accessors_chain.go

// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package rawdb

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/binary"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"math/big"
	"time"

	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/cmd/rpcdaemon/interfaces"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/common"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/common/dbutils"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/core/types"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/eth/stagedsync/stages"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/ethdb/cbor"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/rlp"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
)

// ReadCanonicalHash retrieves the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
func ReadCanonicalHash(db kv.Getter, number uint64) (common.Hash, error) {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.HeaderCanonical, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number))
	if err != nil {
		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w, number=%d", err, number)
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return common.Hash{}, nil
	}
	return common.BytesToHash(data), nil
}

// WriteCanonicalHash stores the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
func WriteCanonicalHash(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) error {
	if err := db.Put(kv.HeaderCanonical, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store number to hash mapping: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// TruncateCanonicalHash removes all the number to hash canonical mapping from block number N
func TruncateCanonicalHash(tx kv.RwTx, blockFrom uint64) error {
	if err := tx.ForEach(kv.HeaderCanonical, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(blockFrom), func(k, _ []byte) error {
		return tx.Delete(kv.HeaderCanonical, k, nil)
	}); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("TruncateCanonicalHash: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// IsCanonicalHash determines whether a header with the given hash is on the canonical chain.
func IsCanonicalHash(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash) (bool, error) {
	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
	if number == nil {
		return false, nil
	}
	canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, *number)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return canonicalHash != (common.Hash{}) && canonicalHash == hash, nil
}

// ReadHeaderNumber returns the header number assigned to a hash.
func ReadHeaderNumber(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.HeaderNumber, hash.Bytes())
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadHeaderNumber failed", "err", err)
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	if len(data) != 8 {
		log.Error("ReadHeaderNumber got wrong data len", "len", len(data))
		return nil
	}
	number := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data)
	return &number
}

// WriteHeaderNumber stores the hash->number mapping.
func WriteHeaderNumber(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) error {
	if err := db.Put(kv.HeaderNumber, hash[:], dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// ReadHeadHeaderHash retrieves the hash of the current canonical head header.
func ReadHeadHeaderHash(db kv.Getter) common.Hash {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.HeadHeaderKey, []byte(kv.HeadHeaderKey))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadHeadHeaderHash failed", "err", err)
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return common.Hash{}
	}
	return common.BytesToHash(data)
}

// WriteHeadHeaderHash stores the hash of the current canonical head header.
func WriteHeadHeaderHash(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash) error {
	if err := db.Put(kv.HeadHeaderKey, []byte(kv.HeadHeaderKey), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store last header's hash: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// ReadHeadBlockHash retrieves the hash of the current canonical head block.
func ReadHeadBlockHash(db kv.Getter) common.Hash {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.HeadBlockKey, []byte(kv.HeadBlockKey))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadHeadBlockHash failed", "err", err)
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return common.Hash{}
	}
	return common.BytesToHash(data)
}

// WriteHeadBlockHash stores the head block's hash.
func WriteHeadBlockHash(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash) {
	if err := db.Put(kv.HeadBlockKey, []byte(kv.HeadBlockKey), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to store last block's hash", "err", err)
	}
}

// ReadHeaderRLP retrieves a block header in its raw RLP database encoding.
func ReadHeaderRLP(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.Headers, dbutils.HeaderKey(number, hash))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadHeaderRLP failed", "err", err)
	}
	return data
}

// HasHeader verifies the existence of a block header corresponding to the hash.
func HasHeader(db kv.Has, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
	if has, err := db.Has(kv.Headers, dbutils.HeaderKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
		return false
	}
	return true
}

// ReadHeader retrieves the block header corresponding to the hash.
func ReadHeader(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Header {
	data := ReadHeaderRLP(db, hash, number)
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	header := new(types.Header)
	if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(data), header); err != nil {
		log.Error("Invalid block header RLP", "hash", hash, "err", err)
		return nil
	}
	return header
}

func ReadCurrentBlockNumber(db kv.Getter) *uint64 {
	headHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
	return ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
}

func ReadCurrentHeader(db kv.Getter) *types.Header {
	headHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
	if headNumber == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return ReadHeader(db, headHash, *headNumber)
}

func ReadCurrentBlock(db kv.Tx) *types.Block {
	headHash := ReadHeadBlockHash(db)
	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
	if headNumber == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return ReadBlock(db, headHash, *headNumber)
}

func ReadLastBlockSynced(db kv.Tx) (*types.Block, error) {
	headNumber, err := stages.GetStageProgress(db, stages.Execution)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	headHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, headNumber)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return ReadBlock(db, headHash, headNumber), nil
}

func ReadHeadersByNumber(db kv.Tx, number uint64) ([]*types.Header, error) {
	var res []*types.Header
	c, err := db.Cursor(kv.Headers)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer c.Close()
	prefix := dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number)
	for k, v, err := c.Seek(prefix); k != nil; k, v, err = c.Next() {
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, prefix) {
			break
		}

		header := new(types.Header)
		if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(v), header); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid block header RLP: hash=%x, err=%w", k[8:], err)
		}
		res = append(res, header)
	}
	return res, nil
}

