evm.go

// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package vm

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	goerrors "errors"
	"math/big"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	abipkg "github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/accounts/abi"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/common"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/common/hexutil"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/consensus"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/core/types"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/crypto"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/log"
	"github.com/keep-network/celo-blockchain/params"
)

// emptyCodeHash is used by create to ensure deployment is disallowed to already
// deployed contract addresses (relevant after the account abstraction).
var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)

// systemCaller is the caller when the EVM is invoked from the within the blockchain system.
var systemCaller = AccountRef(common.HexToAddress("0x0"))

type (
	// CanTransferFunc is the signature of a transfer guard function
	CanTransferFunc func(StateDB, common.Address, *big.Int) bool
	// TransferFunc is the signature of a transfer function
	TransferFunc func(StateDB, common.Address, common.Address, *big.Int)
	// GetHashFunc returns the n'th block hash in the blockchain
	// and is used by the BLOCKHASH EVM op code.
	GetHashFunc func(uint64) common.Hash
	// GetHeaderByNumber returns the header of the nth block in the chain.
	GetHeaderByNumberFunc func(uint64) *types.Header
	// VerifySealFunc returns true if the given header contains a valid seal
	// according to the engine's consensus rules.
	VerifySealFunc func(*types.Header) bool
)

// run runs the given contract and takes care of running precompiles with a fallback to the byte code interpreter.
func run(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ([]byte, error) {
	if contract.CodeAddr != nil {
		precompiles := PrecompiledContractsHomestead
		if evm.chainRules.IsByzantium {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsByzantium
		}
		if evm.chainRules.IsIstanbul {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsIstanbul
		}
		if evm.chainRules.IsDonut {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsDonut
		}
		if p := precompiles[*contract.CodeAddr]; p != nil {
			return RunPrecompiledContract(p, input, contract, evm)
		}
	}
	for _, interpreter := range evm.interpreters {
		if interpreter.CanRun(contract.Code) {
			if evm.interpreter != interpreter {
				// Ensure that the interpreter pointer is set back
				// to its current value upon return.
				defer func(i Interpreter) {
					evm.interpreter = i
				}(evm.interpreter)
				evm.interpreter = interpreter
			}
			return interpreter.Run(contract, input, readOnly)
		}
	}
	return nil, ErrNoCompatibleInterpreter
}

// Context provides the EVM with auxiliary information. Once provided
// it shouldn't be modified.
type Context struct {
	// CanTransfer returns whether the account contains
	// sufficient ether to transfer the value
	CanTransfer CanTransferFunc
	// Transfer transfers ether from one account to the other
	Transfer TransferFunc
	// GetHash returns the hash corresponding to n
	GetHash GetHashFunc
	// GetParentSealBitmap returns the parent seal bitmap corresponding to n
	GetHeaderByNumber GetHeaderByNumberFunc
	// VerifySeal verifies or returns an error for the given header
	VerifySeal VerifySealFunc

	// Message information
	Origin   common.Address // Provides information for ORIGIN
	GasPrice *big.Int       // Provides information for GASPRICE

	// Block information
	Coinbase    common.Address // Provides information for COINBASE
	BlockNumber *big.Int       // Provides information for NUMBER
	Time        *big.Int       // Provides information for TIME

	Header *types.Header

	Engine consensus.Engine
}

// EVM is the Ethereum Virtual Machine base object and provides
// the necessary tools to run a contract on the given state with
// the provided context. It should be noted that any error
// generated through any of the calls should be considered a
// revert-state-and-consume-all-gas operation, no checks on
// specific errors should ever be performed. The interpreter makes
// sure that any errors generated are to be considered faulty code.
//
// The EVM should never be reused and is not thread safe.
type EVM struct {
	// Context provides auxiliary blockchain related information
	Context
	// StateDB gives access to the underlying state
	StateDB StateDB

