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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<title>Datenbanken - Kapitel 1 - Grundlagen</title>
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<div id="header"></div>
<div id="footer"></div>
<div class="slides">
<section>
<h4 style="text-align:center"><b><span data-metadata="speaker_name"></span></b><br>
<a data-metadata="speaker_email" data-metadata-type="mailto"></a></h4>
<h1>Datenbanken</h1>
<h3>Kapitel 1: Grundlagen</h3>
<h4 style="text-align:center"> </h4>
<img src="img/ccby.png" height="60px" style="position: absolute; left:0px; border:0; bottom:-160px;">
<img src="img/oth.png" height="60px" style="position: absolute; right:0px; border:0; bottom:-160px; box-shadow:none">
</section>
<section data-hide-from="2V">
<h2>Vorlesung</h2>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 120px; right:50px; font-size:230px"><i class="fas fa-university green"><!--<i class="fab fa-youtube green">--></i></div>
<h4>Vorlesung (ab <span data-metadata="lecture_startdate"></span>)</h4>
<ul data-metadata="lecture_times">
<li></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="!2V">
<h2>Vorlesung</h2>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 120px; right:50px; font-size:230px"><i class="fas fa-university green"><!--<i class="fab fa-youtube green">--></i></div>
<h4>Vorlesung (ab 2021-03-18)</h4>
<ul>
<li>Do, 13:45 Uhr (über YouTube Live)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="2V">
<h2>Übung</h2>
<h4>Übungblätter (ab <span data-metadata="first_exercise_sheet_date"></span>)</h4>
<ul>
<li>Jede Woche ein Übungsblatt; insgesamt 12 Stück</li>
<li>Aufgabe 1 (gibt i.d.R. 10 Punkte): Abgabe im ELO</li>
<li>Weitere Aufgaben zur Besprechung in Übung</li>
</ul>
<br>
<h4>Übung (ab <span data-metadata="exercise_startdate"></span>)</h4>
<ul data-metadata="exercise_times">
<li></li>
</ul>
<aside class="notes">Achtung: Es ist nicht möglich, Punkte für die Übung zu bekommen, wenn im ELO die Deadline abgelaufen ist oder die Abgabe nicht vollständig eingereicht wurde.</aside>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="!2V">
<h2>Übung</h2>
<h4>Übungblätter (ab 2021-03-25)</h4>
<ul>
<li>Jede Woche ein Übungsblatt; insgesamt 12 Stück</li>
<li>Aufgabe 1 (gibt i.d.R. 10 Punkte):<br>Abgabe im ELO</li>
<!--<li>Weitere Aufgaben zur Besprechung in Übung</li>-->
</ul>
<br>
<h4>Übung (ab 2021-04-07,08,09)</h4>
<ul>
<li>Besprechung von Aufgabe 2 etc. in 2er-Gruppen </li>
<li>5-Minuten-Slots über Zoom</li>
<li>anschließend: Beispiellösung auf YouTube</li>
</ul>
<aside class="notes">Es ist nicht möglich, Punkte für die Übung zu bekommen, wenn im ELO die Deadline abgelaufen ist oder die Abgabe nicht vollständig eingereicht wurde.</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Klausur</h2>
<h4>Klausur</h4>
<ul>
<li><b>Zulassungsvorraussetzung:<br>mind. 100 Punkte in der Übung</b></li>
<li>Schriftliche Klausur</li>
<li>90 Minuten Zeit</li>
<li>Hilfsmittel: Handschriftlich<br>doppelseitig beschriebenes DIN-A4-Blatt</li>
</ul>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 100px; right:50px; font-size:230px"><i class="fas fa-edit green"></i><div>
<aside class="notes">Wenn Sie mal ein Übungsblatt vergessen abzugeben, machen Sie sich keine Sorgen. Es gibt genügend Möglichkeiten, Bonuspunkte zu sammeln (Bonusaufgaben auf den Blättern, Quizzes, ...).<br>
Als Hilfsmittel für die Klausur ist ein handschriftlich doppelseitig beschriebenes Blatt zugelassen. Nicht zwei einseitige Blätter, nicht kopiert, nicht ausgedruckt, keine Tablet-Zeichnung. Sondern: Ein (1) handschriftlich (mit Stiften) doppelseitig (Vorder- und Rückseite) beschriebenes DIN-A4-Blatt.</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Literatur</h2>
<div class="trackinfo"><i class="fas fa-headphones"></i> 1</div>
<ul style="font-size:26pt">
<li><em>J. Schildgen</em> <br>Sprachkurs SQL - Das Datenbanken-Hörbuch</li>
<li><em>A. Kemper, A. Eickler</em><br>Datenbanksysteme - Eine Einführung</li>
<li><em>A. Heuer, K.-U. Sattler, G. Saake</em><br>Datenbanken: Konzepte und Sprachen</li>
<li><em>C. J. Date</em><br>An Introduction to Database Systems</li>
</ul>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 125px; right:0px; font-size:250px"><a href="https://www.sprachkurs-sql.de" target="_blank"><img src="img/1/sprachkurs_sql.png" style="width:225px;border:0;"></a><div>
<aside class="notes">
Der Aufbau dieser Vorlesung sowie die verwendeten Beispiele orientieren sich größtenteils am Sprachkurs SQL, dem Datenbanken-Hörbuch. Ein Kopfhörer-Symbol rechts oben auf Folien verweist auf die jeweiligen Kapitel (Tracks) im Hörbuch.
