AASM - Ruby state machines

This package contains AASM, a library for adding finite state machines to Ruby classes.

AASM started as the acts_as_state_machine plugin but has evolved into a more generic library that no longer targets only ActiveRecord models. It currently provides adapters for ActiveRecord, Mongoid, and Mongomapper but it can be used for any Ruby class, no matter what parent class it has (if any).

Upgrade from version 3 to 4

Take a look at the README_FROM_VERSION_3_TO_4 for details how to switch from version 3.x to 4.0 of AASM.

Usage

Adding a state machine is as simple as including the AASM module and start defining states and events together with their transitions:

class Job
  include AASM

  aasm do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running, :cleaning

    event :run do
      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :running
    end

    event :clean do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :cleaning
    end

    event :sleep do
      transitions :from => [:running, :cleaning], :to => :sleeping
    end
  end

end

This provides you with a couple of public methods for instances of the class Job:

job = Job.new
job.sleeping? # => true
job.may_run?  # => true
job.run
job.running?  # => true
job.sleeping? # => false
job.may_run?  # => false
job.run       # => raises AASM::InvalidTransition

If you don't like exceptions and prefer a simple true or false as response, tell AASM not to be whiny:

class Job
  ...
  aasm :whiny_transitions => false do
    ...
  end
end

job.running?  # => true
job.may_run?  # => false
job.run       # => false

When firing an event, you can pass a block to the method, it will be called only if the transition succeeds :

  job.run do
    job.user.notify_job_ran # Will be called if job.may_run? is true
  end

Callbacks

You can define a number of callbacks for your transitions. These methods will be called, when certain criteria are met, like entering a particular state:

class Job
  include AASM

  aasm do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true, :before_enter => :do_something
    state :running
    state :finished

    after_all_transitions :log_status_change

    event :run, :after => :notify_somebody do
      before do
        log('Preparing to run')
      end

      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :running, :after => Proc.new {|*args| set_process(*args) }
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :finished, :after => LogRunTime
    end

    event :sleep do
      after do
        ...
      end
      error do |e|
        ...
      end
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :sleeping
    end
  end

  def log_status_change
    puts "changing from #{aasm.from_state} to #{aasm.to_state} (event: #{aasm.current_event})"
  end

  def set_process(name)
    ...
  end

  def do_something
    ...
  end

  def notify_somebody(user)
    ...
  end

end

class LogRunTime
  def call
    log "Job was running for X seconds"
  end
end

In this case do_something is called before actually entering the state sleeping, while notify_somebody is called after the transition run (from sleeping to running) is finished.

AASM will also initialize LogRunTime and run the call method for you after the transition from running to finished in the example above. You can pass arguments to the class by defining an initialize method on it, like this:

class LogRunTime
  # optional args parameter can be omitted, but if you define initialize
  # you must accept the model instance as the first parameter to it.
  def initialize(job, args = {})
    @job = job
  end

  def call
    log "Job was running for #{@job.run_time} seconds"
  end
end

Here you can see a list of all possible callbacks, together with their order of calling:

begin
  event           before_all_events
  event           before
  event           guards
  transition      guards
  old_state       before_exit
  old_state       exit
                  after_all_transitions
  transition      after
  new_state       before_enter
  new_state       enter
  ...update state...
  transition      success             # if persist successful
  event           success             # if persist successful
  old_state       after_exit
  new_state       after_enter
  event           after
  event           after_all_events
rescue
  event           error
  event           error_on_all_events
ensure
  event           ensure
  event           ensure_on_all_events
end

Also, you can pass parameters to events:

  job = Job.new
  job.run(:running, :defragmentation)

In this case the set_process would be called with :defragmentation argument.

Note that when passing arguments to a state transition, the first argument must be the desired end state. In the above example, we wish to transition to :running state and run the callback with :defragmentation argument. You can also pass in nil as the desired end state, and AASM will try to transition to the first end state defined for that event.