	// Depth is the current call stack
	depth int

	// chainConfig contains information about the current chain
	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
	// chain rules contains the chain rules for the current epoch
	chainRules params.Rules
	// virtual machine configuration options used to initialise the
	// evm.
	vmConfig Config
	// global (to this context) ethereum virtual machine
	// used throughout the execution of the tx.
	interpreters []Interpreter
	interpreter  Interpreter
	// abort is used to abort the EVM calling operations
	// NOTE: must be set atomically
	abort int32
	// callGasTemp holds the gas available for the current call. This is needed because the
	// available gas is calculated in gasCall* according to the 63/64 rule and later
	// applied in opCall*.
	callGasTemp uint64

	DontMeterGas bool
}

// NewEVM returns a new EVM. The returned EVM is not thread safe and should
// only ever be used *once*.
func NewEVM(ctx Context, statedb StateDB, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, vmConfig Config) *EVM {
	evm := &EVM{
		Context:      ctx,
		StateDB:      statedb,
		vmConfig:     vmConfig,
		chainConfig:  chainConfig,
		chainRules:   chainConfig.Rules(ctx.BlockNumber),
		interpreters: make([]Interpreter, 0, 1),
		DontMeterGas: false,
	}

	if chainConfig.IsEWASM(ctx.BlockNumber) {
		// to be implemented by EVM-C and Wagon PRs.
		// if vmConfig.EWASMInterpreter != "" {
		//  extIntOpts := strings.Split(vmConfig.EWASMInterpreter, ":")
		//  path := extIntOpts[0]
		//  options := []string{}
		//  if len(extIntOpts) > 1 {
		//    options = extIntOpts[1..]
		//  }
		//  evm.interpreters = append(evm.interpreters, NewEVMVCInterpreter(evm, vmConfig, options))
		// } else {
		// 	evm.interpreters = append(evm.interpreters, NewEWASMInterpreter(evm, vmConfig))
		// }
		panic("No supported ewasm interpreter yet.")
	}

	// vmConfig.EVMInterpreter will be used by EVM-C, it won't be checked here
	// as we always want to have the built-in EVM as the failover option.
	evm.interpreters = append(evm.interpreters, NewEVMInterpreter(evm, &evm.vmConfig))
	evm.interpreter = evm.interpreters[0]

	return evm
}

// Cancel cancels any running EVM operation. This may be called concurrently and
// it's safe to be called multiple times.
func (evm *EVM) Cancel() {
	atomic.StoreInt32(&evm.abort, 1)
}

// Cancelled returns true if Cancel has been called
func (evm *EVM) Cancelled() bool {
	return atomic.LoadInt32(&evm.abort) == 1
}

// Interpreter returns the current interpreter
func (evm *EVM) Interpreter() Interpreter {
	return evm.interpreter
}

func (evm *EVM) GetStateDB() StateDB {
	return evm.StateDB
}

func (evm *EVM) GetHeader() *types.Header {
	return evm.Context.Header
}

func (evm *EVM) GetDebug() bool {
	return evm.vmConfig.Debug
}

func (evm *EVM) SetDebug(value bool) {
	evm.vmConfig.Debug = value
}

// Call executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as
// parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes
// the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an
// execution error or failed value transfer.
func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
		return nil, gas, nil
	}

	// Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit
	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
	}
	// Fail if we're trying to transfer more than the available balance
	if !evm.Context.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
		return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
	}

	var (
		to       = AccountRef(addr)
		snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot()
	)
	if !evm.StateDB.Exist(addr) {
		precompiles := PrecompiledContractsHomestead
		if evm.chainRules.IsByzantium {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsByzantium
		}
		if evm.chainRules.IsIstanbul {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsIstanbul
		}
		if evm.chainRules.IsDonut {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsDonut
		}
		if precompiles[addr] == nil && evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 && value.Sign() == 0 {
			// Calling a non existing account, don't do anything, but ping the tracer
			if evm.vmConfig.Debug && evm.depth == 0 {
				evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureStart(caller.Address(), addr, false, input, gas, value)
				evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, 0, 0, nil)
			}
			return nil, gas, nil
		}
		evm.StateDB.CreateAccount(addr)
	}
	gas, err = evm.TobinTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), to.Address(), gas, value)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("Failed to transfer with tobin tax", "err", err)
		return nil, gas, err
	}
	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
	contract := NewContract(caller, to, value, gas)
	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))

