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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
celtuce_html = """<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtuce&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(January 2017)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></table>
<table class="infobox biota" style="width:22em"><tr><th colspan="2" class="cultivar" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:palegreen;">Celtuce</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/File:Celtuce.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Celtuce.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celtuce.jpg/220px-Celtuce.jpg" width="220" height="99" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celtuce.jpg/330px-Celtuce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celtuce.jpg/440px-Celtuce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4229" data-file-height="1902" /></a><div>Celtuce stems & heads</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></th><td class="binominal" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">
<i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactuca sativa">Lactuca sativa</a></i> var. <i>augustana</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></th><td style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">
'Celtuce'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Origin</th><td style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">
Mediterranean region</td></tr></table>
<p><b>Celtuce</b> (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈsɛlt.əs/</span>) (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> var. <i>augustana</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <i>angustata</i>, or <i>asparagina</i>), also called <b>stem lettuce</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsseeds-4">[4]</a></sup> <b>celery lettuce</b>, <b>asparagus lettuce</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-modern_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a></sup> or <b>Chinese lettuce</b>, is a cultivar of <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> grown primarily for its thick <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-modern_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a></sup> or its leaves. It is used as a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a>, and is especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-World_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-2">[2]</a></sup> and China, where it is called <i><b>wosun</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-modern_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:莴">莴</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AC%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:笋">笋</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">wōsǔn</span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-rice_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rice-6">[6]</a></sup> or <i><b>woju</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:莴">莴</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:苣">苣</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">wōjù</span></i>) (although the latter name may also be used to mean lettuce in general). In the south of China, it is also called (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:油">油</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:麦">麦</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:菜">菜</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">yóu mài cài</span></i>) or ‘ou sen’.<sup id="cite_ref-aholic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aholic-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pale green leaves,<sup id="cite_ref-modern_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a></sup> which are tender,<sup id="cite_ref-World_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-2">[2]</a></sup> and white stems,<sup id="cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsseeds-4">[4]</a></sup> can be eaten raw (in salads) or cooked. It can be pickled, grilled, roasted, or stir-fried.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsseeds-4">[4]</a></sup> It is mild but nutty, with a slight smoky aftertaste.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rice_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rice-6">[6]</a></sup> It is high in vitamins.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsseeds-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is thought to have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> region and then brought to China during <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rice_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rice-6">[6]</a></sup> about A.D. 600-900.<sup id="cite_ref-aholic_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aholic-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>It can be grown from seed, sown from April and May. Into a set bed or a temporary nursery bed and then transplanted to the growing site. They should be spread 30 cm apart each way. The young (edible) leaves are ready about 4–5 weeks after planting and the edible stems are ready when about 30 cm tall, they are usually harvested between July and September.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsseeds-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The plant can suffer from <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a> attack.<sup id="cite_ref-aholic_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aholic-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg/300px-The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg" width="300" height="241" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg/450px-The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="457" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Celtuce (foreground) for sale in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></div></div></div>
<table class="infobox nowrap" style="width:22em"><caption style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Celtuce, raw</caption><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td>
75 kJ (18 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.65 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
1.7 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.85 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<b>Quantity</b> <div style="float:right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">22%</div> 175 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine <span style="font-size:90%;">(B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">1</span></span>)</span></a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.055 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin <span style="font-size:90%;">(B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">2</span></span>)</span></a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.07 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin <span style="font-size:90%;">(B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">3</span></span>)</span></a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.55 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid <span style="font-size:90%;">(B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">5</span></span>)</span></a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.183 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:75%;">6</span></span></a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate <span style="font-size:90%;">(B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">9</span></span>)</span></a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">12%</div> 46 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">23%</div> 19.5 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<b>Quantity</b> <div style="float:right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">4%</div> 39 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.55 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">8%</div> 28 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">33%</div> 0.688 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">6%</div> 39 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">7%</div> 330 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">1%</div> 11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">