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Aufbau der Vorlesung</h2>
<ol>
<li>Datenbanken-Grundlagen</li>
<li>Logischer DB-Entwurf: ER-Modellierung</li>
</ol>
<br>
<div class="stretch erd">
[[
{ _e: "Person", pos: [150, 100],
attributes: [
{ _a:"PersNr", options:["primary"], pos: [89, 13] },
{ _a:"Name", pos: [245, 13] }
]
},
{ _e: "Termin", pos: [530, 100],
attributes: [
{ _a:"Datum", pos: [475, 25], options:["primary"] },
{ _a:"Uhrzeit", pos: [634, 25], options:["primary"] },
{ _a:"Raum", pos: [722, 106], options:["primary"] },
{ _a:"Dauer", pos: [650, 189]},
{ _a:"Bezeichnung", pos: [475, 189]}
]
}
],
[
{ _r: "nimmt teil",
_e: ["Person", "Termin"],
card: ["N", "M"]
}
]]
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Aufbau der Vorlesung</h2>
<ol>
<li>Datenbanken-Grundlagen</li>
<li>Logischer DB-Entwurf: ER-Modellierung</li>
<li>Das Relationenmodell</li>
</ol>
<b class="fragment" data-fragment-index="0">termine</b>
<table style="font-size:0.7em" class="fragment" data-fragment-index="0">
<thead>
<tr><th><u>Datum</u></th><th><u>Uhrzeit</u></th><th><u>Raum</u></th><th>Dauer</th><th>Bezeichnung</th></tr>
<tr><td>2020-10-14</td><td>14:15</td><td>17-123</td><td>90</td><td>Dings-Meeting</td></tr>
<tr><td>2020-10-15</td><td>10:15</td><td>17-222</td><td>60</td><td>Treffen mit Jürgen</td></tr>
<tr><td>2020-10-21</td><td>14:15</td><td>17-222</td><td>60</td><td>Treffen mit Frau Becker</td></tr>
<tr><td>2020-10-21</td><td>16:00</td><td>Cafeteria</td><td>45</td><td>Kaffee trinken</td></tr>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Aufbau der Vorlesung</h2>
<ol>
<li>Datenbanken-Grundlagen</li>
<li>Logischer DB-Entwurf: ER-Modellierung</li>
<li>Das Relationenmodell</li>
<li data-hide-from="2V">Relationale Algebra</li>
</ol>
<p class="fragment">\[\pi_{Uhrzeit,~Bezeichnung}\sigma_{Datum = '2020-10-14'}(Termine) \]</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Aufbau der Vorlesung</h2>
<ol>
<li>Datenbanken-Grundlagen</li>
<li>Logischer DB-Entwurf: ER-Modellierung</li>
<li>Das Relationenmodell</li>
<li data-hide-from="2V">Relationale Algebra</li>
<li>SQL</li>
</ol>
<br>
<pre class="fragment"><code class="hlsql" data-trim contenteditable>
SELECT uhrzeit, bezeichnung FROM termine
WHERE datum = '2020-10-14'
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Aufbau der Vorlesung</h2>
<ol>
<li>Datenbanken-Grundlagen</li>
<li>Logischer DB-Entwurf: ER-Modellierung</li>
<li>Das Relationenmodell</li>
<li>Relationale Algebra</li>
<li>SQL</li>
<li>Entwicklung von DB-Anwendungen</li>
<li data-hide-from="2V">Indexstrukturen</li>
<li>Transaktionen</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Informationssysteme</h2>
<h4>Ein computergestütztes Programmsystem, <br>welches Informationen...</h4>
<ul>
<li>erfasst,</li>
<li>dauerhaft speichert,</li>
<li>verarbeitet,</li>
<li>verändert,</li>
<li>analysiert,</li>
<li>bereitstellt,</li>
<li>anzeigt.</li>
</ul>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 220px; right:50px; font-size:250px"><i class="fas fa-desktop green"></i><div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Anwendungsklasse: OLTP</h2>
<h4>OLTP (OnLine Transaction Processing)</h4>
<p>Abwicklung von Transaktionen auf den operationalen Daten</p>
<pre class="fragment"><code class="nohighlight">Gib mir alle Details zu Buch 2817;
Berechne die Durchschnittsbewertung von Buch 2817;