	// Even if the account has no code, we need to continue because it might be a precompile
	start := time.Now()

	// Capture the tracer start/end events in debug mode
	if evm.vmConfig.Debug && evm.depth == 0 {
		evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureStart(caller.Address(), addr, false, input, gas, value)

		defer func() { // Lazy evaluation of the parameters
			evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, gas-contract.Gas, time.Since(start), err)
		}()
	}
	ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, false)

	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
	// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally
	// when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
	if err != nil {
		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
		if err != errExecutionReverted {
			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
		}
	}
	return ret, contract.Gas, err
}

// CallCode executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
// as parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes
// the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an
// execution error or failed value transfer.
//
// CallCode differs from Call in the sense that it executes the given address'
// code with the caller as context.
func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
		return nil, gas, nil
	}

	// Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit
	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
	}
	// Fail if we're trying to transfer more than the available balance
	if !evm.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
		return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
	}

	var (
		snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot()
		to       = AccountRef(caller.Address())
	)
	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
	contract := NewContract(caller, to, value, gas)
	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))

	ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, false)
	if err != nil {
		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
		if err != errExecutionReverted {
			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
		}
	}
	return ret, contract.Gas, err
}

// DelegateCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
// as parameters. It reverses the state in case of an execution error.
//
// DelegateCall differs from CallCode in the sense that it executes the given address'
// code with the caller as context and the caller is set to the caller of the caller.
func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
		return nil, gas, nil
	}
	// Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit
	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
	}

	var (
		snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot()
		to       = AccountRef(caller.Address())
	)

	// Initialise a new contract and make initialise the delegate values
	contract := NewContract(caller, to, nil, gas).AsDelegate()
	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))

	ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, false)
	if err != nil {
		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
		if err != errExecutionReverted {
			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
		}
	}
	return ret, contract.Gas, err
}

// StaticCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
// as parameters while disallowing any modifications to the state during the call.
// Opcodes that attempt to perform such modifications will result in exceptions
// instead of performing the modifications.
func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
		return nil, gas, nil
	}
	// Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit
	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
	}

	var (
		to       = AccountRef(addr)
		snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot()
	)
	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
	contract := NewContract(caller, to, new(big.Int), gas)
	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))

	// We do an AddBalance of zero here, just in order to trigger a touch.
	// This doesn't matter on Mainnet, where all empties are gone at the time of Byzantium,
	// but is the correct thing to do and matters on other networks, in tests, and potential
	// future scenarios
	evm.StateDB.AddBalance(addr, bigZero)

	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
	// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally
	// when we're in Homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
	ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, true)
	if err != nil {
		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
		if err != errExecutionReverted {
			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
		}
	}
	return ret, contract.Gas, err
}

type codeAndHash struct {
	code []byte
	hash common.Hash
}

func (c *codeAndHash) Hash() common.Hash {
	if c.hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		c.hash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(c.code)
	}
	return c.hash
}

// create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
func (evm *EVM) create(caller ContractRef, codeAndHash *codeAndHash, gas uint64, value *big.Int, address common.Address) ([]byte, common.Address, uint64, error) {
	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
	// limit.
	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
		return nil, common.Address{}, gas, ErrDepth
	}
	if !evm.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
		return nil, common.Address{}, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
	}
	nonce := evm.StateDB.GetNonce(caller.Address())
	evm.StateDB.SetNonce(caller.Address(), nonce+1)

	// Ensure there's no existing contract already at the designated address
	contractHash := evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(address)
	if evm.StateDB.GetNonce(address) != 0 || (contractHash != (common.Hash{}) && contractHash != emptyCodeHash) {
		return nil, common.Address{}, 0, ErrContractAddressCollision
	}
	// Create a new account on the state
	snapshot := evm.StateDB.Snapshot()
	evm.StateDB.CreateAccount(address)
	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
		evm.StateDB.SetNonce(address, 1)
	}
	gas, err := evm.TobinTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), address, gas, value)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("Failed to transfer with tobin tax", "err", err)
		return nil, address, gas, err
	}

