bundledata.go

// Copyright 2014 Canonical Ltd.
// Licensed under the LGPLv3, see LICENCE file for details.

package charm

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/juju/errors"
	"github.com/juju/mgo/v3/bson"
	"github.com/juju/names/v4"
	"github.com/juju/utils/v3/keyvalues"
)

const kubernetes = "kubernetes"

// BundleData holds the contents of the bundle.
type BundleData struct {
	// Type is used to signify whether this bundle is for IAAS or Kubernetes deployments.
	// Valid values are "Kubernetes" or "", with empty signifying an IAAS bundle.
	Type string `bson:"bundle,omitempty" json:"bundle,omitempty" yaml:"bundle,omitempty"`

	// Applications holds one entry for each application
	// that the bundle will create, indexed by
	// the application name.
	Applications map[string]*ApplicationSpec `bson:"applications,omitempty" json:"applications,omitempty" yaml:"applications,omitempty"`

	// Machines holds one entry for each machine referred to
	// by unit placements. These will be mapped onto actual
	// machines at bundle deployment time.
	// It is an error if a machine is specified but
	// not referred to by a unit placement directive.
	Machines map[string]*MachineSpec `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Saas holds one entry for each software as a service (SAAS) for cross
	// model relation (CMR). These will be mapped to the consuming side when
	// deploying a bundle.
	Saas map[string]*SaasSpec `bson:"saas,omitempty" json:"saas,omitempty" yaml:"saas,omitempty"`

	// Series holds the default series to use when
	// the bundle chooses charms.
	Series string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Relations holds a slice of 2-element slices,
	// each specifying a relation between two applications.
	// Each two-element slice holds two endpoints,
	// each specified as either colon-separated
	// (application, relation) pair or just an application name.
	// The relation is made between each. If the relation
	// name is omitted, it will be inferred from the available
	// relations defined in the applications' charms.
	Relations [][]string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// White listed set of tags to categorize bundles as we do charms.
	Tags []string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Short paragraph explaining what the bundle is useful for.
	Description string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`
}

// SaasSpec represents a single software as a service (SAAS) node.
// This will be mapped to consuming of offers from a bundle deployment.
type SaasSpec struct {
	URL string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`
}

// MachineSpec represents a notional machine that will be mapped
// onto an actual machine at bundle deployment time.
type MachineSpec struct {
	Constraints string            `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`
	Annotations map[string]string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`
	Series      string            `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`
}

// ApplicationSpec represents a single application that will
// be deployed as part of the bundle.
type ApplicationSpec struct {
	// Charm holds the charm URL of the charm to
	// use for the given application.
	Charm string `bson:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty" json:",omitempty"`

	// Channel describes the preferred channel to use when deploying a
	// remote charm.
	Channel string `bson:"channel,omitempty" yaml:"channel,omitempty" json:"channel,omitempty"`

	// Revision describes the revision of the charm to use when deploying.
	Revision *int `bson:"revision,omitempty" yaml:"revision,omitempty" json:"revision,omitempty"`

	// Series is the series to use when deploying a local charm,
	// if the charm does not specify a default or the default
	// is not the desired value.
	// Series is not compatible with charm store charms where
	// the series is specified in the URL.
	Series string `bson:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty" json:",omitempty"`

	// Resources is the set of resource revisions to deploy for the
	// application. Bundles only support charm store resources and not ones
	// that were uploaded to the controller.
	// A resource value can either be an integer revision number,
	// or a string holding a path to a local resource file.
	Resources map[string]interface{} `bson:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty" json:",omitempty"`

	// NumUnits holds the number of units of the
	// application that will be deployed.
	// For Kubernetes bundles, this will be an alias for Scale.
	//
	// For a subordinate application, this actually represents
	// an arbitrary number of units depending on
	// the application it is related to.
	NumUnits int `bson:",omitempty" yaml:"num_units,omitempty" json:",omitempty"`

	// Scale_ holds the number of pods required for the application.
	// For IAAS bundles, this will be an alias for NumUnits.
	Scale_ int `bson:"scale,omitempty" yaml:"scale,omitempty" json:"scale,omitempty"`

	// To is interpreted according to whether this is an
	// IAAS or Kubernetes bundle.
	//
	// For Kubernetes bundles, the use of Placement is preferred.
	// To must be a single valued list representing label key values
	// used as a node selector.
	//
	// For IAAS bundles, To may hold up to NumUnits members with
	// each member specifying a desired placement
	// for the respective unit of the application.
	//
	// In regular-expression-like notation, each
	// element matches the following pattern:
	//
	//      (<containertype>:)?(<unit>|<machine>|new)
	//
	// If containertype is specified, the unit is deployed
	// into a new container of that type, otherwise
	// it will be "hulk-smashed" into the specified location,
	// by co-locating it with any other units that happen to
	// be there, which may result in unintended behavior.
	//
	// The second part (after the colon) specifies where
	// the new unit should be placed - it may refer to
	// a unit of another application specified in the bundle,
	// a machine id specified in the machines section,
	// or the special name "new" which specifies a newly
	// created machine.
	//
	// A unit placement may be specified with an application name only,
	// in which case its unit number is assumed to
	// be one more than the unit number of the previous
	// unit in the list with the same application, or zero
	// if there were none.
	//
	// If there are less elements in To than NumUnits,
	// the last element is replicated to fill it. If there
	// are no elements (or To is omitted), "new" is replicated.
	//
	// For example:
	//
	//     wordpress/0 wordpress/1 lxc:0 kvm:new
	//
	//  specifies that the first two units get hulk-smashed
	//  onto the first two units of the wordpress application,
	//  the third unit gets allocated onto an lxc container
	//  on machine 0, and subsequent units get allocated
	//  on kvm containers on new machines.
	//
	// The above example is the same as this:
	//
	//     wordpress wordpress lxc:0 kvm:new
	To []string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Placement_ holds a model selector/affinity expression used to specify
	// pod placement for Kubernetes applications.
	// Not relevant for IAAS applications.
	Placement_ string `bson:"placement,omitempty" json:"placement,omitempty" yaml:"placement,omitempty"`

