
from sympy.core.logic import fuzzy_bool
from sympy.logic.boolalg import Boolean
from sympy.utilities.iterables import cartes

import string
import re as _re


class Symbol(AtomicExpr, Boolean):
    """
    Assumptions:
       commutative = True

    You can override the default assumptions in the constructor:

    >>> from sympy import symbols
    >>> A,B = symbols('A,B', commutative = False)
    >>> bool(A*B != B*A)
    True
    >>> bool(A*B*2 == 2*A*B) == True # multiplication by scalars is commutative
    True

    """

    is_comparable = False

    __slots__ = ['name']

    is_Symbol = True

    @property
    def _diff_wrt(self):
        """Allow derivatives wrt Symbols.

        Examples
        ========

            >>> from sympy import Symbol
            >>> x = Symbol('x')
            >>> x._diff_wrt
            True
        """
        return True

    def __new__(cls, name, **assumptions):
        """Symbols are identified by name and assumptions::

        >>> from sympy import Symbol
        >>> Symbol("x") == Symbol("x")
        True
        >>> Symbol("x", real=True) == Symbol("x", real=False)
        False

        """

        if assumptions.get('zero', False):
            return S.Zero
        is_commutative = fuzzy_bool(assumptions.get('commutative', True))
        if is_commutative is None:
            raise ValueError(
                '''Symbol commutativity must be True or False.''')
        assumptions['commutative'] = is_commutative
        for key in assumptions.keys():
            assumptions[key] = bool(assumptions[key])
        return Symbol.__xnew_cached_(cls, name, **assumptions)

    def __new_stage2__(cls, name, **assumptions):
        if not isinstance(name, string_types):
            raise TypeError("name should be a string, not %s" % repr(type(name)))
        obj = Expr.__new__(cls)
        obj.name = name
        obj._assumptions = StdFactKB(assumptions)
        return obj

    __xnew__ = staticmethod(
        __new_stage2__)            # never cached (e.g. dummy)
    __xnew_cached_ = staticmethod(
        cacheit(__new_stage2__))   # symbols are always cached

    def __getnewargs__(self):
        return (self.name,)

    def __getstate__(self):
        return {'_assumptions': self._assumptions}

    def _hashable_content(self):
        return (self.name,) + tuple(sorted(self.assumptions0.items()))

    @property
    def assumptions0(self):
        return dict((key, value) for key, value
                in self._assumptions.items() if value is not None)

    @cacheit
    def sort_key(self, order=None):
        return self.class_key(), (1, (str(self),)), S.One.sort_key(), S.One

    def as_dummy(self):
        return Dummy(self.name, **self.assumptions0)

    def __call__(self, *args):
        from .function import Function
        return Function(self.name)(*args)

    def as_real_imag(self, deep=True, **hints):
        if hints.get('ignore') == self:
            return None
        else:
            return (C.re(self), C.im(self))

    def _sage_(self):
        import sage.all as sage
        return sage.var(self.name)

    def is_constant(self, *wrt, **flags):
        if not wrt:
            return False
        return not self in wrt

    @property
    def is_number(self):
        return False

    @property
    def free_symbols(self):
        return set([self])


class Dummy(Symbol):
    """Dummy symbols are each unique, identified by an internal count index:

    >>> from sympy import Dummy
    >>> bool(Dummy("x") == Dummy("x")) == True
    False

    If a name is not supplied then a string value of the count index will be
    used. This is useful when a temporary variable is needed and the name
    of the variable used in the expression is not important.