Kunde 123456 bestellt Buch 2817;</code></pre>
<aside class="notes">Statements und Transaktionen in OLTP-Anwendungen sind meist kurz und simpel, jedoch können sehr vieler solcher Transaktionen parallel laufen. Die operativen Daten haben eine hohe Änderungshäufigkeit.</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Anwendungsklasse: OLAP</h2>
<h4>OLAP (OnLine Analytical Processing)</h4>
<p>Analyse von Datenbeständen;<br>meist in einem Data-Warehouse</p>
<pre class="fragment" style="width:525px; left: -180px"><code class="nohighlight">Finde diejenigen Bücher, die in den
letzten 3 Monaten die höchsten Umsätze
generierten;</code></pre>
<aside class="notes">Das Data-Warehouse ist getrennt von den operativen Daten. In regelmäßigen Zeitabständen (z. B. einmal nachts) werden die Änderungen im operationalen DBS in das Data-Warehouse geladen. Dort können komplexe Datenanalysen durchgeführt werden.</aside>
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</svg></div>
</div>
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</svg></div>
</div>
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</div>
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<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="-29.5" y1="217.5" x2="-29.5" y2="158.5"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="5" x1="-29.5" y1="217.5" x2="-29.5" y2="158.5"></line>
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</div>
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<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 22;">
<p>DW</p>
</div>
</div>
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<rect width="245" height="59" rx="0" ry="0" class="shape-element" fill="#5473b9"></rect>
</svg></div>
</div>
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<div class="sl-block-content" data-shape-type="circle" data-shape-fill-color="#5473b9" data-shape-stretch="true" style="z-index: 25;" data-shape-stroke-color="#000000" data-shape-stroke-width="5px"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="100%" height="100%" preserveAspectRatio="none" viewBox="0 0 245 45">
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</svg></div>
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</svg></div>
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</svg></div>
</div>
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</svg></div>
</div>
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<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 28;">
<p>DB</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data Mining</h2>
<p>Anwendung statistischer Methoden, um in großen Datenmengen</p>
<ul>
<li>Querverweise / Beziehungen</li>
<li>Trends</li>
<li>Muster</li>
<li>(Un-)Regelmäßigkeiten</li>
</ul>
<p>zu erkennen.</p>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 230px; right:50px; font-size:250px"><i class="fas fa-search green"></i><div>
<aside class="notes">Ziel des Data-Minings ist es, aus vorhandenen Datenbeständen Wissen zu gewinnen. Eine Spezialisierung ist beispielsweise Text Mining, welches aus Verfahren zur Analyse meist unstrukturierter Texte besteht.</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Transaktionskonzept</h2>
<ul>
<li>DBMS unterstützt Mehrbenutzerbetrieb</li>
<li>TA = Folge mehrerer DB-Operationen als eine Einheit</li>