// WriteHeader stores a block header into the database and also stores the hash-
// to-number mapping.
func WriteHeader(db kv.Putter, header *types.Header) {
	var (
		hash    = header.Hash()
		number  = header.Number.Uint64()
		encoded = dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number)
	)
	if err := db.Put(kv.HeaderNumber, hash[:], encoded); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to store hash to number mapping", "err", err)
	}
	// Write the encoded header
	data, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(header)
	if err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode header", "err", err)
	}
	if err := db.Put(kv.Headers, dbutils.HeaderKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to store header", "err", err)
	}
}

// deleteHeader - dangerous, use DeleteAncientBlocks/TruncateBlocks methods
func deleteHeader(db kv.Deleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
	if err := db.Delete(kv.Headers, dbutils.HeaderKey(number, hash), nil); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to delete header", "err", err)
	}
	if err := db.Delete(kv.HeaderNumber, hash.Bytes(), nil); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash to number mapping", "err", err)
	}
}

// ReadBodyRLP retrieves the block body (transactions and uncles) in RLP encoding.
func ReadBodyRLP(db kv.Tx, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
	body := ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, hash, number)
	bodyRlp, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadBodyRLP failed", "err", err)
	}
	return bodyRlp
}
func NonCanonicalBodyRLP(db kv.Tx, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
	body := NonCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, hash, number)
	bodyRlp, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadBodyRLP failed", "err", err)
	}
	return bodyRlp
}

func ReadStorageBodyRLP(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
	bodyRlp, err := db.GetOne(kv.BlockBody, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadBodyRLP failed", "err", err)
	}
	return bodyRlp
}

func ReadStorageBody(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) (types.BodyForStorage, error) {
	bodyRlp, err := db.GetOne(kv.BlockBody, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadBodyRLP failed", "err", err)
	}
	bodyForStorage := new(types.BodyForStorage)
	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(bodyRlp, bodyForStorage); err != nil {
		return types.BodyForStorage{}, err
	}
	return *bodyForStorage, nil
}

func CanonicalTransactions(db kv.Getter, baseTxId uint64, amount uint32) ([]types.Transaction, error) {
	if amount == 0 {
		return []types.Transaction{}, nil
	}
	txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
	reader := bytes.NewReader(nil)
	stream := rlp.NewStream(reader, 0)
	txs := make([]types.Transaction, amount)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, baseTxId)
	i := uint32(0)

	if err := db.ForAmount(kv.EthTx, txIdKey, amount, func(k, v []byte) error {
		var decodeErr error
		reader.Reset(v)
		stream.Reset(reader, 0)
		if txs[i], decodeErr = types.DecodeTransaction(stream); decodeErr != nil {
			return decodeErr
		}
		i++
		return nil
	}); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	txs = txs[:i] // user may request big "amount", but db can return small "amount". Return as much as we found.
	return txs, nil
}

func NonCanonicalTransactions(db kv.Getter, baseTxId uint64, amount uint32) ([]types.Transaction, error) {
	if amount == 0 {
		return []types.Transaction{}, nil
	}
	txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
	reader := bytes.NewReader(nil)
	stream := rlp.NewStream(reader, 0)
	txs := make([]types.Transaction, amount)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, baseTxId)
	i := uint32(0)

	if err := db.ForAmount(kv.EthTx, txIdKey, amount, func(k, v []byte) error {
		var decodeErr error
		reader.Reset(v)
		stream.Reset(reader, 0)
		if txs[i], decodeErr = types.DecodeTransaction(stream); decodeErr != nil {
			return decodeErr
		}
		i++
		return nil
	}); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	txs = txs[:i] // user may request big "amount", but db can return small "amount". Return as much as we found.
	return txs, nil
}

func WriteTransactions(db kv.RwTx, txs []types.Transaction, baseTxId uint64) error {
	txId := baseTxId
	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
	for _, tx := range txs {
		txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, txId)
		txId++

		buf.Reset()
		if err := rlp.Encode(buf, tx); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("broken tx rlp: %w", err)
		}

