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世界上有三中程序员,一种是用 Vim 的,一种是用 Emacs 的,另外一种是用其它编辑器的。本文介绍 Emacs 的基本使用。

一、Emacs24 的安装

wget https://github.com/mirrors/emacs/archive/emacs-24.3.92.zip
unzip emacs-24.3.92.zip
cd emacs-24.3.93
./autogen.sh
./configure --without-makeinfo
make -j2
sudo make install

添加 alias em='env TERM=xterm-256color emacs -nw~/.bashrc 中,这样就可以直接用 em 打开 Emacs 了。

二、基本快捷键

这里列出在没有打开任何 mode 的情况下,原生 Emacs 所支持的快捷键。

  • C-: Ctrl 键
  • M-: Alt/ESC 键,
  • S-: Shift 键
  • C-g : 撤销命令(没事多摁几下,我都是没事摁着玩的)
  • C-z : 挂起 Emacs
  • C-x C-c: 关闭 Emacs

2.1 光标移动

  • C-n : 下一行
  • C-p : 上一行
  • C-f : 前进一个字符
  • C-b : 后退一个字符
  • M-f : 前进一个单词
  • M-b : 后退一个单词
  • C-v : 向下翻页
  • M-v : 向上翻页
  • C-l : 光标所在行移动到屏幕中央
  • C-a : 行首
  • C-e : 行尾
  • M-a : 句首
  • M-e : 句尾
  • M-< : 文件首
  • M-> : 文件尾

2.2 文档编辑

  • <Backspace> : 向前删除一个字符
  • C-d <DEL> : 向后删除一个字符,我一般用 C-d
  • M-d M-<DEL> : 向后删除一个单词
  • C-k : 删除光标到行尾,删除一行用 C-a, C-k (Vim 中的 dd)。
  • M-k : 删除光标到句尾
  • C-@ : 标记(Mark set), 标记之后配合光标移动快捷键,可以选中一个区域
  • M-w : 复制
  • C-w : 剪切
  • C-y : 粘贴
  • C-/ : 撤销(UNDO)

大小写转换:

  • M-l: Convert following word to lower case (downcase-word).
  • M-u: Convert following word to upper case (upcase-word).
  • M-c: Capitalize the following word (capital-word).
  • C-x C-l: Convert region to lower case (downcase-region).
  • C-x C-u: Convert region to upper case (upcase-region).

块操作:

  • C-x r k: Kill the text of the region-rectangle, saving its contents as the “last killed rectangle” (kill-rectangle).
  • C-x r M-w: Save the text of the region-rectangle as the “last killed rectangle” (copy-rectangle-as-kill).
  • C-x r d: Delete the text of the region-rectangle (delete-rectangle).
  • C-x r y: Yank the last killed rectangle with its upper left corner at point (yank-rectangle).
  • C-x r o: Insert blank space to fill the space of the region-rectangle (open-rectangle). This pushes the previous contents of the region-rectangle to the right.
  • C-x r N: Insert line numbers along the left edge of the region-rectangle (rectangle-number-lines). This pushes the previous contents of the region-rectangle to the right.
  • C-x r c: Clear the region-rectangle by replacing all of its contents with spaces (clear-rectangle).
  • M-x delete-whitespace-rectangle: Delete whitespace in each of the lines on the specified rectangle, starting from the left edge column of the rectangle.
  • C-x r t string <RET>: Replace rectangle contents with string on each line (string-rectangle).
  • M-x string-insert-rectangle <RET> string <RET>: Insert string on each line of the rectangle.

2.3 搜索

  • C-s : 向前搜索
  • C-r : 向后操作
  • C-g : 回到搜索开始前的位置
  • M-% : 询问并替换

2.4 文件操作(缓冲区)

Emacs 可以打开很多文件,一个文件可以理解成一个 buffer,你可以在多个文件中来回切换。

  • C-x f : 打开一个文件 -> find-file
  • C-x s : 保存
  • C-x C-w : 另存为
  • C-x C-v : 关闭当前缓冲区,并打开新文件
  • C-x C-b : 打开缓冲区列表
  • C-x b : 切回最近的 buffer -> switch-to-buffer
  • C-x k : 关闭当前缓冲区
  • C-x C-b, d, x: 关闭用 d 标记 buffer
  • M-x find-file-at-point , M-x ffap
  • C-x 5 0 : delete-frame

2.5 窗口(WINDOWS)操作

  • C-x 1 : 只保留当前窗口
  • C-x 2 : 水平切分
  • C-x 3 : 垂直切分
  • C-x o : 切换到另外一个窗口
  • C-x 0 : 关闭当前窗口(并不是删除buffer)
  • C-x 4 C-f : 在另外一个窗口打开文件 -> find-file-other-window

2.6 查阅命令

  • M-x man :
  • M-x info : 所有的 Emacs 手册

2.7 代码编辑

  • M-; : 块注释

2.8 目录操作

  • M-x dired : 打开一个目录

2.9 书签

  • C-x r m : 设置一个书签 -> bookmark-set
  • C-x r b : 跳转到一个书签 -> bookmark-jump
  • C-x r l : 显示所有书签列表, 管理书签的方式和 Direcd 模式一样
    • RET : 打开一个书签
    • p: 前一个书签
    • n: 后一个书签
    • s : 保存当前书签到一个文件中
    • o : 在另外一个窗口中打开文件
    • r : 重命名书签
    • d : 标记要删除的书签
    • x : 执行删除动作
    • u : 撤销标记