<li>TAs laufen parallel</li>
<li>Fehlerhafte TAs werden vollständig zurückgesetzt</li>
</ul>
<div data-badge="Transaktion" data-badge-position="tr"><pre><code class="java" contenteditable>konto1.kontostand -= 100;
konto2.kontostand += 100;
commit;</code></pre></div>
<div class="poll fragment" style="bottom:-180px">
<h1>Was bedeutet Commit?</h1>
<ul>
<li>Abbruch der TA</li>
<li data-poll="correct">Erfolgreiches Abschließen der TA</li>
<li>Pausieren der TA</li>
<li>Fortsetzen der TA</li>
</ul>
<h2>https://fraage.de</h2>
</div>
<aside class="notes">Die hier dargestellte Transaktion (TA) besteht aus zwei Schreiboperationen auf zwei Konten. Die Commit-Operation schließt die Transaktion ab. Tritt beispielsweise bei der Ausführung des zweiten Befehls ein Fehler auf (Konto existiert nicht, Limit erreicht, Hardwarefehler,...), wird auch der Rest der TA, also der erste Befehl, nicht ausgeführt. Mittels eines Rollbacks statt dem Commit kann die Transaktion manuell abgebrochen und zurückgesetzt werden.</aside>
</section>
<section>
<div class="poll fragment" style="bottom:-180px; z-index: 9999;">
<h1>Was bedeutet Atomarität?</h1>
<ul>
<li>Eine Transaktion besteht immer nur aus einer Operation</li>
<li>Eine Transaktion darf nie parallel mit anderen laufen</li>
<li>Mehrere Transaktionen hintereinander bilden eine Einheit</li>
<li data-poll="correct">Eine Transaktion wird ganz oder gar nicht ausgeführt</li>
</ul>
<h2>https://fraage.de</h2>
</div>
<h2>ACID-Transaktionen</h2>
<ul>
<li>Atomarität</li>
<li>Konsistenz</li>
<li>Isolation</li>
<li>Dauerhaftigkeit</li>
</ul>
<div data-badge="Transaktion" data-badge-position="tr"><pre><code class="java" contenteditable>konto1.kontostand -= 100;
konto2.kontostand += 100;
commit;</code></pre></div>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 80px; right:50px; font-size:220px"><i class="fas fa-random green"></i><div>
<aside class="notes">
Das hier dargestellte ACID-Paradigma beschreibt die Eigenschaften von Transaktionen in Datenbanken. Transaktionen sind eine Sammlung von Aktionen, die stets als Gesamtheit - atomar - ausgeführt werden. Des Weiteren überführen Transaktionen die Datenbank von einem Konsistenten Zustand in einen konsistenten Zustand. Parallel laufende Transaktionen beeinflussen sich nicht. Und Änderungen an der Datenbank, die mit einem Commit bestätigt werden, bleiben dauerhaft in ihr gespeichert.
</aside>
</section>
<section><h2>Geht's auch ohne Datenbank?</h2>
<div class="trackinfo"><i class="fas fa-headphones"></i> 2-4</div>
<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
<li>Speicherung von Daten in Dateien</li>
<li>(-) Komplexe Anwendungsentwicklung</li>
<li>(-) Ineffizient (langsam)</li>
<li>(-) Keine Anfragesprache</li>
<li>(-) Kein ACID</li>
<li>(-) Redundanz</li>
</ul>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 230px; right:50px; font-size:220px"><i class="fas fa-file-csv green"></i><div>
<aside class="notes">
Verwenden Anwendungen statt einer DB simple Dateien, ist die Entwicklung von Einfüge-, Änderungs- und Suchfunktionen sehr aufwändig. Da sich nicht um ACID gekümmert wird, können Inkonsistenzen entstehen, Änderungen verlorengehen und vieles mehr. In Datenbanken gilt das Prinzip der Redundanzfreiheit. Jede Info wird nur einmal gespeichert. In Dateien ist oft der Fall, dass ein und der selbe Fakt an vielen Stellen zu finden ist.