In case of an error during the event processing the error is rescued and passed to :error callback, which can handle it or re-raise it for further propagation.

During the transition's :after callback (and reliably only then, or in the global after_all_transitions callback) you can access the originating state (the from-state) and the target state (the to state), like this:

  def set_process(name)
    logger.info "from #{aasm.from_state} to #{aasm.to_state}"
  end

The current event triggered

While running the callbacks you can easily retrieve the name of the event triggered by using aasm.current_event:

  # taken the example callback from above
  def do_something
    puts "triggered #{aasm.current_event}"
  end

and then

  job = Job.new

  # without bang
  job.sleep # => triggered :sleep

  # with bang
  job.sleep! # => triggered :sleep!

Guards

Let's assume you want to allow particular transitions only if a defined condition is given. For this you can set up a guard per transition, which will run before actually running the transition. If the guard returns false the transition will be denied (raising AASM::InvalidTransition or returning false itself):

class Cleaner
  include AASM

  aasm do
    state :idle, :initial => true
    state :cleaning

    event :clean do
      transitions :from => :idle, :to => :cleaning, :guard => :cleaning_needed?
    end

    event :clean_if_needed do
      transitions :from => :idle, :to => :cleaning do
        guard do
          cleaning_needed?
        end
      end
      transitions :from => :idle, :to => :idle
    end
  end

  def cleaning_needed?
    false
  end
end

job = Cleaner.new
job.may_clean?            # => false
job.clean                 # => raises AASM::InvalidTransition
job.may_clean_if_needed?  # => true
job.clean_if_needed!      # idle

You can even provide a number of guards, which all have to succeed to proceed

    def walked_the_dog?; ...; end

    event :sleep do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :sleeping, :guards => [:cleaning_needed?, :walked_the_dog?]
    end

If you want to provide guards for all transitions within an event, you can use event guards

    event :sleep, :guards => [:walked_the_dog?] do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :sleeping, :guards => [:cleaning_needed?]
      transitions :from => :cleaning, :to => :sleeping
    end

If you prefer a more Ruby-like guard syntax, you can use if and unless as well:

    event :clean do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :cleaning, :if => :cleaning_needed?
    end

    event :sleep do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :sleeping, :unless => :cleaning_needed?
    end
  end

Transitions

In the event of having multiple transitions for an event, the first transition that successfully completes will stop other transitions in the same event from being processed.

require 'aasm'

class Job
  include AASM

  aasm do
    state :stage1, :initial => true
    state :stage2
    state :stage3
    state :completed

    event :stage1_completed do
      transitions from: :stage1, to: :stage3, guard: :stage2_completed?
      transitions from: :stage1, to: :stage2
    end
  end

  def stage2_completed?
    true
  end
end

job = Job.new
job.stage1_completed
job.aasm.current_state # stage3

Multiple state machines per class

Multiple state machines per class are supported. Be aware though that AASM has been built with one state machine per class in mind. Nonetheless, here's how to do it:

class SimpleMultipleExample
  include AASM
  aasm(:move) do
    state :standing, :initial => true
    state :walking
    state :running

    event :walk do
      transitions :from => :standing, :to => :walking
    end
    event :run do
      transitions :from => [:standing, :walking], :to => :running
    end
    event :hold do
      transitions :from => [:walking, :running], :to => :standing
    end
  end

  aasm(:work) do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :processing

    event :start do
      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :processing
    end
    event :stop do
      transitions :from => :processing, :to => :sleeping
    end
  end
end

simple = SimpleMultipleExample.new

simple.aasm(:move).current_state
# => :standing
simple.aasm(:work).current
# => :sleeping

simple.start
simple.aasm(:move).current_state
# => :standing
simple.aasm(:work).current
# => :processing

AASM doesn't prohibit to define the same event in more than one state machine. The latest definition "wins" and overrides previous definitions. Nonetheless, a warning is issued: SimpleMultipleExample: overriding method 'run'!.