<div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.27 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<hr/><div class="wrap" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11145&format=Full">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="plainlist" style="font-size:90%;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;line-height:1.25em;">
<ul><li>Units</li>
<li>μg = <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">micrograms</a> • mg = <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligrams</a></li>
<li>IU = <a href="/wiki/International_unit" title="International unit">International units</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="wrap" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;">
<sup>†</sup>Percentages are roughly approximated using <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults. <br/><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list">USDA Nutrient Database</a></span></span></td></tr></table>
<p>The stem is usually harvested at a length of around 15–20 cm and a diameter of around 3–4 cm. It is crisp, moist, and mildly flavored, and typically prepared by slicing and then <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir frying</a> with more strongly flavored ingredients.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg/220px-Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg/330px-Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg/440px-Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lechuga_china_o_wosun.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lechuga china o wosun</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lechuga_china_o_wosun_(2).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lechuga_china_o_wosun_%282%29.jpg/220px-Lechuga_china_o_wosun_%282%29.jpg" width="220" height="329" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lechuga_china_o_wosun_%282%29.jpg/330px-Lechuga_china_o_wosun_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lechuga_china_o_wosun_%282%29.jpg/440px-Lechuga_china_o_wosun_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lechuga_china_o_wosun_(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lechuga china o wosun (2)</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtuce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetables" title="List of vegetables">List of vegetables</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtuce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley J. Kays <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBMcf6wyj0C&pg=PA658">Cultivated Vegetables of the World: A Multilingual Onomasticon</a></i>, p. 658, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-World-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masatoshi Yamaguchi <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTPpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208">World Vegetables: Principles, Production and Nutritive Values</a></i>, p. 208, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Foley <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZQ7texaDLYC&pg=PA51">How to Plant Your Allotment</a></i>, p. 51, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kingsseeds-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsseeds_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingsseeds.com/Products/Vegetables/Oriental/Celtuce-or-Stem-Lettuce">"Celtuce or Stem Lettuce"</a>. kingsseeds.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celtuce+or+Stem+Lettuce&rft.pub=kingsseeds.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingsseeds.com%2FProducts%2FVegetables%2FOriental%2FCeltuce-or-Stem-Lettuce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltuce" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-modern-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nosowitz, Dan (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernfarmer.com/2016/04/celtuce/">"Meet The Vegetable: Celtuce, a Mutant and Delicious Lettuce ..on"</a>. modernfarmer.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+The+Vegetable%3A+Celtuce%2C+a+Mutant+and+Delicious+Lettuce+..on&rft.pub=modernfarmer.com&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.aulast=Nosowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernfarmer.com%2F2016%2F04%2Fceltuce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltuce" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rice-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rice_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rice_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rice_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soyricefire.com/2013/04/21/celtuce-ribbon-salad/">"Celtuce ribbon salad"</a>. soyricefire.com. 21 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celtuce+ribbon+salad&rft.pub=soyricefire.com&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoyricefire.com%2F2013%2F04%2F21%2Fceltuce-ribbon-salad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltuce" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-aholic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aholic_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aholic_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aholic_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seedaholic.com/celtuce-wo-sun.html">"Celtuce, 'Wo Sun<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. seedaholic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celtuce%2C+%27Wo+Sun%27&rft.pub=seedaholic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seedaholic.com%2Fceltuce-wo-sun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltuce" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574172" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q574172">Q574172</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LACSG">LACSG</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6711035">6711035</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=404620">404620</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1049370">1049370</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca">sativa angustana Lactuca sativa angustana</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></table></div>
<p><br />
</p>
<table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Emoji_u1f346.svg" class="image"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emoji_u1f346.svg/40px-Emoji_u1f346.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emoji_u1f346.svg/60px-Emoji_u1f346.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emoji_u1f346.svg/80px-Emoji_u1f346.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></td><td><i>This <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtuce&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</i><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vegetable-stub" title="Template:Vegetable-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vegetable-stub" title="Template talk:Vegetable-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vegetable-stub&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></table>