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>DB, DBMS, DBS</h2>
<div class="trackinfo"><i class="fas fa-headphones"></i> 5</div>
<p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1"><b>Datenbank (DB)</b><br>Sammlung von Daten</p>
<p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2"><b>Datenbankmanagementsystem</b><br>Standardsoftware zur Definition,<br> Verwaltung, Verarbeitung<br> und Auswertung von DB-Daten</p>
<p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="3"><b>Datenbanksystem</b><br>DBS = DB + DBMS</p>
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<p style="text-align:center">DBMS</p>
</div>
</div>
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</svg></div>
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</svg></div>
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</svg></div>
</div>
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<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="-29.5" y1="217.5" x2="-29.5" y2="158.5"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="5" x1="-29.5" y1="217.5" x2="-29.5" y2="158.5"></line>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 244px; left: 735px; top: 463px;" data-block-id="2bed39f7aedffa34bb60d0b46eb05faf">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 19;">
<p>DB</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block fragment" data-fragment-index="3" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 244px; left: 728px; top: 210px;" data-block-id="19ccaed596bd3b146cdd2d264c24ccd4">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 20;">
<p>DBS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="poll fragment" style="bottom:-50px; z-index: 9999;">
<h1>PostgreSQL ist ...?</h1>
<ul>
<li>... eine Datenbank</li>
<li data-poll="correct">... ein Datenbankmanagementsystem</li>
<li>... ein Datenbanksystem</li>
</ul>
<h2>https://fraage.de</h2>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Anfragesprachen</h2>
<p>Benutzer und Anwendungen sprechen mit dem DBMS in einer Anfragesprache (Query Language).</p>
<h4>Data Definition Language (DDL)</h4>
<p>zur Definition des DB-Schemas</p>
<h4>Data Manipulation Language (DML)</h4>
<p>für den lesenden und schreibenden Zugriff auf die Daten</p>
</section>
<section><h2>Anfrageausführung</h2>
<div class="trackinfo"><i class="fas fa-headphones"></i> 6</div>
<pre data-badge="SQL-Query" data-badge-position="tr"><code class="hlsql" data-trim contenteditable>
SELECT uhrzeit, bezeichnung FROM termine
WHERE datum = '2020-10-14'
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li class="fragment">Benutzer schickt die Anfrage an das DBMS</li>
<li class="fragment">DBMS generiert Anfrageplan</li>
<li class="fragment">DBMS optimiert den Plan</li>
<li class="fragment">DBMS führt den Anfrageplan aus
<ul>
<li>Daten aus DB lesen</li>
<li>Operationen durchführen (Join, Index-Scan, ...)</li>
</ul></li>
<li class="fragment">Ergebnis wird zurück an den Benutzer geschickt</li>
</ul>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 250px; right:50px; font-size:200px"><i class="fas fa-comments green"></i><div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Metadaten und Daten</h2>
<b data-fragment-index="0">termine</b>
<table style="font-size:0.7em" data-fragment-index="0">
<thead>
<tr><th><u>Datum</u></th><th><u>Uhrzeit</u></th><th><u>Raum</u></th><th>Dauer</th><th data-badge="Metadaten" data-badge-position="tr">Bezeichnung</th></tr>
<tr><td>2020-10-14</td><td>14:15</td><td>17-123</td><td>90</td><td>Dings-Meeting</td></tr>
<tr><td>2020-10-15</td><td>10:15</td><td>17-222</td><td>60</td><td data-badge="Daten" data-badge-position="tr">Treffen mit Jürgen</td></tr>
</table>
<p>Metadaten (Datenbankschema):</p>
<ul>
<li>Festlegung der Struktur der zu speicherenden Daten</li>
<li>weitgehend zeitinvariant; gespeichert im DB-Katalog</li>
</ul>
<p>Daten (Ausprägungen):</p>
<ul>
<li>veränderlich</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Datenmodellierung</h2>
<h4>Konzeptionelles Datenmodell</h4>
<ul>
<li>Unabhängig vom eingesetzten DBMS</li>
<li>ER-Diagramme, UML, ...</li>
</ul>
<div>
<div class="stretch erd">
[[
{ _e: "Person", pos: [150, 100],
attributes: [
{ _a:"PersNr", options:["primary"], pos: [89, 13] },
{ _a:"Name", pos: [245, 13] }
]
},
{ _e: "Termin", pos: [530, 100],
attributes: [
{ _a:"Datum", pos: [475, 25], options:["primary"] },
{ _a:"Uhrzeit", pos: [634, 25], options:["primary"] },
{ _a:"Raum", pos: [722, 106], options:["primary"] },
{ _a:"Dauer", pos: [650, 189]},
{ _a:"Bezeichnung", pos: [475, 189]}
]
}
],
[
{ _r: "nimmt teil",
_e: ["Person", "Termin"],
card: ["N", "M"]
}
]]
</div></div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Datenmodellierung</h2>
<h4>Logisches Datenmodell</h4>
<ul>
<li>Prominentestes Datenmodell: Das Relationenmodell</li>
<li>Andere: objekt-relational, hierarchisch, netzwerkartig, objektorientiert (→ NoSQL)</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="hlsql dont_execute_sql" data-trim contenteditable>CREATE TABLE termine (
datum DATE, uhrzeit CHAR(5), raum VARCHAR(15), dauer INT,
bezeichnung VARCHAR(200), PRIMARY KEY(datum, uhrzeit, raum));
</code></pre>
<h4>Physisches Datenmodell</h4>
<ul>
<li>Interne Speicherung und Organisation der Daten</li>
</ul>
<div class="poll fragment" style="bottom:-50px; z-index: 9999;">