All AASM class- and instance-level aasm methods accept a state machine selector. So, for example, to use inspection on a class level, you have to use

SimpleMultipleExample.aasm(:work).states
# => [:standing, :walking, :running]

Final note: Support for multiple state machines per class is a pretty new feature (since version 4.3), so please bear with us in case it doesn't work as expected.

Extending AASM

AASM allows you to easily extend AASM::Base for your own application purposes.

Let's suppose we have common logic across many AASM models. We can embody this logic in a sub-class of AASM::Base.

class CustomAASMBase < AASM::Base
  # A custom transiton that we want available across many AASM models.
  def count_transitions!
    klass.class_eval do
      aasm :with_klass => CustomAASMBase do
        after_all_transitions :increment_transition_count
      end
    end
  end

  # A custom annotation that we want available across many AASM models.
  def requires_guards!
    klass.class_eval do
      attr_reader :authorizable_called,
        :transition_count,
        :fillable_called

      def authorizable?
        @authorizable_called = true
      end

      def fillable?
        @fillable_called = true
      end

      def increment_transition_count
        @transition_count ||= 0
        @transition_count += 1
      end
    end
  end
end

When we declare our model that has an AASM state machine, we simply declare the AASM block with a :with key to our own class.

class SimpleCustomExample
  include AASM

  # Let's build an AASM state machine with our custom class.
  aasm :with_klass => CustomAASMBase do
    requires_guards!
    count_transitions!

    state :initialised, :initial => true
    state :filled_out
    state :authorised

    event :fill_out do
      transitions :from => :initialised, :to => :filled_out, :guard => :fillable?
    end
    event :authorise do
      transitions :from => :filled_out, :to => :authorised, :guard => :authorizable?
    end
  end
end

ActiveRecord

AASM comes with support for ActiveRecord and allows automatic persisting of the object's state in the database.

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm do # default column: aasm_state
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running

    event :run do
      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :running
    end

    event :sleep do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :sleeping
    end
  end

end

You can tell AASM to auto-save the object or leave it unsaved

job = Job.new
job.run   # not saved
job.run!  # saved

Saving includes running all validations on the Job class, and returns true if successful or false if errors occur. Exceptions are not raised.

If you want make sure the state gets saved without running validations (and thereby maybe persisting aninvalid object state), simply tell AASM to skip the validations. Be aware that when skipping validations, only the state column will be updated in the database (just like ActiveRecord change_column is working).

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :skip_validation_on_save => true do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running

    event :run do
      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :running
    end

    event :sleep do
      transitions :from => :running, :to => :sleeping
    end
  end

end

If you want to make sure that the AASM column for storing the state is not directly assigned, configure AASM to not allow direct assignment, like this:

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :no_direct_assignment => true do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running

    event :run do
      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :running
    end
  end

end

resulting in this:

job = Job.create
job.aasm_state # => 'sleeping'
job.aasm_state = :running # => raises AASM::NoDirectAssignmentError
job.aasm_state # => 'sleeping'

ActiveRecord enums

You can use enumerations in Rails 4.1+ for your state column:

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  enum state: {
    sleeping: 5,
    running: 99
  }

  aasm :column => :state, :enum => true do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running
  end
end

You can explicitly pass the name of the method which provides access to the enumeration mapping as a value of enum, or you can simply set it to true. In the latter case AASM will try to use pluralized column name to access possible enum states.

Furthermore, if your column has integer type (which is normally the case when you're working with Rails enums), you can omit :enum setting --- AASM auto-detects this situation and enabled enum support. If anything goes wrong, you can disable enum functionality and fall back to the default behavior by setting :enum to false.

Sequel

AASM also supports Sequel besides ActiveRecord, Mongoid, and MongoMapper.

class Job < Sequel::Model
  include AASM

  aasm do # default column: aasm_state
    ...
  end
end

However it's not yet as feature complete as ActiveRecord. For example, there are scopes defined yet. See Automatic Scopes.

Dynamoid

Since version 4.8.0 AASM also supports Dynamoid as persistence ORM.