	// Expose holds whether the application must be exposed.
	Expose bool `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// ExposedEndpoints defines on a per-endpoint basis, the list of space
	// names and/or CIDRs that should be able to access the ports opened
	// for an endpoint once the application is exposed. The keys of the map
	// are endpoint names or the special empty ("") value that is used as a
	// placeholder for referring to all endpoints.
	//
	// This attribute cannot be used in tandem with the 'expose: true'
	// flag; a validation error will be raised if both fields are specified.
	ExposedEndpoints map[string]ExposedEndpointSpec `bson:"exposed-endpoints,omitempty" json:"exposed-endpoints,omitempty" yaml:"exposed-endpoints,omitempty" source:"overlay-only"`

	// Options holds the configuration values
	// to apply to the new application. They should
	// be compatible with the charm configuration.
	Options map[string]interface{} `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Annotations holds any annotations to apply to the
	// application when deployed.
	Annotations map[string]string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Constraints holds the default constraints to apply
	// when creating new machines for units of the application.
	// This is ignored for units with explicit placement directives.
	Constraints string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Storage holds the constraints for storage to assign
	// to units of the application.
	Storage map[string]string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Devices holds the constraints for devices to assign
	// to units of the application.
	Devices map[string]string `bson:",omitempty" json:",omitempty" yaml:",omitempty"`

	// EndpointBindings maps how endpoints are bound to spaces
	EndpointBindings map[string]string `bson:"bindings,omitempty" json:"bindings,omitempty" yaml:"bindings,omitempty"`

	// Offers holds one entry for each exported offer for this application
	// where the key is the offer name.
	Offers map[string]*OfferSpec `bson:"offers,omitempty" json:"offers,omitempty" yaml:"offers,omitempty" source:"overlay-only"`

	// Plan specifies the plan under which the application is to be deployed.
	// If "default", the default plan will be used for the charm
	Plan string `bson:"plan,omitempty" json:"plan,omitempty" yaml:"plan,omitempty"`

	// RequiresTrust indicates that the application requires access to
	// cloud credentials and must therefore be explicitly trusted by the
	// operator before it can be deployed.
	RequiresTrust bool `bson:"trust,omitempty" json:"trust,omitempty" yaml:"trust,omitempty"`
}

// maskedBundleData and bundleData are here to perform a way to normalize the
// bundle data when unmarshalling via a codec.
// By abusing the types we can prevent a recursive function call so that the
// unmarshalling doesn't call itself.
//
// In reality this is so wrong in so many ways:
//  1. Why has the model type got anything to do with how it's transferred over
//     the wire to other consumables? The bundle data should have a package of
//     wire protocols (DTOs) that can packed and unpacked into a bundle/charm
//     model. That model should be pure!
//  2. This should be a two step process, unmarshal and then normalize.
type maskedBundleData BundleData

type bundleData struct {
	maskedBundleData `bson:",inline" yaml:",inline" json:",inline"`
}

// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
func (bd *BundleData) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
	var in bundleData
	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &in); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	*bd = BundleData(in.maskedBundleData)
	return bd.normalizeData()
}

// UnmarshalYAML implements the yaml.Unmarshaler interface.
func (bd *BundleData) UnmarshalYAML(f func(interface{}) error) error {
	var in bundleData
	if err := f(&in); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	*bd = BundleData(in.maskedBundleData)
	return bd.normalizeData()
}

// SetBSON implements the bson.Setter interface.
func (bd *BundleData) SetBSON(raw bson.Raw) error {
	// TODO(wallyworld) - bson deserialisation is not handling the inline directive,
	// so we need to unmarshal the bundle data manually.
	var in *bundleData
	if err := raw.Unmarshal(&in); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if in == nil {
		return bson.SetZero
	}
	*bd = BundleData(in.maskedBundleData)
	return bd.normalizeData()
}

func (bd *BundleData) normalizeData() error {
	if bd.Applications == nil {
		return nil
	}

	for appName, app := range bd.Applications {
		if app == nil {
			continue
		}
		// Kubernetes bundles use "scale" instead of "num_units".
		if app.Scale_ > 0 && app.NumUnits > 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both scale and num_units for application %q", appName)
		}
		if app.Scale_ > 0 && app.NumUnits == 0 {
			app.NumUnits = app.Scale_
			app.Scale_ = 0
		}
		// Non-Kubernetes bundles do not use the placement attribute.
		if bd.Type != kubernetes && app.Placement_ != "" {
			return fmt.Errorf("placement (%s) not valid for non-Kubernetes application %q", app.Placement_, appName)
		}
		// Kubernetes bundles only use a single placement directive.
		if app.Placement_ != "" {
			if len(app.To) > 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both placement and to for application %q", appName)
			}
			app.To = []string{app.Placement_}
			app.Placement_ = ""
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// ExposedEndpointSpec describes the expose parameters for an application
// endpoint.
type ExposedEndpointSpec struct {
	// ExposeToSpaces contains a list of spaces that should be able to
	// access the application ports opened for an endpoint when the
	// application is exposed.
	ExposeToSpaces []string `bson:"expose-to-spaces,omitempty" json:"expose-to-spaces,omitempty" yaml:"expose-to-spaces,omitempty" source:"overlay-only"`