<h1>Worum geht's hier gerade überhaupt?</h1>
<ul>
<li>um Daten</li>
<li data-poll="correct">um Metadaten</li>
<li>Das wüsst' ich auch mal gern</li>
</ul>
<h2>https://fraage.de</h2>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Evolution der Datenmodelle</h3>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" data-block-id="a3e50c00975c9f6e5dde5f672a687a04" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 80px; top: 560px;">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="720" data-line-y2="200" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="arrow" style="z-index: 13;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="720" height="1" viewBox="0 200 720 1">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="716" y2="200"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" x1="0" y1="200" x2="716" y2="200"></line>
<polygon fill="#000000" transform="translate(716,200) rotate(90)" points="0,-4 4,4 -4,4"></polygon>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" data-block-id="4a88991a110fc83e2bb8db0a31664d24" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 692px; left: 80px; top: 539px;">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 14;">
<p><span style="font-size:0.46em">1960 </span><span> </span><span style="font-size:0.46em"> 1970 </span><span> </span><span style="font-size:0.46em"> 1980 </span><span> </span><span style="font-size:0.46em"> 1990 </span><span> </span><span style="font-size:0.46em"> 2000 </span><span> </span><span style="font-size:0.46em"> 2010 2020</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" data-block-id="8395c9e11c4a7e68086aec3d8a72d78f" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 153px; left: 133px; top: 420px;">
<div class="sl-block-content yellow" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 15; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center; color: black;">Hierarchical</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 133px; left: 199px; top: 460px;" data-block-id="845889d91fb01886ba0dbedc18fcf02a">
<div class="sl-block-content orange" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 16; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center; color: black;">Network</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 601px; left: 199px; top: 380px;" data-block-id="33570c396d9c494a03af12cbdbed502b">
<div class="sl-block-content green" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 17; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center">Relational</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" data-block-id="18d204517a07e2612afcb4cc3d4ef87e" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 273px; top: 197px;">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="0" data-line-y2="-163" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="none" style="z-index: 12;" data-line-style="dashed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="1" height="363" viewBox="0 -163 1 363">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="0" y2="-163"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5.95 5.95" x1="0" y1="200" x2="0" y2="-163"></line>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" data-block-id="74c9330a4663c7c4b74451618232090c" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 99px; left: 254px; top: 162px;">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 18; font-size: 60%;">
<p>SQL</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 239px; top: 129px;" data-block-id="87a2ba430d3ff0a0fa36bf92ebe5dfbc">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="0" data-line-y2="-233" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="none" style="z-index: 11;" data-line-style="dashed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="1" height="433" viewBox="0 -233 1 433">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="0" y2="-233"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5.930555555555556 5.930555555555556" x1="0" y1="200" x2="0" y2="-233"></line>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 164px; left: 195px; top: 100px;" data-block-id="08c307526521e2e03d3bb3f3ad3e7623">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 19; font-size: 60%;">
<p>CODASYL</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 319px; top: 257px;" data-block-id="82d2ebbb39c649406e6d4307100392a9">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="1" data-line-y2="-105" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="none" style="z-index: 10;" data-line-style="dashed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="1" height="305" viewBox="0 -105 1 305">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="1" y2="-105"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5.980032786797133 5.980032786797133" x1="0" y1="200" x2="1" y2="-105"></line>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 151px; left: 281px; top: 225px;" data-block-id="e04d2d4a822c6c90e05ffd89f504aaab">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 20; font-size: 60%;">
<p>ER Model</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 202px; left: 411px; top: 490px;" data-block-id="27d3de1366471fab80dcdc8ed5e7fe79">