Mongoid

AASM also supports persistence to Mongodb if you're using Mongoid. Make sure to include Mongoid::Document before you include AASM.

class Job
  include Mongoid::Document
  include AASM
  field :aasm_state
  aasm do
    ...
  end
end

MongoMapper

AASM also supports persistence to Mongodb if you're using MongoMapper. Make sure to include MongoMapper::Document before you include AASM.

class Job
  include MongoMapper::Document
  include AASM

  key :aasm_state,                   Symbol
  aasm do
    ...
  end
end

Redis

AASM also supports persistence in Redis. Make sure to include Redis::Objects before you include AASM.

class User
  include Redis::Objects
  include AASM

  aasm do
  end
end

Automatic Scopes

AASM will automatically create scope methods for each state in the model.

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running
    state :cleaning
  end

  def self.sleeping
    "This method name is already in use"
  end
end

class JobsController < ApplicationController
  def index
    @running_jobs = Job.running
    @recent_cleaning_jobs = Job.cleaning.where('created_at >=  ?', 3.days.ago)

    # @sleeping_jobs = Job.sleeping   #=> "This method name is already in use"
  end
end

If you don't need scopes (or simply don't want them), disable their creation when defining the AASM states, like this:

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :create_scopes => false do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running
    state :cleaning
  end
end

Transaction support

Since version 3.0.13 AASM supports ActiveRecord transactions. So whenever a transition callback or the state update fails, all changes to any database record are rolled back. Mongodb does not support transactions.

There are currently 3 transactional callbacks that can be handled on the event, and 2 transactional callbacks for all events.

  event           before_all_transactions
  event           before_transaction
  event           aasm_fire_event (within transaction)
  event           after_commit (if event successful)
  event           after_transaction
  event           after_all_transactions

If you want to make sure a depending action happens only after the transaction is committed, use the after_commit callback along with the auto-save (bang) methods, like this:

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm do
    state :sleeping, :initial => true
    state :running

    event :run, :after_commit => :notify_about_running_job do
      transitions :from => :sleeping, :to => :running
    end
  end

  def notify_about_running_job
    ...
  end
end

job = Job.where(state: 'sleeping').first!
job.run! # Saves the model and triggers the after_commit callback

Note that the following will not run the after_commit callbacks because the auto-save method is not used:

job = Job.where(state: 'sleeping').first!
job.run
job.save! #notify_about_running_job is not run

If you want to encapsulate state changes within an own transaction, the behavior of this nested transaction might be confusing. Take a look at ActiveRecord Nested Transactions if you want to know more about this. Nevertheless, AASM by default requires a new transaction transaction(:requires_new => true). You can override this behavior by changing the configuration

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :requires_new_transaction => false do
    ...
  end

  ...
end

which then leads to transaction(:requires_new => false), the Rails default.

Pessimistic Locking

AASM supports Active Record pessimistic locking via with_lock for database persistence layers.

Option	Purpose
false (default)	No lock is obtained
true	Obtain a blocking pessimistic lock e.g. FOR UPDATE
String	Obtain a lock based on the SQL string e.g. FOR UPDATE NOWAIT

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :requires_lock => true do
    ...
  end

  ...
end

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :requires_lock => 'FOR UPDATE NOWAIT' do
    ...
  end

  ...
end

Column name & migration

As a default AASM uses the column aasm_state to store the states. You can override this by defining your favorite column name, using :column like this:

class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
  include AASM

  aasm :column => 'my_state' do
    ...
  end

end

Whatever column name is used, make sure to add a migration to provide this column (of type string):

class AddJobState < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    add_column :jobs, :aasm_state, :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column :jobs, :aasm_state
  end
end

Inspection

AASM supports a couple of methods to find out which states or events are provided or permitted.