		// If next Append returns KeyExists error - it means you need to open transaction in App code before calling this func. Batch is also fine.
		if err := db.Append(kv.EthTx, txIdKey, common.CopyBytes(buf.Bytes())); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func WriteRawTransactions(db kv.RwTx, txs [][]byte, baseTxId uint64) error {
	txId := baseTxId
	for _, tx := range txs {
		txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, txId)
		// If next Append returns KeyExists error - it means you need to open transaction in App code before calling this func. Batch is also fine.
		if err := db.Append(kv.EthTx, txIdKey, tx); err != nil {
			c, err := db.Cursor(kv.EthTx)
			if err != nil {
				kk, _, _ := c.Last()
				c.Close()
				return fmt.Errorf("txId=%d, baseTxId=%d, lastInDb=%d, %w", txId, baseTxId, binary.BigEndian.Uint64(kk), err)
			}
			return err
		}
		txId++
	}
	return nil
}

// WriteBodyForStorage stores an RLP encoded block body into the database.
func WriteBodyForStorage(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.BodyForStorage) error {
	data, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(body)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return db.Put(kv.BlockBody, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash), data)
}

// ReadBodyByNumber - returns canonical block body
func ReadBodyByNumber(db kv.Tx, number uint64) (*types.Body, uint64, uint32, error) {
	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w", err)
	}
	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return nil, 0, 0, nil
	}
	body, baseTxId, txAmount := ReadBody(db, hash, number)
	return body, baseTxId, txAmount, nil
}

func ReadBodyWithTransactions(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) (*types.Body, error) {
	canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read canonical hash failed: %d, %w", number, err)
	}
	if canonicalHash == hash {
		return ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, hash, number), nil
	}
	return NonCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, hash, number), nil
}

func ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Body {
	body, baseTxId, txAmount := ReadBody(db, hash, number)
	if body == nil {
		return nil
	}
	var err error
	body.Transactions, err = CanonicalTransactions(db, baseTxId, txAmount)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("failed ReadTransactionByHash", "hash", hash, "block", number, "err", err)
		return nil
	}
	return body
}

func NonCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Body {
	body, baseTxId, txAmount := ReadBody(db, hash, number)
	if body == nil {
		return nil
	}
	var err error
	body.Transactions, err = NonCanonicalTransactions(db, baseTxId, txAmount)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("failed ReadTransactionByHash", "hash", hash, "block", number, "err", err)
		return nil
	}
	return body
}

func RawTransactionsRange(db kv.Getter, from, to uint64) (res [][]byte, err error) {
	blockKey := make([]byte, dbutils.NumberLength+common.HashLength)
	encNum := make([]byte, 8)
	for i := from; i < to+1; i++ {
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(encNum, i)
		hash, err := db.GetOne(kv.HeaderCanonical, encNum)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if len(hash) == 0 {
			continue
		}

		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(blockKey, i)
		copy(blockKey[dbutils.NumberLength:], hash)
		bodyRlp, err := db.GetOne(kv.BlockBody, blockKey)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if len(bodyRlp) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		baseTxId, txAmount, err := types.DecodeOnlyTxMetadataFromBody(bodyRlp)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(encNum, baseTxId)
		if err = db.ForAmount(kv.EthTx, encNum, txAmount, func(k, v []byte) error {
			res = append(res, v)
			return nil
		}); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return
}

// ResetSequence - allow set arbitrary value to sequence (for example to decrement it to exact value)
func ResetSequence(tx kv.RwTx, bucket string, newValue uint64) error {
	newVBytes := make([]byte, 8)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(newVBytes, newValue)
	if err := tx.Put(kv.Sequence, []byte(bucket), newVBytes); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func ReadBodyForStorageByKey(db kv.Getter, k []byte) (*types.BodyForStorage, error) {
	bodyRlp, err := db.GetOne(kv.BlockBody, k)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if len(bodyRlp) == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}
	bodyForStorage := new(types.BodyForStorage)
	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(bodyRlp, bodyForStorage); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return bodyForStorage, nil
}

func ReadBody(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) (*types.Body, uint64, uint32) {
	data := ReadStorageBodyRLP(db, hash, number)
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return nil, 0, 0
	}
	bodyForStorage := new(types.BodyForStorage)
	err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, bodyForStorage)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("Invalid block body RLP", "hash", hash, "err", err)
		return nil, 0, 0
	}
	body := new(types.Body)
	body.Uncles = bodyForStorage.Uncles

	if bodyForStorage.TxAmount < 2 {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("block body hash too few txs amount: %d, %d", number, bodyForStorage.TxAmount))
	}
	return body, bodyForStorage.BaseTxId + 1, bodyForStorage.TxAmount - 2 // 1 system txn in the begining of block, and 1 at the end
}

func ReadSenders(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) ([]common.Address, error) {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.Senders, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("readSenders failed: %w", err)
	}
	senders := make([]common.Address, len(data)/common.AddressLength)
	for i := 0; i < len(senders); i++ {
		copy(senders[i][:], data[i*common.AddressLength:])
	}
	return senders, nil
}

func WriteRawBodyIfNotExists(db kv.RwTx, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.RawBody) error {
	exists, err := db.Has(kv.BlockBody, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if exists {
		return nil
	}
	return WriteRawBody(db, hash, number, body)
}