	// ExposeToCIDRs contains a list of CIDRs that should be able to access
	// the application ports opened for an endpoint when the application is
	// exposed.
	ExposeToCIDRs []string `bson:"expose-to-cidrs,omitempty" json:"expose-to-cidrs,omitempty" yaml:"expose-to-cidrs,omitempty" source:"overlay-only"`
}

// OfferSpec describes an offer for a particular application.
type OfferSpec struct {
	// The list of endpoints exposed via the offer.
	Endpoints []string `bson:"endpoints" json:"endpoints" yaml:"endpoints" source:"overlay-only"`

	// The access control list for this offer. The keys are users and the
	// values are access permissions.
	ACL map[string]string `bson:"acl,omitempty" json:"acl,omitempty" yaml:"acl,omitempty" source:"overlay-only"`
}

// ReadBundleData reads bundle data from the given reader.
// The returned data is not verified - call Verify to ensure
// that it is OK.
func ReadBundleData(r io.Reader) (*BundleData, error) {
	bd, _, err := readBaseFromMultidocBundle(r)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return bd, nil
}

// readBaseFromMultidocBundle reads the bundle data corresponding to the first
// (base) bundle off the given reader. The function returns a boolean flag to
// indicate whether the bundle contains additional documents that the parser
// ignored.
//
// Clients that are interested in reading multi-doc bundle data should use the
// new helpers: LocalBundleDataSource and StreamBundleDataSource.
func readBaseFromMultidocBundle(r io.Reader) (*BundleData, bool, error) {
	parts, err := parseBundleParts(r)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, false, err
	}

	if len(parts) == 0 {
		return nil, false, errors.NotValidf("empty bundle")
	}

	return parts[0].Data, len(parts) > 1, nil
}

// VerificationError holds an error generated by BundleData.Verify,
// holding all the verification errors found when verifying.
type VerificationError struct {
	Errors []error
}

func (err *VerificationError) Error() string {
	switch len(err.Errors) {
	case 0:
		return "no verification errors!"
	case 1:
		return err.Errors[0].Error()
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s (and %d more errors)", err.Errors[0], len(err.Errors)-1)
}

type bundleDataVerifier struct {
	// bundleDir is the directory containing the bundle file
	bundleDir string
	bd        *BundleData

	// machines holds the reference counts of all machines
	// as referred to by placement directives.
	machineRefCounts map[string]int

	charms map[string]Charm

	errors            []error
	verifyConstraints func(c string) error
	verifyStorage     func(s string) error
	verifyDevices     func(s string) error
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) addErrorf(f string, a ...interface{}) {
	verifier.addError(fmt.Errorf(f, a...))
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) addError(err error) {
	verifier.errors = append(verifier.errors, err)
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) err() error {
	if len(verifier.errors) > 0 {
		return &VerificationError{verifier.errors}
	}
	return nil
}

// RequiredCharms returns a sorted slice of all the charm URLs
// required by the bundle.
func (bd *BundleData) RequiredCharms() []string {
	req := make([]string, 0, len(bd.Applications))
	for _, svc := range bd.Applications {
		req = append(req, svc.Charm)
	}
	sort.Strings(req)
	return req
}

// VerifyLocal verifies that a local bundle file is consistent.
// A local bundle file may contain references to charms which are
// referred to by a directory, either relative or absolute.
//
// bundleDir is used to construct the full path for charms specified
// using a relative directory path. The charm path is therefore expected
// to be relative to the bundle.yaml file.
func (bd *BundleData) VerifyLocal(
	bundleDir string,
	verifyConstraints func(c string) error,
	verifyStorage func(s string) error,
	verifyDevices func(s string) error,
) error {
	return bd.verifyBundle(bundleDir, verifyConstraints, verifyStorage, verifyDevices, nil)
}

// Verify is a convenience method that calls VerifyWithCharms
// with a nil charms map.
func (bd *BundleData) Verify(
	verifyConstraints func(c string) error,
	verifyStorage func(s string) error,
	verifyDevices func(s string) error,
) error {
	return bd.VerifyWithCharms(verifyConstraints, verifyStorage, verifyDevices, nil)
}