    >>> Dummy() #doctest: +SKIP
    _Dummy_10

    """

    _count = 0

    __slots__ = ['dummy_index']

    is_Dummy = True

    def __new__(cls, name=None, **assumptions):
        if name is None:
            name = "Dummy_" + str(Dummy._count)

        is_commutative = fuzzy_bool(assumptions.get('commutative', True))
        if is_commutative is None:
            raise ValueError(
                '''Dummy's commutativity must be True or False.''')
        assumptions['commutative'] = is_commutative
        obj = Symbol.__xnew__(cls, name, **assumptions)

        Dummy._count += 1
        obj.dummy_index = Dummy._count
        return obj

    def __getstate__(self):
        return {'_assumptions': self._assumptions, 'dummy_index': self.dummy_index}

    @cacheit
    def sort_key(self, order=None):
        return self.class_key(), (
            2, (str(self), self.dummy_index)), S.One.sort_key(), S.One

    def _hashable_content(self):
        return Symbol._hashable_content(self) + (self.dummy_index,)


class Wild(Symbol):
    """
    A Wild symbol matches anything, or anything
    without whatever is explicitly excluded.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Wild, WildFunction, cos, pi
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z
    >>> a = Wild('a')
    >>> x.match(a)
    {a_: x}
    >>> pi.match(a)
    {a_: pi}
    >>> (3*x**2).match(a*x)
    {a_: 3*x}
    >>> cos(x).match(a)
    {a_: cos(x)}
    >>> b = Wild('b', exclude=[x])
    >>> (3*x**2).match(b*x)
    >>> b.match(a)
    {a_: b_}
    >>> A = WildFunction('A')
    >>> A.match(a)
    {a_: A_}

    Tips
    ====

    When using Wild, be sure to use the exclude
    keyword to make the pattern more precise.
    Without the exclude pattern, you may get matches
    that are technically correct, but not what you
    wanted. For example, using the above without
    exclude:

    >>> from sympy import symbols
    >>> a, b = symbols('a b', cls=Wild)
    >>> (2 + 3*y).match(a*x + b*y)
    {a_: 2/x, b_: 3}

    This is technically correct, because
    (2/x)*x + 3*y == 2 + 3*y, but you probably
    wanted it to not match at all. The issue is that
    you really didn't want a and b to include x and y,
    and the exclude parameter lets you specify exactly
    this.  With the exclude parameter, the pattern will
    not match.

    >>> a = Wild('a', exclude=[x, y])
    >>> b = Wild('b', exclude=[x, y])
    >>> (2 + 3*y).match(a*x + b*y)

    Exclude also helps remove ambiguity from matches.

    >>> E = 2*x**3*y*z
    >>> a, b = symbols('a b', cls=Wild)
    >>> E.match(a*b)
    {a_: 2*y*z, b_: x**3}
    >>> a = Wild('a', exclude=[x, y])
    >>> E.match(a*b)
    {a_: z, b_: 2*x**3*y}
    >>> a = Wild('a', exclude=[x, y, z])
    >>> E.match(a*b)
    {a_: 2, b_: x**3*y*z}

    """

    __slots__ = ['exclude', 'properties']
    is_Wild = True

    def __new__(cls, name, exclude=(), properties=(), **assumptions):
        exclude = tuple([sympify(x) for x in exclude])
        properties = tuple(properties)
        is_commutative = fuzzy_bool(assumptions.get('commutative', True))
        if is_commutative is None:
            raise ValueError(
                '''Wild's commutativity must be True or False.''')
        assumptions['commutative'] = is_commutative
        return Wild.__xnew__(cls, name, exclude, properties, **assumptions)

    def __getnewargs__(self):
        return (self.name, self.exclude, self.properties)

    @staticmethod
    @cacheit
    def __xnew__(cls, name, exclude, properties, **assumptions):
        obj = Symbol.__xnew__(cls, name, **assumptions)
        obj.exclude = exclude
        obj.properties = properties
        return obj

    def _hashable_content(self):
        return super(Wild, self)._hashable_content() + (self.exclude, self.properties)

    # TODO add check against another Wild
    def matches(self, expr, repl_dict={}, old=False):
        if any(expr.has(x) for x in self.exclude):
            return None
        if any(not f(expr) for f in self.properties):
            return None
        repl_dict = repl_dict.copy()
        repl_dict[self] = expr
        return repl_dict

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        raise TypeError("'%s' object is not callable" % type(self).__name__)


_range = _re.compile('([0-9]*:[0-9]+|[a-zA-Z]?:[a-zA-Z])')

def symbols(names, **args):
    """
    Transform strings into instances of :class:`Symbol` class.