func WriteRawBody(db kv.RwTx, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.RawBody) error {
	baseTxId, err := db.IncrementSequence(kv.EthTx, uint64(len(body.Transactions))+2)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	data := types.BodyForStorage{
		BaseTxId: baseTxId,
		TxAmount: uint32(len(body.Transactions)) + 2,
		Uncles:   body.Uncles,
	}
	if err = WriteBodyForStorage(db, hash, number, &data); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("WriteBodyForStorage: %w", err)
	}
	if err = WriteRawTransactions(db, body.Transactions, baseTxId+1); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("WriteRawTransactions: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func WriteBody(db kv.RwTx, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.Body) error {
	// Pre-processing
	body.SendersFromTxs()
	baseTxId, err := db.IncrementSequence(kv.EthTx, uint64(len(body.Transactions))+2)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	data := types.BodyForStorage{
		BaseTxId: baseTxId,
		TxAmount: uint32(len(body.Transactions)) + 2,
		Uncles:   body.Uncles,
	}
	if err := WriteBodyForStorage(db, hash, number, &data); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write body: %w", err)
	}
	err = WriteTransactions(db, body.Transactions, baseTxId+1)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to WriteTransactions: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func WriteSenders(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, senders []common.Address) error {
	data := make([]byte, common.AddressLength*len(senders))
	for i, sender := range senders {
		copy(data[i*common.AddressLength:], sender[:])
	}
	if err := db.Put(kv.Senders, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store block senders: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// deleteBody removes all block body data associated with a hash.
func deleteBody(db kv.Deleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
	if err := db.Delete(kv.BlockBody, dbutils.BlockBodyKey(number, hash), nil); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to delete block body", "err", err)
	}
}

// MakeBodiesCanonical - move all txs of non-canonical blocks from NonCanonicalTxs table to EthTx table
func MakeBodiesCanonical(tx kv.RwTx, from uint64, ctx context.Context, logPrefix string, logEvery *time.Ticker) error {
	for blockNum := from; ; blockNum++ {
		h, err := ReadCanonicalHash(tx, blockNum)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if h == (common.Hash{}) {
			break
		}

		data := ReadStorageBodyRLP(tx, h, blockNum)
		if len(data) == 0 {
			break
		}
		bodyForStorage := new(types.BodyForStorage)
		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, bodyForStorage); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		newBaseId, err := tx.IncrementSequence(kv.EthTx, uint64(bodyForStorage.TxAmount))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// next loop does move only non-system txs. need move system-txs manually (because they may not exist)
		i := uint64(0)
		if err := tx.ForAmount(kv.NonCanonicalTxs, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(bodyForStorage.BaseTxId+1), bodyForStorage.TxAmount-2, func(k, v []byte) error {
			id := newBaseId + 1 + i
			if err := tx.Put(kv.EthTx, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(id), v); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if err := tx.Delete(kv.NonCanonicalTxs, k, nil); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			i++
			return nil
		}); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		bodyForStorage.BaseTxId = newBaseId
		if err := WriteBodyForStorage(tx, h, blockNum, bodyForStorage); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return ctx.Err()
		case <-logEvery.C:
			log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%s] Making bodies canonical...", logPrefix), "current block", blockNum)
		default:
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// MakeBodiesNonCanonical - move all txs of canonical blocks to NonCanonicalTxs bucket
func MakeBodiesNonCanonical(tx kv.RwTx, from uint64, ctx context.Context, logPrefix string, logEvery *time.Ticker) error {
	var firstMovedTxnID uint64
	var firstMovedTxnIDIsSet bool
	for blockNum := from; ; blockNum++ {
		h, err := ReadCanonicalHash(tx, blockNum)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if h == (common.Hash{}) {
			break
		}
		data := ReadStorageBodyRLP(tx, h, blockNum)
		if len(data) == 0 {
			break
		}

		bodyForStorage := new(types.BodyForStorage)
		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, bodyForStorage); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if !firstMovedTxnIDIsSet {
			firstMovedTxnIDIsSet = true
			firstMovedTxnID = bodyForStorage.BaseTxId
		}

		// move txs to NonCanonical bucket, it has own sequence
		newBaseId, err := tx.IncrementSequence(kv.NonCanonicalTxs, uint64(bodyForStorage.TxAmount))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// next loop does move only non-system txs. need move system-txs manually (because they may not exist)
		i := uint64(0)
		if err := tx.ForAmount(kv.EthTx, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(bodyForStorage.BaseTxId+1), bodyForStorage.TxAmount-2, func(k, v []byte) error {
			id := newBaseId + 1 + i
			if err := tx.Put(kv.NonCanonicalTxs, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(id), v); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if err := tx.Delete(kv.EthTx, k, nil); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			i++
			return nil
		}); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		bodyForStorage.BaseTxId = newBaseId
		if err := WriteBodyForStorage(tx, h, blockNum, bodyForStorage); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return ctx.Err()
		case <-logEvery.C:
			log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%s] Unwinding transactions...", logPrefix), "current block", blockNum)
		default:
		}
	}