Given this Job class:

# show all states
Job.aasm.states.map(&:name)
=> [:sleeping, :running, :cleaning]

job = Job.new

# show all permitted (reachable / possible) states
job.aasm.states(:permitted => true).map(&:name)
=> [:running]
job.run
job.aasm.states(:permitted => true).map(&:name)
=> [:cleaning, :sleeping]

# show all possible (triggerable) events (allowed by transitions)
job.aasm.events.map(&:name)
=> [:sleep]
job.aasm.events(:reject => :sleep).map(&:name)
=> []

# list states for select
Job.aasm.states_for_select
=> [["Sleeping", "sleeping"], ["Running", "running"], ["Cleaning", "cleaning"]]

RubyMotion support

To use AASM with a RubyMotion project, use it with the motion-bundler gem.

Warnings:

• Due to the way key-value observation (KVO) works in iOS, you currently CANNOT use AASM with an object you are observing. (Yes.. that's pretty sad).
• Due to RubyMotion Proc's lack of 'source_location' method, it may be harder to find out the origin of a "cannot transition from" error. I would recommend using the 'instance method symbol / string' way whenever possible when defining guardians and callbacks.

Testing

AASM provides some matchers for RSpec: transition_from, have_state, allow_event and allow_transition_to. Add require 'aasm/rspec' to your spec_helper.rb file and use them like this

# classes with only the default state machine
job = Job.new
expect(job).to transition_from(:sleeping).to(:running).on_event(:run)
expect(job).not_to transition_from(:sleeping).to(:cleaning).on_event(:run)
expect(job).to have_state(:sleeping)
expect(job).not_to have_state(:running)
expect(job).to allow_event :run
expect(job).to_not allow_event :clean
expect(job).to allow_transition_to(:running)
expect(job).to_not allow_transition_to(:cleaning)
# on_event also accept arguments
expect(job).to transition_from(:sleeping).to(:running).on_event(:run, :defragmentation)

# classes with multiple state machine
multiple = SimpleMultipleExample.new
expect(multiple).to transition_from(:standing).to(:walking).on_event(:walk).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to_not transition_from(:standing).to(:running).on_event(:walk).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to have_state(:standing).on(:move)
expect(multiple).not_to have_state(:walking).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to allow_event(:walk).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to_not allow_event(:hold).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to allow_transition_to(:walking).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to_not allow_transition_to(:running).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to transition_from(:sleeping).to(:processing).on_event(:start).on(:work)
expect(multiple).to_not transition_from(:sleeping).to(:sleeping).on_event(:start).on(:work)
expect(multiple).to have_state(:sleeping).on(:work)
expect(multiple).not_to have_state(:processing).on(:work)
expect(multiple).to allow_event(:start).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to_not allow_event(:stop).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to allow_transition_to(:processing).on(:move)
expect(multiple).to_not allow_transition_to(:sleeping).on(:move)

Installation

Manually from RubyGems.org

% gem install aasm

Or if you are using Bundler

# Gemfile
gem 'aasm'

Building your own gems

% rake build
% sudo gem install pkg/aasm-x.y.z.gem

Generators

After installing Aasm you can run generator:

% rails generate aasm NAME [COLUMN_NAME]

Replace NAME with the Model name, COLUMN_NAME is optional(default is 'aasm_state'). This will create a model (if one does not exist) and configure it with aasm block. For Active record orm a migration file is added to add aasm state column to table.

Latest changes

Take a look at the CHANGELOG for details about recent changes to the current version.

Questions?

Feel free to

• create an issue on GitHub
• ask a question on StackOverflow (tag with aasm)
• send us a tweet @aasm

Maintainers

• Scott Barron (2006–2009, original author)
• Travis Tilley (2009–2011)
• Thorsten Böttger (since 2011)

Contributing

1. Read the Contributor Code of Conduct
2. Fork it
3. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
4. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Added some feature')
5. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
6. Create new Pull Request

Warranty

This software is provided "as is" and without any express or implied warranties, including, without limitation, the implied warranties of merchantibility and fitness for a particular purpose.

License

Copyright (c) 2006-2016 Scott Barron

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.