	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
	contract := NewContract(caller, AccountRef(address), value, gas)
	contract.SetCodeOptionalHash(&address, codeAndHash)

	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
		return nil, address, gas, nil
	}

	if evm.vmConfig.Debug && evm.depth == 0 {
		evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureStart(caller.Address(), address, true, codeAndHash.code, gas, value)
	}
	start := time.Now()

	ret, err := run(evm, contract, nil, false)

	// check whether the max code size has been exceeded
	maxCodeSizeExceeded := evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 && len(ret) > params.MaxCodeSize
	// if the contract creation ran successfully and no errors were returned
	// calculate the gas required to store the code. If the code could not
	// be stored due to not enough gas set an error and let it be handled
	// by the error checking condition below.
	if err == nil && !maxCodeSizeExceeded {
		createDataGas := uint64(len(ret)) * params.CreateDataGas
		if contract.UseGas(createDataGas) {
			evm.StateDB.SetCode(address, ret)
		} else {
			err = ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas
		}
	}

	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
	// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally
	// when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
	if maxCodeSizeExceeded || (err != nil && (evm.chainRules.IsHomestead || err != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas)) {
		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
		if err != errExecutionReverted {
			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
		}
	}
	// Assign err if contract code size exceeds the max while the err is still empty.
	if maxCodeSizeExceeded && err == nil {
		err = errMaxCodeSizeExceeded
	}
	if evm.vmConfig.Debug && evm.depth == 0 {
		evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, gas-contract.Gas, time.Since(start), err)
	}
	return ret, address, contract.Gas, err

}

// Create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	contractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress(caller.Address(), evm.StateDB.GetNonce(caller.Address()))
	return evm.create(caller, &codeAndHash{code: code}, gas, value, contractAddr)
}

// Create2 creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
//
// The different between Create2 with Create is Create2 uses sha3(0xff ++ msg.sender ++ salt ++ sha3(init_code))[12:]
// instead of the usual sender-and-nonce-hash as the address where the contract is initialized at.
func (evm *EVM) Create2(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *big.Int, salt *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	codeAndHash := &codeAndHash{code: code}
	contractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress2(caller.Address(), common.BigToHash(salt), codeAndHash.Hash().Bytes())
	return evm.create(caller, codeAndHash, gas, endowment, contractAddr)
}

// ChainConfig returns the environment's chain configuration
func (evm *EVM) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig { return evm.chainConfig }

func getTobinTax(evm *EVM, sender common.Address) (numerator *big.Int, denominator *big.Int, reserveAddress *common.Address, err error) {
	reserveAddress, err = GetRegisteredAddressWithEvm(params.ReserveRegistryId, evm)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, nil, err
	}

	ret, _, err := evm.Call(AccountRef(sender), *reserveAddress, params.TobinTaxFunctionSelector, params.MaxGasForGetOrComputeTobinTax, big.NewInt(0))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, nil, err
	}

	// Expected size of ret is 64 bytes because getOrComputeTobinTax() returns two uint256 values,
	// each of which is equivalent to 32 bytes
	if binary.Size(ret) != 64 {
		return nil, nil, nil, goerrors.New("Length of tobin tax not equal to 64 bytes")
	}
	numerator = new(big.Int).SetBytes(ret[0:32])
	denominator = new(big.Int).SetBytes(ret[32:64])
	if denominator.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
		return nil, nil, nil, goerrors.New("Tobin tax denominator equal to zero")
	}
	if numerator.Cmp(denominator) == 1 {
		return nil, nil, nil, goerrors.New("Tobin tax numerator greater than denominator")
	}
	return numerator, denominator, reserveAddress, nil
}