	// EthTx must have canonical id's - means need decrement it's sequence on unwind
	if firstMovedTxnIDIsSet {
		c, err := tx.Cursor(kv.EthTx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		k, _, err := c.Last()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if k != nil && binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k) >= firstMovedTxnID {
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("must not happen, ResetSequence: %d, lastInDB: %d", firstMovedTxnID, binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)))
		}

		if err := ResetSequence(tx, kv.EthTx, firstMovedTxnID); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// ReadTd retrieves a block's total difficulty corresponding to the hash.
func ReadTd(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) (*big.Int, error) {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.HeaderTD, dbutils.HeaderKey(number, hash))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadTd: %w", err)
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}
	td := new(big.Int)
	if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(data), td); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid block total difficulty RLP: %x, %w", hash, err)
	}
	return td, nil
}

func ReadTdByHash(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash) (*big.Int, error) {
	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
	if headNumber == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return ReadTd(db, hash, *headNumber)
}

// WriteTd stores the total difficulty of a block into the database.
func WriteTd(db kv.Putter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) error {
	data, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(td)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to RLP encode block total difficulty: %w", err)
	}
	if err := db.Put(kv.HeaderTD, dbutils.HeaderKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store block total difficulty: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// TruncateTd removes all block total difficulty from block number N
func TruncateTd(tx kv.RwTx, blockFrom uint64) error {
	if err := tx.ForEach(kv.HeaderTD, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(blockFrom), func(k, _ []byte) error {
		return tx.Delete(kv.HeaderTD, k, nil)
	}); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("TruncateTd: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// HasReceipts verifies the existence of all the transaction receipts belonging
// to a block.
func HasReceipts(db kv.Has, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
	if has, err := db.Has(kv.Receipts, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number)); !has || err != nil {
		return false
	}
	return true
}

// ReadRawReceipts retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
// The receipt metadata fields are not guaranteed to be populated, so they
// should not be used. Use ReadReceipts instead if the metadata is needed.
func ReadRawReceipts(db kv.Tx, blockNum uint64) types.Receipts {
	// Retrieve the flattened receipt slice
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.Receipts, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(blockNum))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadRawReceipts failed", "err", err)
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	var receipts types.Receipts
	if err := cbor.Unmarshal(&receipts, bytes.NewReader(data)); err != nil {
		log.Error("receipt unmarshal failed", "err", err)
		return nil
	}

	prefix := make([]byte, 8)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(prefix, blockNum)
	if err := db.ForPrefix(kv.Log, prefix, func(k, v []byte) error {
		var logs types.Logs
		if err := cbor.Unmarshal(&logs, bytes.NewReader(v)); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("receipt unmarshal failed:  %w", err)
		}

		receipts[binary.BigEndian.Uint32(k[8:])].Logs = logs
		return nil
	}); err != nil {
		log.Error("logs fetching failed", "err", err)
		return nil
	}

	return receipts
}

// ReadReceipts retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block, including
// its corresponding metadata fields. If it is unable to populate these metadata
// fields then nil is returned.
//
// The current implementation populates these metadata fields by reading the receipts'
// corresponding block body, so if the block body is not found it will return nil even
// if the receipt itself is stored.
func ReadReceipts(db kv.Tx, block *types.Block, senders []common.Address) types.Receipts {
	if block == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// We're deriving many fields from the block body, retrieve beside the receipt
	receipts := ReadRawReceipts(db, block.NumberU64())
	if receipts == nil {
		return nil
	}
	block.SendersToTxs(senders)
	if err := receipts.DeriveFields(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Transactions(), senders); err != nil {
		log.Error("Failed to derive block receipts fields", "hash", block.Hash(), "number", block.NumberU64(), "err", err)
		return nil
	}
	return receipts
}

func ReadReceiptsByHash(db kv.Tx, hash common.Hash) (types.Receipts, error) {
	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
	if number == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, *number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested non-canonical hash %x. canonical=%x", hash, canonicalHash)
	}
	b, s, err := ReadBlockWithSenders(db, hash, *number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if b == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	receipts := ReadReceipts(db, b, s)
	if receipts == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return receipts, nil
}