// VerifyWithCharms verifies that the bundle is consistent.
// The verifyConstraints function is called to verify any constraints
// that are found. If verifyConstraints is nil, no checking
// of constraints will be done. Similarly, a non-nil verifyStorage, verifyDevices
// function is called to verify any storage constraints.
//
// It verifies the following:
//
// - All defined machines are referred to by placement directives.
// - All applications referred to by placement directives are specified in the bundle.
// - All applications referred to by relations are specified in the bundle.
// - All basic constraints are valid.
// - All storage constraints are valid.
//
// If charms is not nil, it should hold a map with an entry for each
// charm url returned by bd.RequiredCharms. The verification will then
// also check that applications are defined with valid charms,
// relations are correctly made and options are defined correctly.
//
// If the verification fails, Verify returns a *VerificationError describing
// all the problems found.
func (bd *BundleData) VerifyWithCharms(
	verifyConstraints func(c string) error,
	verifyStorage func(s string) error,
	verifyDevices func(s string) error,
	charms map[string]Charm,
) error {
	return bd.verifyBundle("", verifyConstraints, verifyStorage, verifyDevices, charms)
}

func (bd *BundleData) verifyBundle(
	bundleDir string,
	verifyConstraints func(c string) error,
	verifyStorage func(s string) error,
	verifyDevices func(s string) error,
	charms map[string]Charm,
) error {
	if verifyConstraints == nil {
		verifyConstraints = func(string) error {
			return nil
		}
	}
	if verifyStorage == nil {
		verifyStorage = func(string) error {
			return nil
		}
	}
	if verifyDevices == nil {
		verifyDevices = func(string) error {
			return nil
		}
	}
	verifier := &bundleDataVerifier{
		bundleDir:         bundleDir,
		verifyConstraints: verifyConstraints,
		verifyStorage:     verifyStorage,
		verifyDevices:     verifyDevices,
		bd:                bd,
		machineRefCounts:  make(map[string]int),
		charms:            charms,
	}
	if bd.Type != "" && bd.Type != kubernetes {
		verifier.addErrorf("bundle has an invalid type %q", bd.Type)
	}
	if bd.Type == kubernetes {
		if len(bd.Machines) > 0 {
			verifier.addErrorf("bundle machines not valid for Kubernetes bundles")
		}
		bd.Machines = nil
	}
	for id := range bd.Machines {
		verifier.machineRefCounts[id] = 0
	}
	if bd.Series != "" && !IsValidSeries(bd.Series) {
		verifier.addErrorf("bundle declares an invalid series %q", bd.Series)
	}
	verifier.verifySaas()
	verifier.verifyMachines()
	verifier.verifyApplications()
	verifier.verifyRelations()
	verifier.verifyOptions()
	verifier.verifyEndpointBindings()

	for id, count := range verifier.machineRefCounts {
		if count == 0 {
			verifier.addErrorf("machine %q is not referred to by a placement directive", id)
		}
	}
	return verifier.err()
}

var (
	validMachineId   = regexp.MustCompile("^" + names.NumberSnippet + "$")
	validStorageName = regexp.MustCompile("^" + names.StorageNameSnippet + "$")
	validDeviceName  = regexp.MustCompile("^" + "(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*(?:-[a-z0-9]*[a-z][a-z0-9]*)*)" + "$")

	// When the operator consumes the offer a pseudo-application with the
	// offer name will be created by the controller. So using the application
	// name regex makes sense here. Likewise we can use the relation regex
	// to validate the endpoint name.
	validOfferName         = regexp.MustCompile("^" + names.ApplicationSnippet + "$")
	validOfferEndpointName = regexp.MustCompile("^" + names.RelationSnippet + "$")
)

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifySaas() {
	for name, saas := range verifier.bd.Saas {
		if _, ok := verifier.bd.Applications[name]; ok {
			verifier.addErrorf("application %[1]q already exists with SAAS %[1]q name", name)
		}
		if !validOfferName.MatchString(name) {
			verifier.addErrorf("invalid SAAS name %q found", name)
		}
		if saas == nil {
			continue
		}
		if saas.URL != "" && !IsValidOfferURL(saas.URL) {
			verifier.addErrorf("invalid offer URL %q for SAAS %s", saas.URL, name)
		}
	}
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyMachines() {
	for id, m := range verifier.bd.Machines {
		if !validMachineId.MatchString(id) {
			verifier.addErrorf("invalid machine id %q found in machines", id)
		}
		if m == nil {
			continue
		}
		if m.Constraints != "" {
			if err := verifier.verifyConstraints(m.Constraints); err != nil {
				verifier.addErrorf("invalid constraints %q in machine %q: %v", m.Constraints, id, err)
			}
		}
		if m.Series != "" && !IsValidSeries(m.Series) {
			verifier.addErrorf("invalid series %s for machine %q", m.Series, id)
		}
	}
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyApplications() {
	if len(verifier.bd.Applications) == 0 {
		verifier.addErrorf("at least one application must be specified")
		return
	}
	for name, app := range verifier.bd.Applications {
		if app == nil {
			verifier.addErrorf("bundle application for key %q is undefined", name)
			continue
		}
		if app.Charm == "" {
			verifier.addErrorf("empty charm path")
		}
		if _, ok := verifier.bd.Saas[name]; ok {
			verifier.addErrorf("SAAS %[1]q already exists with application %[1]q name", name)
		}
		// Charm may be a local directory or a charm URL.
		var curl *URL
		var err error
		if strings.HasPrefix(app.Charm, ".") || filepath.IsAbs(app.Charm) {
			charmPath := app.Charm
			if !filepath.IsAbs(charmPath) {
				charmPath = filepath.Join(verifier.bundleDir, charmPath)
			}
			if _, err := os.Stat(charmPath); err != nil {
				if os.IsNotExist(err) {
					verifier.addErrorf("charm path in application %q does not exist: %v", name, charmPath)
				} else {
					verifier.addErrorf("invalid charm path in application %q: %v", name, err)
				}
			}
		} else if curl, err = ParseURL(app.Charm); err != nil {
			verifier.addErrorf("invalid charm URL in application %q: %v", name, err)
		}