    :func:`symbols` function returns a sequence of symbols with names taken
    from ``names`` argument, which can be a comma or whitespace delimited
    string, or a sequence of strings::

        >>> from sympy import symbols, Function

        >>> x, y, z = symbols('x,y,z')
        >>> a, b, c = symbols('a b c')

    The type of output is dependent on the properties of input arguments::

        >>> symbols('x')
        x
        >>> symbols('x,')
        (x,)
        >>> symbols('x,y')
        (x, y)
        >>> symbols(('a', 'b', 'c'))
        (a, b, c)
        >>> symbols(['a', 'b', 'c'])
        [a, b, c]
        >>> symbols(set(['a', 'b', 'c']))
        set([a, b, c])

    If an iterable container is needed for a single symbol, set the ``seq``
    argument to ``True`` or terminate the symbol name with a comma::

        >>> symbols('x', seq=True)
        (x,)

    To reduce typing, range syntax is supported to create indexed symbols.
    Ranges are indicated by a colon and the type of range is determined by
    the character to the right of the colon. If the character is a digit
    then all continguous digits to the left are taken as the nonnegative
    starting value (or 0 if there are no digit of the colon) and all
    contiguous digits to the right are taken as 1 greater than the ending
    value::

        >>> symbols('x:10')
        (x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9)

        >>> symbols('x5:10')
        (x5, x6, x7, x8, x9)
        >>> symbols('x5(:2)')
        (x50, x51)

        >>> symbols('x5:10,y:5')
        (x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, y0, y1, y2, y3, y4)

        >>> symbols(('x5:10', 'y:5'))
        ((x5, x6, x7, x8, x9), (y0, y1, y2, y3, y4))

    If the character to the right of the colon is a letter, then the single
    letter to the left (or 'a' if there is none) is taken as the start
    and all characters in the lexicographic range *through* the letter to
    the right are used as the range::

        >>> symbols('x:z')
        (x, y, z)
        >>> symbols('x:c')  # null range
        ()
        >>> symbols('x(:c)')
        (xa, xb, xc)

        >>> symbols(':c')
        (a, b, c)

        >>> symbols('a:d, x:z')
        (a, b, c, d, x, y, z)

        >>> symbols(('a:d', 'x:z'))
        ((a, b, c, d), (x, y, z))

    Multiple ranges are supported; contiguous numerical ranges should be
    separated by parentheses to disambiguate the ending number of one
    range from the starting number of the next::

        >>> symbols('x:2(1:3)')
        (x01, x02, x11, x12)
        >>> symbols(':3:2')  # parsing is from left to right
        (00, 01, 10, 11, 20, 21)

    Only one pair of parentheses surrounding ranges are removed, so to
    include parentheses around ranges, double them. And to include spaces,
    commas, or colons, escape them with a backslash::

        >>> symbols('x((a:b))')
        (x(a), x(b))
        >>> symbols('x(:1\,:2)')  # or 'x((:1)\,(:2))'
        (x(0,0), x(0,1))

    All newly created symbols have assumptions set according to ``args``::

        >>> a = symbols('a', integer=True)
        >>> a.is_integer
        True

        >>> x, y, z = symbols('x,y,z', real=True)
        >>> x.is_real and y.is_real and z.is_real
        True

    Despite its name, :func:`symbols` can create symbol-like objects like
    instances of Function or Wild classes. To achieve this, set ``cls``
    keyword argument to the desired type::

        >>> symbols('f,g,h', cls=Function)
        (f, g, h)