// WriteReceipts stores all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
func WriteReceipts(tx kv.Putter, number uint64, receipts types.Receipts) error {
	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 1024))
	for txId, r := range receipts {
		if len(r.Logs) == 0 {
			continue
		}

		buf.Reset()
		err := cbor.Marshal(buf, r.Logs)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("encode block logs for block %d: %w", number, err)
		}

		if err = tx.Put(kv.Log, dbutils.LogKey(number, uint32(txId)), buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("writing logs for block %d: %w", number, err)
		}
	}

	buf.Reset()
	err := cbor.Marshal(buf, receipts)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("encode block receipts for block %d: %w", number, err)
	}

	if err = tx.Put(kv.Receipts, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("writing receipts for block %d: %w", number, err)
	}
	return nil
}

// AppendReceipts stores all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
func AppendReceipts(tx kv.StatelessWriteTx, blockNumber uint64, receipts types.Receipts) error {
	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 1024))

	for txId, r := range receipts {
		if len(r.Logs) == 0 {
			continue
		}

		buf.Reset()
		err := cbor.Marshal(buf, r.Logs)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("encode block receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
		}

		if err = tx.Append(kv.Log, dbutils.LogKey(blockNumber, uint32(txId)), buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("writing receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
		}
	}

	buf.Reset()
	err := cbor.Marshal(buf, receipts)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("encode block receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
	}

	if err = tx.Append(kv.Receipts, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(blockNumber), buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("writing receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
	}
	return nil
}

// TruncateReceipts removes all receipt for given block number or newer
func TruncateReceipts(db kv.RwTx, number uint64) error {
	if err := db.ForEach(kv.Receipts, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), func(k, _ []byte) error {
		return db.Delete(kv.Receipts, k, nil)
	}); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	from := make([]byte, 8)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(from, number)
	if err := db.ForEach(kv.Log, from, func(k, _ []byte) error {
		return db.Delete(kv.Log, k, nil)
	}); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func ReceiptsAvailableFrom(tx kv.Tx) (uint64, error) {
	c, err := tx.Cursor(kv.Receipts)
	if err != nil {
		return math.MaxUint64, err
	}
	defer c.Close()
	k, _, err := c.First()
	if err != nil {
		return math.MaxUint64, err
	}
	if len(k) == 0 {
		return math.MaxUint64, nil
	}
	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k), nil
}

// ReadBlock retrieves an entire block corresponding to the hash, assembling it
// back from the stored header and body. If either the header or body could not
// be retrieved nil is returned.
//
// Note, due to concurrent download of header and block body the header and thus
// canonical hash can be stored in the database but the body data not (yet).
func ReadBlock(tx kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Block {
	header := ReadHeader(tx, hash, number)
	if header == nil {
		return nil
	}
	body := ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(tx, hash, number)
	if body == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return types.NewBlockFromStorage(hash, header, body.Transactions, body.Uncles)
}

func NonCanonicalBlockWithSenders(tx kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) (*types.Block, []common.Address, error) {
	header := ReadHeader(tx, hash, number)
	if header == nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("header not found for block %d, %x", number, hash)
	}
	body := NonCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(tx, hash, number)
	if body == nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("body not found for block %d, %x", number, hash)
	}
	block := types.NewBlockFromStorage(hash, header, body.Transactions, body.Uncles)
	senders, err := ReadSenders(tx, hash, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	if len(senders) != block.Transactions().Len() {
		return block, senders, nil // no senders is fine - will recover them on the fly
	}
	block.SendersToTxs(senders)
	return block, senders, nil
}

// HasBlock - is more efficient than ReadBlock because doesn't read transactions.
// It's is not equivalent of HasHeader because headers and bodies written by different stages
func HasBlock(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
	body := ReadStorageBodyRLP(db, hash, number)
	return len(body) > 0
}

func ReadBlockWithSenders(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) (*types.Block, []common.Address, error) {
	block := ReadBlock(db, hash, number)
	if block == nil {
		return nil, nil, nil
	}
	senders, err := ReadSenders(db, hash, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	if len(senders) != block.Transactions().Len() {
		return block, senders, nil // no senders is fine - will recover them on the fly
	}
	block.SendersToTxs(senders)
	return block, senders, nil
}

// WriteBlock serializes a block into the database, header and body separately.
func WriteBlock(db kv.RwTx, block *types.Block) error {
	if err := WriteBody(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Body()); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	WriteHeader(db, block.Header())
	return nil
}

func min(a, b uint64) uint64 {
	if a < b {
		return a
	}
	return b
}

// DeleteAncientBlocks - delete [1, to) old blocks after moving it to snapshots.
// keeps genesis in db: [1, to)
// doesn't change sequnces of kv.EthTx and kv.NonCanonicalTxs
// doesn't delete Reciepts, Senders, Canonical markers, TotalDifficulty
func DeleteAncientBlocks(db kv.RwTx, blockTo uint64, blocksDeleteLimit int) error {
	c, err := db.Cursor(kv.Headers)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer c.Close()