		// Check the revision.
		if curl != nil {
			if CharmHub.Matches(curl.Schema) && curl.Revision != -1 {
				verifier.addErrorf("cannot specify revision in %q, please use revision", curl.String())
			}
			if app.Revision != nil {
				if CharmStore.Matches(curl.Schema) && curl.Revision != -1 && curl.Revision != *app.Revision {
					verifier.addErrorf("application %q has 2 different revisions specified, please choose 1", name)
				}
				if CharmHub.Matches(curl.Schema) && app.Channel == "" {
					verifier.addErrorf("application %q with a revision requires a channel for future upgrades, please use channel", name)
				}
				if *app.Revision < 0 {
					verifier.addErrorf("the revision for application %q must be zero or greater", name)
				}
			}
		}

		// Check the Series.
		if curl != nil && curl.Series != "" && app.Series != "" && curl.Series != app.Series {
			verifier.addErrorf("the charm URL for application %q has a series which does not match, please remove the series from the URL", name)
		}
		if app.Series != "" && !IsValidSeries(app.Series) {
			verifier.addErrorf("application %q declares an invalid series %q", name, app.Series)
		}
		// Check the Constraints.
		if err := verifier.verifyConstraints(app.Constraints); err != nil {
			verifier.addErrorf("invalid constraints %q in application %q: %v", app.Constraints, name, err)
		}
		// Check the Storage.
		for storageName, storageConstraints := range app.Storage {
			if !validStorageName.MatchString(storageName) {
				verifier.addErrorf("invalid storage name %q in application %q", storageName, name)
			}
			if err := verifier.verifyStorage(storageConstraints); err != nil {
				verifier.addErrorf("invalid storage %q in application %q: %v", storageName, name, err)
			}
		}
		// Check the Devices.
		for deviceName, deviceConstraints := range app.Devices {
			if !validDeviceName.MatchString(deviceName) {
				verifier.addErrorf("invalid device name %q in application %q", deviceName, name)
			}
			if err := verifier.verifyDevices(deviceConstraints); err != nil {
				verifier.addErrorf("invalid device %q in application %q: %v", deviceName, name, err)
			}
		}
		// Check the offers.
		for offerName, oSpec := range app.Offers {
			if !validOfferName.MatchString(offerName) {
				verifier.addErrorf("invalid offer name %q in application %q", offerName, name)
			}

			for _, endpoint := range oSpec.Endpoints {
				if !validOfferEndpointName.MatchString(endpoint) {
					verifier.addErrorf("invalid endpoint name %q for offer %q in application %q", endpoint, offerName, name)
				}
			}
		}
		if verifier.charms != nil {
			if ch, ok := verifier.charms[app.Charm]; ok {
				if ch.Meta().Subordinate {
					if len(app.To) > 0 {
						verifier.addErrorf("application %q is subordinate but specifies unit placement", name)
					}
					if app.NumUnits > 0 {
						verifier.addErrorf("application %q is subordinate but has non-zero num_units", name)
					}
				}
			} else {
				verifier.addErrorf("application %q refers to non-existent charm %q", name, app.Charm)
			}
		}
		for resName, rev := range app.Resources {
			if resName == "" {
				verifier.addErrorf("missing resource name on application %q", name)
			}
			switch rev.(type) {
			case int, string:
			default:
				verifier.addErrorf("resource revision %q is not int or string", name)
			}
		}
		if app.NumUnits < 0 {
			verifier.addErrorf("negative number of units specified on application %q", name)
		}
		if verifier.bd.Type == kubernetes {
			verifier.verifyKubernetesPlacement(name, app.To)
		} else {
			verifier.verifyPlacement(name, app.NumUnits, app.To)
		}

