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Notes

  • If multiple distantly related languages, the entry is coded as a multi-language and only the first language is used.

  • If distinct but related langagues are listed, multiple ISO 639-3 languages are listed and the overarching glottolog family that includes all the languages is used.

  • If a language and a dialect is listed, then the dialect is used.

  • I inconsistenly handle the assignment of some dialects. Often Glottolog will have a language x and a dialect named "nuclear x".

  • No ISO 639-3 values should be missing

    • "mis"
    • "mul"
    • "und"

Similarly Named Languages

Bassa

  • Nigeria - Basa (bzw)
  • Cameroon - Bassa/Baasa (bas)
  • Liberia - Bassa

Mbembe

  • Tigon Mbembe (nza) - Cameroon primarily, also Nigeria

  • Cross River Mbembe (mfn) - Nigeria primarily

  • Niger-Cong has the most non-sex based gender systems

    • Fula - especially Guinean Fula have many languages
    • many have 5+ genders
    • Grebo and Koromfe have 3
    • Ju|'hoan of Khoisan languages

Bobo/Boso/Bozo - refers to many distinct languages in Mali and Burkina Faso

Volta-Congo:

  • Bomu. (bmq) Autonym: Bomu, Boré. Traditional religion. 102,000.
    enclave south on Burkina Faso border; 5. Developing. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu.
  • Buamu (box): - 270 Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu.

Mande:

  • Soninke/Boso

    • Bozo, Jenaama (bze) Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama. 197,000.
    • Bozo, Kelengaxo (bzx) Muslim. Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern. 30,000. 6a Vigorous.
    • Bozo, Tieyaxa (boz)- Muslim. 180,000 Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern.
    • Bozo, Tiemacèwè (boo) - Muslim. Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern Bambara term Boso refers to the entire ethnic group.

  • Soninke-Bobo

    • Konabéré (bbo) Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo. Traditiona/Christian/Muslim.
    • Bobo Madaré, Southern. "he government calls them Bobo Madaré. ‘Bobo’ is the general Bambara word for Bobo Fing, Buamu, or Bomu. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim." 200,000. Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo.

In Afrobarometer. Bobo and Bozo both appear. Bozo in Mali only. Bobo in Burkina Faso and Mali.

r1, r2, ..., r6

In r5 and r6:

In Mali:

  • Bobo: Christian/traditional.
  • Bozo: Muslim

In BF:

  • Bobo: Muslim
  • Bwamu: Mixed

In r3: No Burkina Faso

  • Mali / Bobo: Christian
  • Mali / Bozo: Muslim

In Burkina Faso

  • Bobo: Mande language (Mande)

    • bwq Bobo Madaré, Southern. This is the larger.
    • bbo Konabéré

  • Bwamu: Gur language (Christian/traditional)

    • box Buamu
    • bwq Bwamu, Cwi
    • bwj Bwamu, Laa Laa
    • bmq Bomu

In Mali:

  • Bobo: Gur language (Christian/traditional/mixed)

    • bmq Bomu (recognized language)

  • Bozo: Mande Language (Muslim). Of these boz and bze seem to be the most widely spoken.

    • bze Bozo, Jenaama (larger number of speakers)
    • bzx Bozo, Kelengaxo
    • boo Bozo, Tiemacèwè
    • boz Bozo, Tieyaxo (recognized)

Tonga/Tsonga

  • Tonga

    • MW: tog
    • ZM, ZW: toi
    • MZ: toh

  • Tsonga

    • MZ, SZ, MZ, ZA, ZW: tso (Shangaan)

In South Africa, ‘Tsonga’ is used to describe Changana [tso], Tswa [tsc], and Ronga [rng], although often used interchangeably with Changana, the most prestigious of the 3.

Different from Tonga [tog] of Malawi, Tonga [toh] of Mozambique, or Tsonga (Tonga) [tso] of Mozambique.

Tonga: Multiple languages named tonga. But all are related Bantu languages.

  • Malawi. Chitonga, Tonga (tog) Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.15)

    • no direct WALS

  • Zimbabwe, Zambia. Tonga (toi) Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.64)

    • WALS: Tonga in Zambia (toz)

  • Mozambique. Chitonga, Bitonga, Tonga (toh) Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Copi (S.62)

    • no direct wals

  • South Africa/Mozambique. Tonga/Tsonga (tso) Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53)

    • WALS Tsonga (tsn)

Kalenjin

Kalenjin](Oluluyia (Luhya/Luyia) ) is a macrolanguage

  • Keiyo: eyo (KE)
  • Kipsigis: sgc (KE)
  • Markweeta: enb (KE)
  • Nandi: niq (KE)
  • Okiek: oki (KE, TZ)
  • Pokoot: pko (KE, UG)
  • Sabaot: spy (KE)
  • Terik: tec (KE)
  • Tugen: tuy (KE)

For WALS, only use Nandi (nan)

Luhya

Oluluyia (Luhya/Luyia)

Bukusu bxk KE East Nyala nle KE Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki ida KE Kabras lkb KE Khayo lko KE Kisa lks KE Logooli rag KE, TZ Marachi lri KE Marama lrm KE Nyore nyd KE Saamia lsm KE Tachoni lts KE Tsotso lto KE Wanga lwg KE

[bxk, nle, ida, lkb, lko, lks, rag, lri, lrm, nyd, lsm, lts, lto]

WALS: Luyia [luy].