<div class="sl-block-content blue" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 21; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center">Object-Oriented</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 360px; left: 440px; top: 335px;" data-block-id="d371797a7da717d6eeeb7b60375f77e9">
<div class="sl-block-content green" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 22; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center">Object-Relational</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 288px; left: 512px; top: 289px;" data-block-id="afb33d670a9488c637fcc38f2789b542">
<div class="sl-block-content yellow" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 23; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center; color: black;">Semi-Structured</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 240px; left: 560px; top: 242px;" data-block-id="ef7f4bf50c7e32e143bb0bfadb11bbfb">
<div class="sl-block-content yellow" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 24; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center; color: black;">XML</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 147px; left: 653px; top: 195px;" data-block-id="558b3194b57f795f113873ffd06fc5cd">
<div class="sl-block-content red" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 25; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center">NoSQL</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 123px; left: 677px; top: 149px;" data-block-id="ea54672547a03f5437213ef129aa0c90">
<div class="sl-block-content red" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 27; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 60%;" dir="ui">
<p style="text-align:center">Multi-Model</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="2V">
<h2>Datenabstraktion</h2>
<h4>Externe Ebene (Sichten / Views)</h4>
<p style="margin-left: 50px">Sicht auf eine Teilmenge des<br>logischen Schemas für eine<br>bestimmte Benutzergruppe</p>
<h4>Logische Ebene</h4>
<p style="margin-left: 50px">DB-Gesamt-Schema</p>
<h4>Physische Ebene</h4>
<p style="margin-left: 50px">Internes Schema / Speicherung der Daten</p>
<div id="svg_data_abstraction">
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" data-block-id="f950b0fdfdb807f255affb1a7b9083e0" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 113px; left: 720px; top: 171px;">
<div class="sl-block-content yellow" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 10; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px;">
<p style="text-align: center; color: black;">Sicht</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 113px; left: 847px; top: 171px;" data-block-id="0784202251b42d7e07e357b78f9b8366">
<div class="sl-block-content yellow" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 11; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px;">
<p style="text-align: center; color: black;">Sicht</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 113px; left: 593px; top: 171px;" data-block-id="e9cc541a3e41d442b19ca7c018ea9df7">
<div class="sl-block-content yellow" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 12; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px;">
<p style="text-align: center; color: black;">Sicht</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 240px; left: 657px; top: 321px;" data-block-id="dd81c5662240a66c3473d3fcda17e1ea">
<div class="sl-block-content green" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 13; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px;">
<p style="text-align: center">log. Schema</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="text" style="height: auto; min-width: 30px; min-height: 30px; width: 240px; left: 657px; top: 449px;" data-block-id="fd7cb8aab0729402c95ce463dbdde65a">
<div class="sl-block-content orange" data-placeholder-tag="p" data-placeholder-text="Text" style="z-index: 14; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px;">
<p style="text-align: center; color: black;">int. Schema</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" data-block-id="97ebbb519a4283ff5083d5f69defcf07" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 777px; top: 372px;">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="0" data-line-y2="113" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="arrow" style="z-index: 15;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="1" height="87" viewBox="0 113 1 87">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="190" x2="0" y2="117"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" x1="0" y1="190" x2="0" y2="117"></line>
<polygon fill="#000000" transform="translate(0,117) rotate(0)" points="0,-4 4,4 -4,4"></polygon>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 657px; top: 222px;" data-block-id="f476360cc7585a7a646a5bfb96f8ebb6">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="-119" data-line-y2="101" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="arrow" style="z-index: 16;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="119" height="99" viewBox="-119 101 119 99">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="-116" y2="104"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" x1="0" y1="200" x2="-116" y2="104"></line>