// TobinTransfer performs a transfer that may take a tax from the sent amount and give it to the reserve.
// If the calculation or transfer of the tax amount fails for any reason, the regular transfer goes ahead.
// NB: Gas is not charged or accounted for this calculation.
func (evm *EVM) TobinTransfer(db StateDB, sender, recipient common.Address, gas uint64, amount *big.Int) (leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	// Run only primary evm.Call() with tracer
	if evm.GetDebug() {
		evm.SetDebug(false)
		defer func() { evm.SetDebug(true) }()
	}

	if amount.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) != 0 {
		numerator, denominator, reserveAddress, err := getTobinTax(evm, sender)
		if err == nil {
			tobinTax := new(big.Int).Div(new(big.Int).Mul(numerator, amount), denominator)
			evm.Context.Transfer(db, sender, recipient, new(big.Int).Sub(amount, tobinTax))
			evm.Context.Transfer(db, sender, *reserveAddress, tobinTax)
			return gas, nil
		} else {
			log.Error("Failed to get tobin tax", "error", err)
		}
	}

	// Complete a normal transfer if the amount is 0 or the tobin tax value is unable to be fetched and parsed.
	// We transfer even when the amount is 0 because state trie clearing [EIP161] is necessary at the end of a transaction
	evm.Context.Transfer(db, sender, recipient, amount)
	return gas, nil
}

func (evm *EVM) StaticCallFromSystem(contractAddress common.Address, abi abipkg.ABI, funcName string, args []interface{}, returnObj interface{}, gas uint64) (uint64, error) {
	staticCall := func(transactionData []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) {
		return evm.StaticCall(systemCaller, contractAddress, transactionData, gas)
	}

	return evm.handleABICall(abi, funcName, args, returnObj, staticCall)
}

func (evm *EVM) CallFromSystem(contractAddress common.Address, abi abipkg.ABI, funcName string, args []interface{}, returnObj interface{}, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (uint64, error) {
	call := func(transactionData []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) {
		return evm.Call(systemCaller, contractAddress, transactionData, gas, value)
	}
	return evm.handleABICall(abi, funcName, args, returnObj, call)
}

var (
	errorSig     = []byte{0x08, 0xc3, 0x79, 0xa0} // Keccak256("Error(string)")[:4]
	abiString, _ = abipkg.NewType("string", "", nil)
)

func unpackError(result []byte) (string, error) {
	if len(result) < 4 || !bytes.Equal(result[:4], errorSig) {
		return "<tx result not Error(string)>", goerrors.New("TX result not of type Error(string)")
	}
	vs, err := abipkg.Arguments{{Type: abiString}}.UnpackValues(result[4:])
	if err != nil {
		return "<invalid tx result>", err
	}
	return vs[0].(string), nil
}

func (evm *EVM) handleABICall(abi abipkg.ABI, funcName string, args []interface{}, returnObj interface{}, call func([]byte) ([]byte, uint64, error)) (uint64, error) {
	transactionData, err := abi.Pack(funcName, args...)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("Error in generating the ABI encoding for the function call", "err", err, "funcName", funcName, "args", args)
		return 0, err
	}

	ret, leftoverGas, err := call(transactionData)

	if err != nil {
		msg, _ := unpackError(ret)
		// Do not log execution reverted as error for getAddressFor. This only happens before the Registry is deployed.
		// TODO(nategraf): Find a more generic and complete solution to the problem of logging tolerated EVM call failures.
		if funcName == "getAddressFor" {
			log.Trace("Error in calling the EVM", "funcName", funcName, "transactionData", hexutil.Encode(transactionData), "err", err, "msg", msg)
		} else {
			log.Error("Error in calling the EVM", "funcName", funcName, "transactionData", hexutil.Encode(transactionData), "err", err, "msg", msg)
		}
		return leftoverGas, err
	}

	log.Trace("EVM call successful", "funcName", funcName, "transactionData", hexutil.Encode(transactionData), "ret", hexutil.Encode(ret))

	if returnObj != nil {
		if err := abi.Unpack(returnObj, funcName, ret); err != nil {

			// TODO (mcortesi) Remove ErrEmptyArguments check after we change Proxy to fail on unset impl
			// `ErrEmptyArguments` is expected when when syncing & importing blocks
			// before a contract has been deployed
			if err == abipkg.ErrEmptyArguments {
				log.Trace("Error in unpacking EVM call return bytes", "err", err)
			} else {
				log.Error("Error in unpacking EVM call return bytes", "err", err)
			}
			return leftoverGas, err
		}
	}

	return leftoverGas, nil
}