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pageFillDescription: '前言, 人类性别决定, 男人为什么会有乳头？, ZW 性别决定系统, 果蝇性别决定, Y 染色体正在逐渐消失？, 其他性别决定方式人类和果蝇都是型性别决定的生物在人类和果蝇中性染色体和性别的关系如表所示性染色体人的性别雄性雌性超雌雄性雌性超雄果蝇性别雄性雌性超雌雌性雄性雄性根据以上材料回答下列问题人类男性的性别取决于染色体该染色体上基因的遗传特点一般是性指数是指染色体的数量和常染色体组数的比果蝇的性别取决于性指数当性指数时果蝇为性当性指数时果蝇为性前言上面是做题时遇到的一道遗传题感觉比较有意思这里来探讨一下高中阶段我们普遍认为人和果蝇的性别决定是完全相同的都是性别决定但是从这道题目我们可以看出虽然人和果蝇的性别决定都与染色体有关但是其性别决定机理却并不完全相同比如人类的性染色体组成如果是则表现为雄性而果蝇的却正好相反表现为雌性这是为什么呢事实上果蝇和哺乳动物的性染色体机制是分别独立进化出现的故二者存在很大不同人类性别决定对于人类来说性别往往取决于染色体是否存在染色体上有决定生物雄性性别的基因一旦基因被激活会令携带者成长为雄性男人为什么会有乳头染色体上的基因就是我们唯一的性别决定基因只要表达了这个基因胚胎就会发育成雄性否则就会发育成雌性但是这个基因要到胚胎发育的第到周才从性腺开始逐渐表达胚胎早已按照雌性的构造发育出了乳头和乳腺再也无法撤销了所以不妨说在哺乳动物的性别决定机制里雌性是默认性别而基因的功能就是将一部分雌性胚胎逆转成雄性性别决定系统鸟类的性别决定与我们刚好相反雄性有两条染色体雌性有一条染色体和一条染色体那条染色体上携带着决定雌性的基因所以鸟类的默认性别就是雄性果蝇性别决定对于果蝇尽管雄性果蝇的染色体也是但是染色体在果蝇的性别决定中没有任何作用仅是雄性可育的一个必须因素在精子形成过程中被激活果蝇没有专门的性别基因而是用染色体相对于常染色体的倍数决定性别倍就是雌性半就是雄性而染色体浓缩失活没什么作用甚至某些果蝇干脆就没有染色体雌性有两条染色体雄性有一条染色体称为染色体机制这在其它昆虫身上更加普遍比如蜻蜓蝗虫螳螂白蚁染色体正在逐渐消失对此有一个浅显的推测有性生殖的一大意义就是在减数分裂的联会过程中同源染色体可以交换一部分片段这提供了修复有害突变的宝贵机会但是在染色体之中那条染色体与染色体差异太大失去了这样的修复机会因此在世代积累中变得脆弱最终完全丢失了它的功能则由其它染色体或者其它机制接替由于昆虫繁殖更快所以先我们一步实现了机制某些繁殖迅速的啮齿动物也已经达到这种境地比如琉球特产的几种裔属就已经没有了染色体或许经过漫长的岁月人类和其它哺乳动物也会达到这一步吧其他性别决定方式上述和性别决定同属于遗传因素决定性别总的来说生物的性别决定非常复杂不同的生物性别决定的方式也多种多样其他的性别决定方式还有环境决定型温度决定如很多爬行类动物年龄决定型如鳝鱼染色体数目决定型如蜜蜂和蚂蚁等',
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title="作者IP属地为天水"><i class="anzhiyufont anzhiyu-icon-location-dot"></i>天水</span></div></div></div><section class="main-hero-waves-area waves-area"><svg class="waves-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 24 150 28" preserveAspectRatio="none" shape-rendering="auto"><defs><path id="gentle-wave" d="M -160 44 c 30 0 58 -18 88 -18 s 58 18 88 18 s 58 -18 88 -18 s 58 18 88 18 v 44 h -352 Z"></path></defs><g class="parallax"><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="0"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="3"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="5"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="7"></use></g></svg></section><div id="post-top-cover"><img class="nolazyload" id="post-top-bg" src="https://img.yanhua.cc/posts/2020/20082501.webp"></div></header><main id="blog-container"><div class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container" itemscope itemtype="https://yanhua.cc/ded755f9f77a.html"><header><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9/" itemprop="url">生物</a><a href="/tags/%E5%BF%85%E4%BF%AE%E4%BA%8C/" tabindex="-1" itemprop="url">必修二</a><a href="/tags/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93/" tabindex="-1" itemprop="url">染色体</a><a href="/tags/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB/" tabindex="-1" itemprop="url">性别</a><h1 id="CrawlerTitle" itemprop="name headline">人和果蝇的XY性别决定</h1><span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">南阳</span><time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2020-08-24T16:00:00.000Z" title="undefined 2020-08-25 00:00:00">2020-08-25</time></header><p>人类和果蝇都是 XY 型性别决定的生物。在人类和果蝇中性染色体和性别的关系如表所示。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">性染色体</th>
<th align="center">XY</th>
<th align="center">XX</th>
<th align="center">XXX</th>
<th align="center">XXY</th>
<th align="center">XO</th>
<th align="center">XYY</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">人的性别</td>
<td align="center">雄性</td>
<td align="center">雌性</td>
<td align="center">超雌</td>
<td align="center">雄性</td>
<td align="center">雌性</td>