		// Check expose parameters. We do not allow both the expose and
		// the exposed-endpoints fields to be specified at the same
		// time. Otherwise, an operator might export a 2.9 bundle
		// containing an exposed application with endpoint-specific
		// rules and them import it into a 2.8 controller which is not
		// aware of this field causing the application to be exposed
		// to 0.0.0.0/0!
		if len(app.ExposedEndpoints) != 0 {
			if app.Expose {
				verifier.addErrorf(`exposed-endpoints cannot be specified together with "exposed:true" in application %q as this poses a security risk when deploying bundles to older controllers`, name)
			} else {
				for epName, expDetails := range app.ExposedEndpoints {
					for _, cidr := range expDetails.ExposeToCIDRs {
						if _, _, err := net.ParseCIDR(cidr); err != nil {
							verifier.addErrorf("invalid CIDR %q for expose to CIDRs field for endpoint %q in application %q", cidr, epName, name)
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyPlacement(name string, numUnits int, to []string) {
	if numUnits >= 0 && len(to) > numUnits {
		verifier.addErrorf("too many units specified in unit placement for application %q", name)
	}
	for _, p := range to {
		up, err := ParsePlacement(p)
		if err != nil {
			verifier.addError(err)
			continue
		}
		switch {
		case up.Application != "":
			spec, ok := verifier.bd.Applications[up.Application]
			if !ok {
				verifier.addErrorf("placement %q refers to an application not defined in this bundle", p)
				continue
			}
			if up.Unit >= 0 && up.Unit >= spec.NumUnits {
				verifier.addErrorf("placement %q specifies a unit greater than the %d unit(s) started by the target application", p, spec.NumUnits)
			}
		case up.Machine == "new":
		default:
			_, ok := verifier.bd.Machines[up.Machine]
			if !ok {
				verifier.addErrorf("placement %q refers to a machine not defined in this bundle", p)
				continue
			}
			verifier.machineRefCounts[up.Machine]++
		}
	}
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyKubernetesPlacement(name string, to []string) {
	if len(to) > 1 {
		verifier.addErrorf("too many placement directives for application %q", name)
		return
	}
	if len(to) == 0 {
		return
	}
	_, err := keyvalues.Parse(strings.Split(to[0], ","), false)
	if err != nil {
		verifier.addErrorf("%v for application %q", err, name)
	}
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) getCharmMetaForApplication(appName string) (*Meta, error) {
	svc, ok := verifier.bd.Applications[appName]
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("application %q not found", appName)
	}
	ch, ok := verifier.charms[svc.Charm]
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("charm %q from application %q not found", svc.Charm, appName)
	}
	return ch.Meta(), nil
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyRelations() {
	seen := make(map[[2]endpoint]bool)
	for _, relPair := range verifier.bd.Relations {
		if len(relPair) != 2 {
			verifier.addErrorf("relation %q has %d endpoint(s), not 2", relPair, len(relPair))
			continue
		}
		var epPair [2]endpoint
		relParseErr := false
		for i, svcRel := range relPair {
			ep, err := parseEndpoint(svcRel)
			if err != nil {
				verifier.addError(err)
				relParseErr = true
				continue
			}
			// with the introduction of the SAAS block to bundles, we should
			// test that not only is the expected application is in the
			// applications block, but if it's not, is it in the SAAS offering.
			_, foundApp := verifier.bd.Applications[ep.application]
			_, foundSaas := verifier.bd.Saas[ep.application]
			if !foundApp && !foundSaas {
				verifier.addErrorf("relation %q refers to application %q not defined in this bundle", relPair, ep.application)
			}
			if foundApp && foundSaas {
				verifier.addErrorf("ambiguous relation %q refers to a application and a SAAS in this bundle", ep.application)
			}
			epPair[i] = ep
		}
		if relParseErr {
			// We failed to parse at least one relation, so don't
			// bother checking further.
			continue
		}
		if epPair[0].application == epPair[1].application {
			verifier.addErrorf("relation %q relates an application to itself", relPair)
		}
		// Resolve endpoint relations if necessary and we have
		// the necessary charm information.
		if (epPair[0].relation == "" || epPair[1].relation == "") && verifier.charms != nil {
			iep0, iep1, err := inferEndpoints(epPair[0], epPair[1], verifier.getCharmMetaForApplication)
			if err != nil {
				verifier.addErrorf("cannot infer endpoint between %s and %s: %v", epPair[0], epPair[1], err)
			} else {
				// Change the endpoints that get recorded
				// as seen, so we'll diagnose a duplicate
				// relation even if one relation specifies
				// the relations explicitly and the other does
				// not.
				epPair[0], epPair[1] = iep0, iep1
			}
		}

		// Re-order pairs so that we diagnose duplicate relations
		// whichever way they're specified.
		if epPair[1].less(epPair[0]) {
			epPair[1], epPair[0] = epPair[0], epPair[1]
		}
		if _, ok := seen[epPair]; ok {
			verifier.addErrorf("relation %q is defined more than once", relPair)
		}
		if verifier.charms != nil && epPair[0].relation != "" && epPair[1].relation != "" {
			// We have charms to verify against, and the
			// endpoint has been fully specified or inferred.
			verifier.verifyRelation(epPair[0], epPair[1])
		}
		seen[epPair] = true
	}
}

func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyEndpointBindings() {
	for name, svc := range verifier.bd.Applications {
		if svc == nil {
			continue
		}

		// Verify the endpoint bindings from the fully qualified charm URL and
		// not just the application name. Fallback to the charm name as the
		// application name, but in reality this shouldn't be the case.
		var (
			charm Charm
			ok    bool
		)
		if charm, ok = verifier.charms[svc.Charm]; !ok {
			if charm, ok = verifier.charms[name]; !ok {
				continue
			}
		}
		for endpoint, space := range svc.EndpointBindings {
			_, isInProvides := charm.Meta().Provides[endpoint]
			_, isInRequires := charm.Meta().Requires[endpoint]
			_, isInPeers := charm.Meta().Peers[endpoint]
			_, isInExtraBindings := charm.Meta().ExtraBindings[endpoint]

			if !(isInProvides || isInRequires || isInPeers || isInExtraBindings) {
				verifier.addErrorf(
					"application %q wants to bind endpoint %q to space %q, "+
						"but the endpoint is not defined by the charm",
					name, endpoint, space)
			}
		}

	}
}

var infoRelation = Relation{
	Name:      "juju-info",
	Role:      RoleProvider,
	Interface: "juju-info",
	Scope:     ScopeContainer,
}