Batanga

  • Batanga of Bube-Benga group (bnm)
  • Batanga dialect of Oroko (bdu)
  • Batanga dialect of Caka (ckx)

Bete

  • CI: Bete Daloa (bev), Beta Gagnoa (btg), and Bete Guiberoua (bet). These are Kru
  • Nigeria: Bete (byf) Benue-Congo/Jukunoid
  • Niegeria: Bete-Bendi (btt) Benue-Congo/Cross-River

Zixmbabwe

These are distinct languages

  • Lunda (lun)
  • Luunda dialect of Bemba (bem)

Ngoni

Malawi

Mozambique

  • Ngoni (ngo)
  • Dialect of Nyanja/Chichewa (nya). Also called Cingoni.

Tanzania

  • Ngoni (ngo)

Zambia

  • If "Ngoni", then Nsenga (nse) dialect

  • If "Chingoni/Cingoni", then Chichwa (nya)

  • Dialect of Nsenga. Also called Mpezeni.

  • Cingoni. Dialect of Nyanja/Chichewa (nya)

  • Dialect (Magodi) of Tumbuka

Nsenga/Senga

  • Nsenga language (nse)
  • Dialect of Tumbuka

Senoufu

Languages of the Senufo subgroup

Karaboro, Eastern xrb BF Karaboro, Western kza BF Sénoufo, Palaka plr CI Nafaanra nfr GH Sénoufo, Cebaara sef CI Sénoufo, Senara seq BF Sénoufo, Syenara shz ML Sénoufo, Mamara myk ML Sénoufo, Nanerigé sen BF Sénoufo, Shempire seb CI Sénoufo, Sìcìté sep BF Sénoufo, Supyire spp ML Sénoufo, Djimini dyi CI Sénoufo, Nyarafolo sev CI Sénoufo, Tagwana tgw CI

Swahili

Congo Swahili swc CD, ZM Swahili swh KE, MZ, TZ, SO, UG, BI

Arabic

  • Mali (ML): Hasanya Arabic (mey), Standard Arabic (arb)
  • Kenya (KE): Omani Spoken Arabic (acx)
  • Sudan (SD): Standard Arabic (arb), Sudanese Spoken Arabic (apd)
  • Tunisia (TN): Standard Arabic (arb), Tunisian Spoken Arabic (aeb)
  • Morocco (MA): Hassaniyaa Arabic (mey), Moroccan Spoken Arabic (ary), Standard Arabic (arb)
  • Algeria (DZ): Algerian Spoken (arq), Algerian Saharan Spoken (aao), Hassaniyaa Arabic (mey), Standard Arabic (arb)
  • Egypt (EG): Egyptian Spoken (arz), Algerian Spoken (arq), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken (avl), Gulf Spoken (afb), Moroccan Spoken (ary), Sa'idi Spoken (aec), Stanard (arb), Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken (ayl)

Berber Languages

Algeria and Morocco in Afrobarometer

The Berber subgroup with status >= 6.

Chenoua cnu DZ Kabyle kab DZ Tachawit shy DZ Tachelhit shi DZ, MA Tagargrent oua DZ Tamahaq, Thaggart thv DZ Taznatit grr DZ, MA Tumzabt mzb DZ Ghomara gho MA Senhaja Berber sjs MA Tamazight, Central Atlas tzm MA Tamazight, Std Moroccan zgh MA Tarafit rif MA

In Algeria - Kabyle (Kab) would be the largest, followed by Tachawit (shy).

In Morocco - Tamazight, Stnadard Moroccan (zgh), Tachelhit (shi), Tarafit (rif), and Tamazight, Central Atlas (tzm) are the largest.

Fali

Multiple languages named Fali in Cameroon and Nigeria, some of which are unrelated. Different from North Fali [fll], Fali of Baissa [fah], or Fali [fli] of Nigeria and Cameroon, which is Chadic.

Also, Glottlog places North and South Fali as unclassified Volta-Congo languages. Ethnologue puts North and South Fali in the Adamawa subgroup.

Shanga/Changa

  • Shanga is a dialect of Ndau in Mozambique
  • Changana is

Multiple Languages

In r2, r3, and r4 there are entries for multiple languages, e.g. Afrikaans and English, etc. These are often used only for the interview question. I assume that the first language is the one that is primarily used.

WALS Macrolanguage Matches

A few WALS codes have macrolanguages as ISO codes. They are:

  • Luyia: luy
  • Nandi (Kalenjin)
  • Akan

There were manually matched since often the Afrobarometer

Pidgin/Creole Languages

For Pidgin/Creole languages, map to the African WALS language of the same lang root.

Liberian English lir English npi Nigerian English pcm npi English Krio (Sierra Leone kri English npi Cameroon Pidgin wes English npi Angolar Creolo aoa ago Portuguese Forro/Saotomese cri pri Portuguese Kabuverdianu/Creolo kea Portuguese ago,pri,gbc Guinea Bissea Creole pov gbc Portuguese
Morisyen, Mauritian Creole mfe mcr French Nubi kcn nub Arabic