<td align="center">超雄</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">果蝇性别</td>
<td align="center">雄性</td>
<td align="center">雌性</td>
<td align="center"><del>超雌</del></td>
<td align="center">雌性</td>
<td align="center">雄性</td>
<td align="center">雄性</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>根据以上材料回答下列问题：<br>（1）人类男性的性别取决于<u> </u>染色体，该染色体上基因的遗传特点一般是<u> </u>。<br>（2）性指数是指 X 染色体的数量和常染色体组数的比，果蝇的性别取决于性指数，当性指数 ≥1 时，果蝇为<u> </u>性；当性指数 ≤0.5 时，果蝇为<u> </u>性。<br>……</p>
<h3 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h3><p>上面是做题时遇到的一道遗传题，感觉比较有意思，这里来探讨一下。高中阶段，我们普遍认为人和果蝇的性别决定是完全相同的，都是 XY 性别决定。但是从这道题目我们可以看出，虽然人和果蝇的性别决定都与 XY 染色体有关，但是其性别决定机理却并不完全相同。比如人类的性染色体组成如果是 XXY 则表现为雄性，而果蝇的却正好相反，表现为雌性，这是为什么呢？<br>事实上果蝇和哺乳动物的性染色体机制是分别独立进化出现的，故二者存在很大不同。</p>
<h3 id="人类性别决定"><a href="#人类性别决定" class="headerlink" title="人类性别决定"></a>人类性别决定</h3><p>对于人类来说，性别往往取决于 Y 染色体是否存在，Y 染色体上有决定生物雄性性别的 SRY 基因，一旦 SRY 基因被激活，会令携带者成长为雄性。</p>
<div class="note success no-icon flat"><h4 id="男人为什么会有乳头？"><a href="#男人为什么会有乳头？" class="headerlink" title="男人为什么会有乳头？"></a><div align=center>男人为什么会有乳头？<div></h4><p>Y 染色体上的 SRY 基因，就是我们唯一的性别决定基因，只要表达了这个基因，胚胎就会发育成雄性，否则就会发育成雌性。<br>但是这个基因要到胚胎发育的第 6 到 8 周才从性腺开始逐渐表达，胚胎早已按照雌性的构造发育出了乳头和乳腺，再也无法撤销了。所以不妨说，在哺乳动物的 XY 性别决定机制里，雌性是默认性别，而 SRY 基因的功能就是将一部分雌性胚胎逆转成雄性。</p>
</div>
<div class="note success no-icon flat"><h4 id="ZW-性别决定系统"><a href="#ZW-性别决定系统" class="headerlink" title="ZW 性别决定系统"></a><div align=center>ZW 性别决定系统<div></h4><p>鸟类的 ZW 性别决定与我们刚好相反，雄性有两条 Z 染色体，雌性有一条 Z 染色体和一条 W 染色体，那条 W 染色体上携带着决定雌性的 DMRT1 基因，所以鸟类的默认性别就是雄性。</p>
</div>
<h3 id="果蝇性别决定"><a href="#果蝇性别决定" class="headerlink" title="果蝇性别决定"></a>果蝇性别决定</h3><p>对于果蝇，尽管雄性果蝇的染色体也是 XY，但是 Y 染色体在果蝇的性别决定中没有任何作用，仅是雄性可育的一个必须因素，在精子形成过程中被激活。<br>果蝇没有专门的性别基因，而是用 X 染色体相对于常染色体的倍数决定性别，1 倍就是雌性，1 半就是雄性，而 Y 染色体浓缩失活，没什么作用。甚至某些果蝇干脆就没有 Y 染色体，雌性有两条 X 染色体，雄性有一条 X 染色体，称为 X0 染色体机制——这在其它昆虫身上更加普遍，比如蜻蜓、蝗虫、螳螂、白蚁。</p>
<div class="note success no-icon flat"><h4 id="Y-染色体正在逐渐消失？"><a href="#Y-染色体正在逐渐消失？" class="headerlink" title="Y 染色体正在逐渐消失？"></a><div align=center>Y 染色体正在逐渐消失？<div></h4><p>对此有一个浅显的推测：有性生殖的一大意义，就是在减数分裂的联会过程中，同源染色体可以交换一部分片段，这提供了修复有害突变的宝贵机会。但是在 XY 染色体之中，那条 Y 染色体与 X 染色体差异太大，失去了这样的修复机会，因此在世代积累中变得脆弱，最终完全丢失了，它的功能则由其它染色体或者其它机制接替。<br>由于昆虫繁殖更快，所以先我们一步实现了 X0 机制，某些繁殖迅速的啮齿动物也已经达到这种境地，比如琉球特产的几种裔属就已经没有了 Y 染色体——或许经过漫长的岁月，人类和其它哺乳动物也会达到这一步吧。</p>
</div>
<h3 id="其他性别决定方式"><a href="#其他性别决定方式" class="headerlink" title="其他性别决定方式"></a>其他性别决定方式</h3><p>上述 XY 和 ZW 性别决定同属于遗传因素决定性别。<br>总的来说，生物的性别决定非常复杂，不同的生物，性别决定的方式也多种多样。其他的性别决定方式还有：</p>
<ul>
<li>环境决定型：温度决定，如很多爬行类动物。</li>
<li>年龄决定型：如鳝鱼。</li>
<li>染色体数目决定型：如蜜蜂和蚂蚁等。</li>
</ul>
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class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%B7%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E4%BC%9A%E6%9C%89%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%EF%BC%9F"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">男人为什么会有乳头？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#ZW-%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">ZW 性别决定系统</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%9E%9C%E8%9D%87%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">果蝇性别决定</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#Y-%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E6%AD%A3%E5%9C%A8%E9%80%90%E6%B8%90%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%EF%BC%9F"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">Y 染色体正在逐渐消失？</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" 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