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Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(December 2009)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></table><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtuce.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celtuce.jpg/300px-Celtuce.jpg" width="300" height="135" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celtuce.jpg/450px-Celtuce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celtuce.jpg/600px-Celtuce.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtuce.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>Celtuce stems & heads</div></div></div>\n<p><b>Celtuce</b> (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> var. <i>asparagina</i>, <i>augustana</i>, or <i>angustata</i>), also called <b>stem lettuce</b>, <b>celery lettuce</b>, <b>asparagus lettuce</b>, or <b>Chinese lettuce</b>, IPA (UK,US) <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/\u02c8s\u025blt.\u0259s/</span>, is a cultivar of <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> grown primarily for its thick <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>, used as a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a>. It is especially popular in China, and is called <i><b>wosun</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:\u83b4">\u83b4</a><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AC%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:\u7b0b">\u7b0b</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>w\u014ds\u016dn</em>) or <i><b>woju</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:\u83b4">\u83b4</a><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:\u82e3">\u82e3</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>w\u014dj\xf9</em>) (although the latter name may also be used to mean lettuce in general).\n</p>\n<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg/300px-The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg" width="300" height="241" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg/450px-The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_farmer%27s_market_near_the_Potala_in_Lhasa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>Celtuce (foreground) for sale in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></div></div></div>\n<table class="infobox" style="font-size: 88%; text-align: left; width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em">\n<caption style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold"> Celtuce, raw\n\n</caption>\n<tr>\n<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)\n</th></tr>\n<tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0">\n<th> <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a>\n</th>\n<td> 75 kJ (18 kcal)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th> <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a>\n</th>\n<td> 3.65 g\n</td></tr>\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<th> - <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a>\n</th>\n<td> 1.7 g\n</td></tr>\n\n<tr>\n<th> <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a>\n</th>\n<td> 0.3 g\n</td></tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<th> <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a>\n</th>\n<td> 0.85 g\n</td></tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> equiv.\n</td>\n<td> 175 \u03bcg (22%)\n</td></tr>\n\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub>1</sub>)</a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.055 mg (5%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub>2</sub>)</a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.07 mg (6%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub>3</sub>)</a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.55 mg (4%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub>5</sub>)\n</td>\n<td> 0.183 mg (4%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.05 mg (4%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate" class="mw-redirect">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub>9</sub>)\n</td>\n<td> 46 \u03bcg (12%)\n</td></tr>\n\n\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a>\n</td>\n<td> 19.5 mg (23%)\n</td></tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" title="Calcium">Calcium</a>\n</td>\n<td> 39 mg (4%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" title="Iron">Iron</a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.55 mg (4%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a>\n</td>\n<td> 28 mg (8%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" title="Manganese">Manganese</a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.688 mg (33%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a>\n</td>\n<td> 39 mg (6%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Potassium#In_diet" title="Potassium">Potassium</a>\n</td>\n<td> 330 mg (7%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" title="Sodium">Sodium</a>\n</td>\n<td> 11 mg (1%)\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>\n</td>\n<td> 0.27 mg (3%)\n</td></tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n<tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em">\n<td colspan="2"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11145&format=Full">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br/>Percentages are roughly approximated<br>using <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br/><small>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small>\n</td></tr></table>\n<p>The stem is usually harvested at a length of around 15\u201320 cm and a diameter of around 3\u20134 cm. It is crisp, moist, and mildly flavored, and typically prepared by slicing and then <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir frying</a> with more strongly flavored ingredients.\n</p><p><br />\n</p>\n<table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;" role="presentation"><tr>\n<td><a href="/wiki/File:VegCorn.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VegCorn.jpg/40px-VegCorn.jpg" width="40" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VegCorn.jpg/60px-VegCorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VegCorn.jpg/80px-VegCorn.jpg 2x" /></a></td>\n<td><i>This <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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"celtuce.content": """Celtuce (/ˈsɛlt.əs/) (Lactuca sativa var. augustana, angustata, or asparagina), also called stem lettuce, celery lettuce, asparagus lettuce, or Chinese lettuce, is a cultivar of lettuce grown primarily for its thick stem, or its leaves. It is used as a vegetable, and is especially popular in Taiwan, and China, where it is called wosun, (Chinese: 莴笋; pinyin: wōsǔn), or woju (Chinese: 莴苣; pinyin: wōjù) (although the latter name may also be used to mean lettuce in general). In the south of China, it is also called (Chinese: 油麦菜; pinyin: yóu mài cài) or ‘ou sen’.
The pale green leaves, which are tender, and white stems, can be eaten raw (in salads) or cooked. It can be pickled, grilled, roasted, or stir-fried. It is mild but nutty, with a slight smoky aftertaste. It is high in vitamins.
It is thought to have originated in the Mediterranean region and then brought to China during Tang Dynasty, about A.D. 600-900.
It can be grown from seed, sown from April and May. Into a set bed or a temporary nursery bed and then transplanted to the growing site. They should be spread 30 cm apart each way. The young (edible) leaves are ready about 4–5 weeks after planting and the edible stems are ready when about 30 cm tall, they are usually harvested between July and September.
The plant can suffer from aphid attack.
The stem is usually harvested at a length of around 15–20 cm and a diameter of around 3–4 cm. It is crisp, moist, and mildly flavored, and typically prepared by slicing and then stir frying with more strongly flavored ingredients.
== See also ==
List of vegetables
== References ==""",
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"celtuce.revid": 838056332,
"celtuce.summary": """Celtuce (/ˈsɛlt.əs/) (Lactuca sativa var. augustana, angustata, or asparagina), also called stem lettuce, celery lettuce, asparagus lettuce, or Chinese lettuce, is a cultivar of lettuce grown primarily for its thick stem, or its leaves. It is used as a vegetable, and is especially popular in Taiwan, and China, where it is called wosun, (Chinese: 莴笋; pinyin: wōsǔn), or woju (Chinese: 莴苣; pinyin: wōjù) (although the latter name may also be used to mean lettuce in general). In the south of China, it is also called (Chinese: 油麦菜; pinyin: yóu mài cài) or ‘ou sen’.
The pale green leaves, which are tender, and white stems, can be eaten raw (in salads) or cooked. It can be pickled, grilled, roasted, or stir-fried. It is mild but nutty, with a slight smoky aftertaste. It is high in vitamins.
It is thought to have originated in the Mediterranean region and then brought to China during Tang Dynasty, about A.D. 600-900.