<polygon fill="#000000" transform="translate(-116,104) rotate(-50.242)" points="0,-4 4,4 -4,4"></polygon>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 776px; top: 222px;" data-block-id="f7a3327b02cacd25d26952306df608a9">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="1" data-line-y2="101" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="arrow" style="z-index: 17;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="1" height="99" viewBox="0 101 1 99">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="1" y2="105"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" x1="0" y1="200" x2="1" y2="105"></line>
<polygon fill="#000000" transform="translate(1,105) rotate(0.579)" points="0,-4 4,4 -4,4"></polygon>
</svg></div>
</div>
<div class="sl-block" data-block-type="line" style="width: auto; height: auto; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; left: 777px; top: 222px;" data-block-id="0770aeffdb19bbad6e1b058c7b08b2aa">
<div class="sl-block-content" data-line-x1="0" data-line-y1="200" data-line-x2="124" data-line-y2="101" data-line-color="#000000" data-line-start-type="none" data-line-end-type="arrow" style="z-index: 19;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="124" height="99" viewBox="0 101 124 99">
<line stroke="rgba(0,0,0,0)" stroke-width="15" x1="0" y1="200" x2="121" y2="103"></line>
<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" x1="0" y1="200" x2="121" y2="103"></line>
<polygon fill="#000000" transform="translate(121,103) rotate(51.397)" points="0,-4 4,4 -4,4"></polygon>
</svg></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="2V">
<h2>Datenabstraktion (Bsp.)</h2>
<h4>Externe Ebene (View für Webshop-Anwendung)</h4>
<table style="font-size:0.7em" data-fragment-index="0">
<thead>
<tr><th><u>Produktnr</u></th><th>Bezeichnung</th><th>Preis</th><th>Bewertung</th></tr>
<tr><td>17</td><td>Schokoriegel</td><td>0.89</td><td>4.5</td></tr>
<tr><td>29</td><td>Spülmaschinentabs</td><td>3.99</td><td>2.0</td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Logische Ebene</h4>
<div class="columns stretch">
<div style="margin-top:0px;">
<table style="font-size:0.7em" data-fragment-index="0">
<thead>
<tr><th><u>Produktnr</u></th><th>Bezeichnung</th><th>Preis</th></tr>
<tr><td>17</td><td>Schokoriegel</td><td>0.89</td></tr>
<tr><td>29</td><td>Spülmaschinentabs</td><td>3.99</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div style="margin-top:0px;">
<table style="font-size:0.7em" data-fragment-index="0">
<thead>
<tr><th><u>Kundennr</u></th><th><u>Produktnr</u></th><th>Bew</th></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>17</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td>17</td><td>5</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>29</td><td>2</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p><b>Physische Ebene: </b>0010110000000100101111010101...</p>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="2V">
<h2>Datenunabhängigkeit</h2>
<h4>Logische Datenunabhängigkeit</h4>
<p style="font-size: 75%">Änderungen am logischen Schema<br>(z. B. Spaltenumbenennung) erfordern<br>lediglich eine Anpassung der externen<br>Sichten. Anwendungen bleiben unberührt.</p>
<h4>Physische Datenunabhängigkeit</h4>
<p style="font-size: 75%">Änderungen an internen Speicher- oder<br>Zugriffsstrukturen haben keine Auswirkungen<br>auf das logische oder externe Schema.</p>
<div data-clone="svg_data_abstraction"></div>
<aside class="notes">Wird in dem Beispiel auf der vorherigen Folie auf logischer Ebene die Spalte Bezeichnung in Produktbezeichnung umbenannt, kann die entsprechende Sicht auf externer Ebene einfach angepasst werden und alle bisherigen Anwendungen, die über die Sicht auf die Daten zugreifen, funktionieren auch weiterhin noch.</aside>
</section>
<section data-hide-from="2V">
<h2>Architektur von DBMS</h2>
<p>Vereinfachtes Modell: 3-Schichten-Modell</p>
<h4>Datensystem</h4>
<p style="font-size: 75%; margin-left: 25px">Übersetzung und Optimierung von Anfragen</p>
<h4>Zugriffssystem</h4>
<p style="font-size: 75%; margin-left: 25px">Verwaltung von Datensätzen und Indexen</p>
<h4>Speichersystem</h4>
<p style="font-size: 75%; margin-left: 25px">Blockverwaltung und Caching</p>
<div id="3-layer-dbms-model">
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<p style="text-align: center">DB</p>
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<p style="text-align: center">Speichersystem</p>
</div>
</div>
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<p style="text-align: center; color: black; ">Zugriffssystem</p>
</div>
</div>
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<p style="text-align: center">Datensystem</p>
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</div>
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<p><span style="font-size:0.7em">Anfrage</span></p>
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</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Kapitelzusammenfassung</h2>
<ul>
<li>OLTP / OLAP</li>
<li>ACID-Transaktionen</li>
<li>DB + DBMS = DBS</li>
<li>DDL / DML</li>
<li>Metadaten / Daten</li>
<li>Konzept. / Log. / Phys. Datenmodell</li>
<li data-hide-from="2V">Ext. / Log. / Phy. Datenebene</li>
<li data-hide-from="2V">Datensystem / Speichersystem / Zugriffssystem</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
</div>
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