        >>> type(_[0])
        <class 'sympy.core.function.UndefinedFunction'>

    """
    result = []

    if isinstance(names, string_types):
        marker = 0
        literals = ['\,', '\:', '\ ']
        for i in range(len(literals)):
            lit = literals.pop(0)
            if lit in names:
                while chr(marker) in names:
                    marker += 1
                lit_char = chr(marker)
                marker += 1
                names = names.replace(lit, lit_char)
                literals.append((lit_char, lit[1:]))
        def literal(s):
            if literals:
                for c, l in literals:
                    s = s.replace(c, l)
            return s

        names = names.strip()
        as_seq = names.endswith(',')
        if as_seq:
            names = names[:-1].rstrip()
        if not names:
            raise ValueError('no symbols given')

        # split on commas
        names = [n.strip() for n in names.split(',')]
        if not all(n for n in names):
            raise ValueError('missing symbol between commas')
        # split on spaces
        for i in range(len(names) - 1, -1, -1):
            names[i: i + 1] = names[i].split()

        cls = args.pop('cls', Symbol)
        seq = args.pop('seq', as_seq)

        for name in names:
            if not name:
                raise ValueError('missing symbol')

            if ':' not in name:
                symbol = cls(literal(name), **args)
                result.append(symbol)
                continue

            split = _range.split(name)
            # remove 1 layer of bounding parentheses around ranges
            for i in range(len(split) - 1):
                if i and ':' in split[i] and split[i] != ':' and \
                        split[i - 1].endswith('(') and \
                        split[i + 1].startswith(')'):
                    split[i - 1] = split[i - 1][:-1]
                    split[i + 1] = split[i + 1][1:]
            for i, s in enumerate(split):
                if ':' in s:
                    if s[-1].endswith(':'):
                        raise ValueError('missing end range')
                    a, b = s.split(':')
                    if b[-1] in string.digits:
                        a = 0 if not a else int(a)
                        b = int(b)
                        split[i] = [str(c) for c in range(a, b)]
                    else:
                        a = a or 'a'
                        split[i] = [string.ascii_letters[c] for c in range(
                            string.ascii_letters.index(a),
                            string.ascii_letters.index(b) + 1)]  # inclusive
                    if not split[i]:
                        break
                else:
                    split[i] = [s]
            else:
                seq = True
                if len(split) == 1:
                    names = split[0]
                else:
                    names = [''.join(s) for s in cartes(*split)]
                if literals:
                    result.extend([cls(literal(s), **args) for s in names])
                else:
                    result.extend([cls(s, **args) for s in names])

        if not seq and len(result) <= 1:
            if not result:
                return ()
            return result[0]

        return tuple(result)
    else:
        for name in names:
            result.append(symbols(name, **args))

        return type(names)(result)


def var(names, **args):
    """
    Create symbols and inject them into the global namespace.

    This calls :func:`symbols` with the same arguments and puts the results
    into the *global* namespace. It's recommended not to use :func:`var` in
    library code, where :func:`symbols` has to be used::

        >>> from sympy import var

        >>> var('x')
        x
        >>> x
        x

        >>> var('a,ab,abc')
        (a, ab, abc)
        >>> abc
        abc

        >>> var('x,y', real=True)
        (x, y)
        >>> x.is_real and y.is_real
        True

    See :func:`symbol` documentation for more details on what kinds of
    arguments can be passed to :func:`var`.

    """
    def traverse(symbols, frame):
        """Recursively inject symbols to the global namespace. """
        for symbol in symbols:
            if isinstance(symbol, Basic):
                frame.f_globals[symbol.name] = symbol
            elif isinstance(symbol, FunctionClass):
                frame.f_globals[symbol.__name__] = symbol
            else:
                traverse(symbol, frame)

    from inspect import currentframe
    frame = currentframe().f_back

    try:
        syms = symbols(names, **args)

        if syms is not None:
            if isinstance(syms, Basic):
                frame.f_globals[syms.name] = syms
            elif isinstance(syms, FunctionClass):
                frame.f_globals[syms.__name__] = syms
            else:
                traverse(syms, frame)
    finally:
        del frame  # break cyclic dependencies as stated in inspect docs

    return syms