It can be grown from seed, sown from April and May. Into a set bed or a temporary nursery bed and then transplanted to the growing site. They should be spread 30 cm apart each way. The young (edible) leaves are ready about 4–5 weeks after planting and the edible stems are ready when about 30 cm tall, they are usually harvested between July and September.
The plant can suffer from aphid attack.
The stem is usually harvested at a length of around 15–20 cm and a diameter of around 3–4 cm. It is crisp, moist, and mildly flavored, and typically prepared by slicing and then stir frying with more strongly flavored ingredients.""",
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"cyclone.content": """Tropical Depression Ten was a short-lived and weak tropical cyclone that was the tenth system of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed on August 13 from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 8. As a result of strong wind shear, the depression remained weak and did not strengthen beyond tropical depression status. It degenerated on August 14, although its remnants partially contributed to the formation of the tropical depression that eventually became Hurricane Katrina. Thus, it is often referred to as "the precursor to Katrina". The cyclone had no effect on land, and did not directly result in any fatalities or damage.
== Meteorological history ==
On August 8, a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean. Tracking toward the west, the depression began to exhibit signs of convective organization on August 11. The system continued to develop, and it is estimated that Tropical Depression Ten formed at 1200 UTC on August 13. At the time, it was located about 1,600 miles (2,600 km) east of Barbados. Upon its designation, the depression consisted of a large area of thunderstorm activity, with curved banding features and expanding outflow. The environmental conditions were predicted to quickly become unfavorable, however. The depression moved erratically and slowly towards the west, and wind shear inhibited any significant intensification. Late on August 13, it was "beginning to look like Irene-junior as it undergoes southwesterly mid-level shear beneath the otherwise favorable upper-level outflow pattern". The wind shear was expected to relent within 48 hours, prompting some forecast models to suggest the depression would eventually attain hurricane status.
By early August 14, the shear had substantially disrupted the storm, leaving the low-level center of circulation exposed from the area of convection, which was also deteriorating. After meandering, the storm began to move westward. Forecasters expected it to resume a northwestward track as high pressure to the south of Bermuda was forecast to weaken and another high was predicted to form southwest of the Azores. By 1800 UTC on August 14, the strong shear had further weakened the storm, and it no longer met the criteria for a tropical cyclone. It degenerated into a remnant low, and the National Hurricane Center issued their final advisory on the cyclone. Moving westward, it occasionally produced bursts of convective activity, before dissipating on August 18.
Tropical Depression Twelve formed over the southeastern Bahamas at 2100 UTC on August 23, partially from the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. While the normal standards for numbering tropical depressions in the Atlantic stipulate that the initial designation be retained when a depression regenerates, satellite imagery indicated that a second tropical wave had combined with Tropical Depression Ten north of Puerto Rico to form a new, more complex weather system, which was then designated as Tropical Depression Twelve. In post-season reanalysis, it was found that the low-level circulation of Tropical Depression Ten had completely detached and dissipated; only the remnant mid-level circulation moved on and merged with the second tropical wave. As a result, the criteria for keeping the same name and identity were not met. Tropical Depression Twelve later became Hurricane Katrina.
== Impact ==
Because Tropical Depression Ten never approached land as a tropical cyclone, no tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for any land masses. No effects, damages, or fatalities were reported, and no ships reported tropical storm-force winds in association with the depression. The system did not attain tropical storm status; as such, it was not given a name by the National Hurricane Center. The storm partially contributed to the formation of Hurricane Katrina, which became a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale and made landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi, causing catastrophic damage. Katrina was the costliest hurricane, and one of the five deadliest, in the history of the United States.
== See also ==
List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
== References ==
== External links ==
Media related to Tropical Depression Ten (2005) at Wikimedia Commons
Tropical Depression Ten Tropical Cyclone Report
Tropical Depression Ten advisory archive""",
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"cyclone.summary": 'Tropical Depression Ten was a short-lived and weak tropical cyclone that was the tenth system of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed on August 13 from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 8. As a result of strong wind shear, the depression remained weak and did not strengthen beyond tropical depression status. It degenerated on August 14, although its remnants partially contributed to the formation of the tropical depression that eventually became Hurricane Katrina. Thus, it is often referred to as "the precursor to Katrina". The cyclone had no effect on land, and did not directly result in any fatalities or damage.',
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"cyclone.references": ['http://facstaff.unca.edu/chennon/research/documents/erb_ncur2006_preprint.pdf', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/TEN.shtml?', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al122005.discus.001.shtml', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al102005.discus.001.shtml', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al102005.discus.002.shtml', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al102005.discus.003.shtml', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL102005_Ten.pdf', 'http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122005_Katrina.pdf', 'https://books.google.com/?id=-a8DRl1HuwoC&q=%22tropical+depression+ten%22+2005&dq=%22tropical+depression+ten%22+2005', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100609114535/http://facstaff.unca.edu/chennon/research/documents/erb_ncur2006_preprint.pdf'],
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