	// find first non-genesis block
	k, _, err := c.Seek(dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(1))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if k == nil { //nothing to delete
		return nil
	}
	blockFrom := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
	stopAtBlock := min(blockTo, blockFrom+uint64(blocksDeleteLimit))

	for k, _, err := c.Current(); k != nil; k, _, err = c.Next() {
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		n := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
		if n >= stopAtBlock { // [from, to)
			break
		}

		canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, n)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		isCanonical := bytes.Equal(k[8:], canonicalHash[:])

		b, err := ReadBodyForStorageByKey(db, k)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if b == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("DeleteAncientBlocks: block body not found for block %d", n)
		}
		txIDBytes := make([]byte, 8)
		for txID := b.BaseTxId; txID < b.BaseTxId+uint64(b.TxAmount); txID++ {
			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIDBytes, txID)
			bucket := kv.EthTx
			if !isCanonical {
				bucket = kv.NonCanonicalTxs
			}
			if err := db.Delete(bucket, txIDBytes, nil); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		if err := db.Delete(kv.Headers, k, nil); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := db.Delete(kv.BlockBody, k, nil); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func LastKey(tx kv.Tx, table string) ([]byte, error) {
	c, err := tx.Cursor(table)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer c.Close()
	k, _, err := c.Last()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return k, nil
}

func FirstKey(tx kv.Tx, table string) ([]byte, error) {
	c, err := tx.Cursor(table)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer c.Close()
	k, _, err := c.First()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return k, nil
}

// TruncateBlocks - delete block >= blockFrom
// does decrement sequnces of kv.EthTx and kv.NonCanonicalTxs
// doesn't delete Reciepts, Senders, Canonical markers, TotalDifficulty
func TruncateBlocks(ctx context.Context, tx kv.RwTx, blockFrom uint64) error {
	logEvery := time.NewTicker(20 * time.Second)
	defer logEvery.Stop()

	c, err := tx.Cursor(kv.Headers)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer c.Close()
	if blockFrom < 1 { //protect genesis
		blockFrom = 1
	}
	for k, _, err := c.Last(); k != nil; k, _, err = c.Prev() {
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		n := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
		if n < blockFrom { // [from, to)
			break
		}
		canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(tx, n)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		isCanonical := bytes.Equal(k[8:], canonicalHash[:])

		b, err := ReadBodyForStorageByKey(tx, k)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if b != nil {
			bucket := kv.EthTx
			if !isCanonical {
				bucket = kv.NonCanonicalTxs
			}
			if err := tx.ForEach(bucket, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(b.BaseTxId), func(k, _ []byte) error {
				if err := tx.Delete(bucket, k, nil); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				return nil
			}); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if err := ResetSequence(tx, bucket, b.BaseTxId); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		if err := tx.Delete(kv.Headers, k, nil); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := tx.Delete(kv.BlockBody, k, nil); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return ctx.Err()
		case <-logEvery.C:
			log.Info("TruncateBlocks", "block", n)
		default:
		}
	}

	// ensure no grabage records left (it may happen if db is inconsistent)
	if err := tx.ForEach(kv.BlockBody, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(blockFrom), func(k, _ []byte) error {
		return tx.Delete(kv.BlockBody, k, nil)
	}); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func ReadBlockByNumber(db kv.Tx, number uint64) (*types.Block, error) {
	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w", err)
	}
	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return nil, nil
	}

	return ReadBlock(db, hash, number), nil
}

func CanonicalBlockByNumberWithSenders(db kv.Tx, number uint64) (*types.Block, []common.Address, error) {
	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w", err)
	}
	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return nil, nil, nil
	}

	return ReadBlockWithSenders(db, hash, number)
}

func ReadBlockByHash(db kv.Tx, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error) {
	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
	if number == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return ReadBlock(db, hash, *number), nil
}

func ReadTotalIssued(db kv.Getter, number uint64) (*big.Int, error) {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.Issuance, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(data), nil
}

func WriteTotalIssued(db kv.Putter, number uint64, totalIssued *big.Int) error {
	return db.Put(kv.Issuance, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), totalIssued.Bytes())
}

func ReadTotalBurnt(db kv.Getter, number uint64) (*big.Int, error) {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.Issuance, append([]byte("burnt"), dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number)...))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(data), nil
}

func WriteTotalBurnt(db kv.Putter, number uint64, totalBurnt *big.Int) error {
	return db.Put(kv.Issuance, append([]byte("burnt"), dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number)...), totalBurnt.Bytes())
}

func ReadCumulativeGasUsed(db kv.Getter, number uint64) (*big.Int, error) {
	data, err := db.GetOne(kv.CumulativeGasIndex, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return big.NewInt(0), nil
	}