// verifyRelation verifies a single relation.
// It checks that both endpoints of the relation are
// defined, and that the relationship is correctly
// symmetrical (provider to requirer) and shares
// the same interface.
func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyRelation(ep0, ep1 endpoint) {
	svc0 := verifier.bd.Applications[ep0.application]
	svc1 := verifier.bd.Applications[ep1.application]
	if svc0 == nil || svc1 == nil || svc0 == svc1 {
		// An error will be produced by verifyRelations for this case.
		return
	}
	charm0 := verifier.charms[svc0.Charm]
	charm1 := verifier.charms[svc1.Charm]
	if charm0 == nil || charm1 == nil {
		// An error will be produced by verifyApplications for this case.
		return
	}
	relProv0, okProv0 := charm0.Meta().Provides[ep0.relation]
	// The juju-info relation is provided implicitly by every
	// charm - use it if required.
	if !okProv0 && ep0.relation == infoRelation.Name {
		relProv0, okProv0 = infoRelation, true
	}
	relReq0, okReq0 := charm0.Meta().Requires[ep0.relation]
	if !okProv0 && !okReq0 {
		verifier.addErrorf("charm %q used by application %q does not define relation %q", svc0.Charm, ep0.application, ep0.relation)
	}
	relProv1, okProv1 := charm1.Meta().Provides[ep1.relation]
	// The juju-info relation is provided implicitly by every
	// charm - use it if required.
	if !okProv1 && ep1.relation == infoRelation.Name {
		relProv1, okProv1 = infoRelation, true
	}
	relReq1, okReq1 := charm1.Meta().Requires[ep1.relation]
	if !okProv1 && !okReq1 {
		verifier.addErrorf("charm %q used by application %q does not define relation %q", svc1.Charm, ep1.application, ep1.relation)
	}

	var relProv, relReq Relation
	var epProv, epReq endpoint
	switch {
	case okProv0 && okReq1:
		relProv, relReq = relProv0, relReq1
		epProv, epReq = ep0, ep1
	case okReq0 && okProv1:
		relProv, relReq = relProv1, relReq0
		epProv, epReq = ep1, ep0
	case okProv0 && okProv1:
		verifier.addErrorf("relation %q to %q relates provider to provider", ep0, ep1)
		return
	case okReq0 && okReq1:
		verifier.addErrorf("relation %q to %q relates requirer to requirer", ep0, ep1)
		return
	default:
		// Errors were added above.
		return
	}
	if relProv.Interface != relReq.Interface {
		verifier.addErrorf("mismatched interface between %q and %q (%q vs %q)", epProv, epReq, relProv.Interface, relReq.Interface)
	}
}

// verifyOptions verifies that the options are correctly defined
// with respect to the charm config options.
func (verifier *bundleDataVerifier) verifyOptions() {
	if verifier.charms == nil {
		return
	}
	for appName, svc := range verifier.bd.Applications {
		charm := verifier.charms[svc.Charm]
		if charm == nil {
			// An error will be produced by verifyApplications for this case.
			continue
		}
		config := charm.Config()
		for name, value := range svc.Options {
			opt, ok := config.Options[name]
			if !ok {
				verifier.addErrorf("cannot validate application %q: configuration option %q not found in charm %q", appName, name, svc.Charm)
				continue
			}
			_, err := opt.validate(name, value)
			if err != nil {
				verifier.addErrorf("cannot validate application %q: %v", appName, err)
			}
		}
	}
}

var validApplicationRelation = regexp.MustCompile("^(" + names.ApplicationSnippet + "):(" + names.RelationSnippet + ")$")

type endpoint struct {
	application string
	relation    string
}

func (ep endpoint) String() string {
	if ep.relation == "" {
		return ep.application
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", ep.application, ep.relation)
}

func (ep endpoint) less(other endpoint) bool {
	if ep.application == other.application {
		return ep.relation < other.relation
	}
	return ep.application < other.application
}

func parseEndpoint(ep string) (endpoint, error) {
	m := validApplicationRelation.FindStringSubmatch(ep)
	if m != nil {
		return endpoint{
			application: m[1],
			relation:    m[2],
		}, nil
	}
	if !names.IsValidApplication(ep) {
		return endpoint{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid relation syntax %q", ep)
	}
	return endpoint{
		application: ep,
	}, nil
}

// endpointInfo holds information about one endpoint of a relation.
type endpointInfo struct {
	applicationName string
	Relation
}

// String returns the unique identifier of the relation endpoint.
func (ep endpointInfo) String() string {
	return ep.applicationName + ":" + ep.Name
}

// canRelateTo returns whether a relation may be established between ep
// and other.
func (ep endpointInfo) canRelateTo(other endpointInfo) bool {
	return ep.applicationName != other.applicationName &&
		ep.Interface == other.Interface &&
		ep.Role != RolePeer &&
		counterpartRole(ep.Role) == other.Role
}

// endpoint returns the endpoint specifier for ep.
func (ep endpointInfo) endpoint() endpoint {
	return endpoint{
		application: ep.applicationName,
		relation:    ep.Name,
	}
}

