03_getting_started_with_iris.ipynb

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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Getting started in scikit-learn with the famous iris dataset ([video #3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd1W4CyPX58&list=PL5-da3qGB5ICeMbQuqbbCOQWcS6OYBr5A&index=3))\n",
    "\n",
    "Created by [Data School](https://www.dataschool.io). Watch all 10 videos on [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5-da3qGB5ICeMbQuqbbCOQWcS6OYBr5A). Download the notebooks from [GitHub](https://github.com/justmarkham/scikit-learn-videos).\n",
    "\n",
    "**Note:** This notebook uses Python 3.9.1 and scikit-learn 0.23.2. The original notebook (shown in the video) used Python 2.7 and scikit-learn 0.16."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Agenda\n",
    "\n",
    "- What is the famous iris dataset, and how does it relate to Machine Learning?\n",
    "- How do we load the iris dataset into scikit-learn?\n",
    "- How do we describe a dataset using Machine Learning terminology?\n",
    "- What are scikit-learn's four key requirements for working with data?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Introducing the iris dataset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![Iris](images/03_iris.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- 50 samples of 3 different species of iris (150 samples total)\n",
    "- Measurements: sepal length, sepal width, petal length, petal width"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# added empty cell so that the cell numbering matches the video"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "        <iframe\n",
       "            width=\"300\"\n",
       "            height=\"200\"\n",
       "            src=\"https://www.dataschool.io/files/iris.txt\"\n",
       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
       "            allowfullscreen\n",
       "        ></iframe>\n",
       "        "
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.lib.display.IFrame at 0x7fe408230e80>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import IFrame\n",
    "IFrame('https://www.dataschool.io/files/iris.txt', width=300, height=200)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Machine Learning on the iris dataset\n",
    "\n",
    "- Framed as a **supervised learning** problem: Predict the species of an iris using the measurements\n",
    "- Famous dataset for Machine Learning because prediction is **easy**\n",
    "- Learn more about the iris dataset: [UCI Machine Learning Repository](http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Iris)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Loading the iris dataset into scikit-learn"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# import load_iris function from datasets module\n",
    "from sklearn.datasets import load_iris"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "sklearn.utils.Bunch"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# save \"bunch\" object containing iris dataset and its attributes\n",
    "iris = load_iris()\n",
    "type(iris)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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      " [5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]\n",
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      " [7.2 3.  5.8 1.6]\n",
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      " [7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]\n",
      " [6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]\n",
      " [6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]\n",
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      " [7.7 3.  6.1 2.3]\n",
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      " [6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]\n",
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      " [6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]\n",
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      " [6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]\n",
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      " [6.7 3.  5.2 2.3]\n",
      " [6.3 2.5 5.  1.9]\n",
      " [6.5 3.  5.2 2. ]\n",
      " [6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]\n",
      " [5.9 3.  5.1 1.8]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# print the iris data\n",
    "print(iris.data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Machine Learning terminology\n",
    "\n",
    "- Each row is an **observation** (also known as: sample, example, instance, record)\n",
    "- Each column is a **feature** (also known as: predictor, attribute, independent variable, input, regressor, covariate)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# print the names of the four features\n",
    "print(iris.feature_names)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0\n",
      " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1\n",
      " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2\n",
      " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2\n",
      " 2 2]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# print integers representing the species of each observation\n",
    "print(iris.target)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# print the encoding scheme for species: 0 = setosa, 1 = versicolor, 2 = virginica\n",
    "print(iris.target_names)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Each value we are predicting is the **response** (also known as: target, outcome, label, dependent variable)\n",
    "- **Classification** is supervised learning in which the response is categorical\n",
    "- **Regression** is supervised learning in which the response is ordered and continuous"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Requirements for working with data in scikit-learn\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Features and response are **separate objects**\n",
    "2. Features should always be **numeric**, and response should be **numeric** for regression problems\n",
    "3. Features and response should be **NumPy arrays**\n",
    "4. Features and response should have **specific shapes**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'numpy.ndarray'>\n",
      "<class 'numpy.ndarray'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# check the types of the features and response\n",
    "print(type(iris.data))\n",
    "print(type(iris.target))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(150, 4)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# check the shape of the features (first dimension = number of observations, second dimensions = number of features)\n",
    "print(iris.data.shape)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(150,)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# check the shape of the response (single dimension matching the number of observations)\n",
    "print(iris.target.shape)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# store feature matrix in \"X\"\n",
    "X = iris.data\n",
    "\n",
    "# store response vector in \"y\"\n",
    "y = iris.target"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Resources\n",
    "\n",
    "- scikit-learn documentation: [Dataset loading utilities](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/datasets.html)\n",
    "- Jake VanderPlas: Fast Numerical Computing with NumPy ([slides](https://speakerdeck.com/jakevdp/losing-your-loops-fast-numerical-computing-with-numpy-pycon-2015), [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEUXKG97YRw))\n",
    "- Scott Shell: [An Introduction to NumPy](https://sites.engineering.ucsb.edu/~shell/che210d/numpy.pdf) (PDF)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Comments or Questions?\n",
    "\n",
    "- Email: <kevin@dataschool.io>\n",
    "- Website: https://www.dataschool.io\n",
    "- Twitter: [@justmarkham](https://twitter.com/justmarkham)"
   ]
  }
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