	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(data), nil
}

func WriteCumulativeGasUsed(db kv.Putter, number uint64, cumulativeGasUsed *big.Int) error {
	return db.Put(kv.CumulativeGasIndex, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), cumulativeGasUsed.Bytes())
}

func ReadHeaderByNumber(db kv.Getter, number uint64) *types.Header {
	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("ReadCanonicalHash failed", "err", err)
		return nil
	}
	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return nil
	}

	return ReadHeader(db, hash, number)
}

func ReadHeaderByHash(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error) {
	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
	if number == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return ReadHeader(db, hash, *number), nil
}

func ReadAncestor(db kv.Getter, hash common.Hash, number, ancestor uint64, maxNonCanonical *uint64, blockReader interfaces.HeaderAndCanonicalReader) (common.Hash, uint64) {
	if ancestor > number {
		return common.Hash{}, 0
	}
	if ancestor == 1 {
		header, err := blockReader.Header(context.Background(), db, hash, number)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		// in this case it is cheaper to just read the header
		if header != nil {
			return header.ParentHash, number - 1
		}
		return common.Hash{}, 0
	}
	for ancestor != 0 {
		h, err := blockReader.CanonicalHash(context.Background(), db, number)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		if h == hash {
			ancestorHash, err := blockReader.CanonicalHash(context.Background(), db, number-ancestor)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			h, err := blockReader.CanonicalHash(context.Background(), db, number)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			if h == hash {
				number -= ancestor
				return ancestorHash, number
			}
		}
		if *maxNonCanonical == 0 {
			return common.Hash{}, 0
		}
		*maxNonCanonical--
		ancestor--
		header, err := blockReader.Header(context.Background(), db, hash, number)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		if header == nil {
			return common.Hash{}, 0
		}
		hash = header.ParentHash
		number--
	}
	return hash, number
}

func DeleteNewerEpochs(tx kv.RwTx, number uint64) error {
	if err := tx.ForEach(kv.PendingEpoch, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), func(k, v []byte) error {
		return tx.Delete(kv.Epoch, k, nil)
	}); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return tx.ForEach(kv.Epoch, dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(number), func(k, v []byte) error {
		return tx.Delete(kv.Epoch, k, nil)
	})
}
func ReadEpoch(tx kv.Tx, blockNum uint64, blockHash common.Hash) (transitionProof []byte, err error) {
	k := make([]byte, dbutils.NumberLength+common.HashLength)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k, blockNum)
	copy(k[dbutils.NumberLength:], blockHash[:])
	return tx.GetOne(kv.Epoch, k)
}
func FindEpochBeforeOrEqualNumber(tx kv.Tx, n uint64) (blockNum uint64, blockHash common.Hash, transitionProof []byte, err error) {
	c, err := tx.Cursor(kv.Epoch)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, common.Hash{}, nil, err
	}
	defer c.Close()
	seek := dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(n)
	k, v, err := c.Seek(seek)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, common.Hash{}, nil, err
	}
	if k != nil {
		num := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
		if num == n {
			return n, common.BytesToHash(k[dbutils.NumberLength:]), v, nil
		}
	}
	k, v, err = c.Prev()
	if err != nil {
		return 0, common.Hash{}, nil, err
	}
	if k == nil {
		return 0, common.Hash{}, nil, nil
	}
	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k), common.BytesToHash(k[dbutils.NumberLength:]), v, nil
}

func WriteEpoch(tx kv.RwTx, blockNum uint64, blockHash common.Hash, transitionProof []byte) (err error) {
	k := make([]byte, dbutils.NumberLength+common.HashLength)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k, blockNum)
	copy(k[dbutils.NumberLength:], blockHash[:])
	return tx.Put(kv.Epoch, k, transitionProof)
}

func ReadPendingEpoch(tx kv.Tx, blockNum uint64, blockHash common.Hash) (transitionProof []byte, err error) {
	k := make([]byte, 8+32)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k, blockNum)
	copy(k[8:], blockHash[:])
	return tx.GetOne(kv.PendingEpoch, k)
}

func WritePendingEpoch(tx kv.RwTx, blockNum uint64, blockHash common.Hash, transitionProof []byte) (err error) {
	k := make([]byte, 8+32)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k, blockNum)
	copy(k[8:], blockHash[:])
	return tx.Put(kv.PendingEpoch, k, transitionProof)
}

// Transitioned returns true if the block number comes after POS transition or is the last POW block
func Transitioned(db kv.Getter, blockNum uint64, terminalTotalDifficulty *big.Int) (trans bool, err error) {
	if terminalTotalDifficulty == nil {
		return false, nil
	}

	if terminalTotalDifficulty.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
		return true, nil
	}
	header := ReadHeaderByNumber(db, blockNum)
	if header == nil {
		return false, nil
	}

	if header.Difficulty.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
		return true, nil
	}

	headerTd, err := ReadTd(db, header.Hash(), blockNum)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	return headerTd.Cmp(terminalTotalDifficulty) >= 0, nil
}