// counterpartRole returns the RelationRole that the given RelationRole
// can relate to.
func counterpartRole(r RelationRole) RelationRole {
	switch r {
	case RoleProvider:
		return RoleRequirer
	case RoleRequirer:
		return RoleProvider
	case RolePeer:
		return RolePeer
	}
	panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown relation role %q", r))
}

type UnitPlacement struct {
	// ContainerType holds the container type of the new
	// new unit, or empty if unspecified.
	ContainerType string

	// Machine holds the numeric machine id, or "new",
	// or empty if the placement specifies an application.
	Machine string

	// application holds the application name, or empty if
	// the placement specifies a machine.
	Application string

	// Unit holds the unit number of the application, or -1
	// if unspecified.
	Unit int
}

var snippetReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
	"container", names.ContainerTypeSnippet,
	"number", names.NumberSnippet,
	"application", names.ApplicationSnippet,
)

// validPlacement holds regexp that matches valid placement requests. To
// make the expression easier to comprehend and maintain, we replace
// symbolic snippet references in the regexp by their actual regexps
// using snippetReplacer.
var validPlacement = regexp.MustCompile(
	snippetReplacer.Replace(
		"^(?:(container):)?(?:(application)(?:/(number))?|(number))$",
	),
)

// ParsePlacement parses a unit placement directive, as
// specified in the To clause of an application entry in the
// applications section of a bundle.
func ParsePlacement(p string) (*UnitPlacement, error) {
	m := validPlacement.FindStringSubmatch(p)
	if m == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid placement syntax %q", p)
	}
	up := UnitPlacement{
		ContainerType: m[1],
		Application:   m[2],
		Machine:       m[4],
	}
	if unitStr := m[3]; unitStr != "" {
		// We know that unitStr must be a valid integer because
		// it's specified as such in the regexp.
		up.Unit, _ = strconv.Atoi(unitStr)
	} else {
		up.Unit = -1
	}
	if up.Application == "new" {
		if up.Unit != -1 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid placement syntax %q", p)
		}
		up.Machine, up.Application = "new", ""
	}
	return &up, nil
}

// inferEndpoints infers missing relation names from the given endpoint
// specifications, using the given get function to retrieve charm
// data if necessary. It returns the fully specified endpoints.
func inferEndpoints(epSpec0, epSpec1 endpoint, get func(svc string) (*Meta, error)) (endpoint, endpoint, error) {
	if epSpec0.relation != "" && epSpec1.relation != "" {
		// The endpoints are already specified explicitly so
		// there is no need to fetch any charm data to infer
		// them.
		return epSpec0, epSpec1, nil
	}
	eps0, err := possibleEndpoints(epSpec0, get)
	if err != nil {
		return endpoint{}, endpoint{}, err
	}
	eps1, err := possibleEndpoints(epSpec1, get)
	if err != nil {
		return endpoint{}, endpoint{}, err
	}
	var candidates [][]endpointInfo
	for _, ep0 := range eps0 {
		for _, ep1 := range eps1 {
			if ep0.canRelateTo(ep1) {
				candidates = append(candidates, []endpointInfo{ep0, ep1})
			}
		}
	}
	switch len(candidates) {
	case 0:
		return endpoint{}, endpoint{}, fmt.Errorf("no relations found")
	case 1:
		return candidates[0][0].endpoint(), candidates[0][1].endpoint(), nil
	}

	// There's ambiguity; try discarding implicit relations.
	filtered := discardImplicitRelations(candidates)
	if len(filtered) == 1 {
		return filtered[0][0].endpoint(), filtered[0][1].endpoint(), nil
	}
	// The ambiguity cannot be resolved, so return an error.
	var keys []string
	for _, cand := range candidates {
		keys = append(keys, fmt.Sprintf("%q", relationKey(cand)))
	}
	sort.Strings(keys)
	return endpoint{}, endpoint{}, fmt.Errorf("ambiguous relation: %s %s could refer to %s",
		epSpec0, epSpec1, strings.Join(keys, "; "))
}

func discardImplicitRelations(candidates [][]endpointInfo) [][]endpointInfo {
	var filtered [][]endpointInfo
outer:
	for _, cand := range candidates {
		for _, ep := range cand {
			if ep.IsImplicit() {
				continue outer
			}
		}
		filtered = append(filtered, cand)
	}
	return filtered
}

// relationKey returns a string describing the relation defined by
// endpoints, for use in various contexts (including error messages).
func relationKey(endpoints []endpointInfo) string {
	var names []string
	for _, ep := range endpoints {
		names = append(names, ep.String())
	}
	sort.Strings(names)
	return strings.Join(names, " ")
}

// possibleEndpoints returns all the endpoints that the given endpoint spec
// could refer to.
func possibleEndpoints(epSpec endpoint, get func(svc string) (*Meta, error)) ([]endpointInfo, error) {
	meta, err := get(epSpec.application)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var eps []endpointInfo
	add := func(r Relation) {
		if epSpec.relation == "" || epSpec.relation == r.Name {
			eps = append(eps, endpointInfo{
				applicationName: epSpec.application,
				Relation:        r,
			})
		}
	}

	for _, r := range meta.Provides {
		add(r)
	}
	for _, r := range meta.Requires {
		add(r)
	}
	// Every application implicitly provides a juju-info relation.
	add(Relation{
		Name:      "juju-info",
		Role:      RoleProvider,
		Interface: "juju-info",
		Scope:     ScopeGlobal,
	})
	return eps, nil
}