2.10 Occur

把所有的搜索结果都列到一个名为 *Occur* buffer 中。使用 M-s o 调用 occur 函数,搜索当前文档。

  • M-g n : 下一个匹配项
  • M-g p : 上一个匹配项
  • e : 进入 occur-edit-mode,可以编辑搜索结果
  • C-c C-c : 退出编辑模式
  • g : 刷新搜索结果

2.11 Dired

  • C-x d : 选个一个目录,在当前窗口打开
  • C-x 4 d : 选一个目录,在另外一个目录打开
  • i : 打开子目录

2.12 版本控制(Version Control)

  • C-x v v , M-x vc-next-action : 提交当前文件
  • C-x v = , M-x vc-diff
  • C-x v ~ , M-x vc-revision-other-window: 与指定版本做比较
  • C-x v l , M-x vc-print-log : 查看日志
  • C-x v u , M-x vc-revert
  • C-x v C-h : 查看所有可用的 vc 命令

三、通用定制

默认的 emacs 的快捷键有些不好用,比如 c-x c-f 时,没有任何提示。再如窗口切换使用 c-x o,当 buffer 多时,非常不方便,这一节介绍 emacs 通用的定制(不针对某种开发/编辑环境)。

emacs 的配置文件为 ~/.emacs,如果没有就 touch 一个,插件位置一般在 ~/.emacs.d,如果没有就 mkdir 一个。Emacs 启动时会加载这些配置(也因此会减慢Emacs的启动速度,建议不要给Emacs装太多的插件,看着花哨但不实用)。

y/n 代替 yes/no:

(fset 'yes-or-no-p 'y-or-n-p)

设置编码为 UTF-8

(setq locale-coding-system 'utf-8)
(set-terminal-coding-system 'utf-8)
(set-keyboard-coding-system 'utf-8)
(set-selection-coding-system 'utf-8)
(prefer-coding-system 'utf-8)

C-c e 打开 eshell, C-c l清空 eshell:

(defun clear-eshell-buffer ()
  (interactive)
  (let ((inhibit-read-only t))
    (delete-region (point-min) (point-max))))
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c l") 'clear-eshell-buffer)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c e") 'eshell)

tab -> 空格:

(setq-default indent-tabs-mode nil)

括号匹配、对齐、补全:

(show-paren-mode t)
(require 'electric)
(electric-indent-mode t)
(electric-pair-mode t)
(electric-layout-mode t)

保存时删除多余的空白字符:

(add-hook 'before-save-hook 'delete-trailing-whitespace)
(setq show-trailing-whitespace t)

去掉自动保存和备份:

(setq auto-save-default nil)
(setq make-backup-files nil)

行号:

(setq linum-format "%3d|")
(global-linum-mode 1)

自动换行:

(global-visual-line-mode 1)
(blink-cursor-mode -1)

使用 M-(1,2,3...9)窗口切换(依赖于 windows-numbering 插件):

(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/lisp/window-numbering.el")
(require 'window-numbering)
(setq window-numbering-assign-func
      (lambda () (when (equal (buffer-name) "*Calculator*") 9)))
(window-numbering-mode 1)

Mini Buffer 优化(依赖 smex 插件,ido 是 Emacs 自带的):

;; C-x f/b
(require 'ido)
(ido-mode t)
;; M-x
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/lisp/smex")
(require 'smex)
(smex-initialize)
(global-set-key (kbd "M-x") 'smex)
(global-set-key (kbd "M-X") 'smex-major-mode-commands)

使用 ibuffer 代替默认的 list-buffers:

(global-set-key (kbd "C-x C-b") 'ibuffer)

C-a 跳转到句首,而不是行首:

(defun prelude-move-beginning-of-line (arg)
  "Move point back to indentation of beginning of line.

Move point to the first non-whitespace character on this line.
If point is already there, move to the beginning of the line.
Effectively toggle between the first non-whitespace character and
the beginning of the line.

If ARG is not nil or 1, move forward ARG - 1 lines first. If
point reaches the beginning or end of the buffer, stop there."
  (interactive "^p")
  (setq arg (or arg 1))

  ;; Move lines first
  (when (/= arg 1)
    (let ((line-move-visual nil))
      (forward-line (1- arg))))

  (let ((orig-point (point)))
    (back-to-indentation)
    (when (= orig-point (point))
      (move-beginning-of-line 1))))

(global-set-key (kbd "C-a") 'prelude-move-beginning-of-line)

Tip: M-x eval-buffer 可以使配置文件立即生效,调试非常方便。

四、高级定制

这一节针对不同的应用,介绍一些插件。

4.1 代码参考线: fill-column-indicator

(require 'fill-column-indicator)
(setq fci-rule-color "#333") # 参考线颜色,我的配色是暗色的, 所以 #333 看着舒服一点
(setq fci-rule-column 80)    # 宽度设置为 80 
(define-globalized-minor-mode
  global-fci-mode fci-mode (lambda () (fci-mode 1)))
(global-fci-mode 1)

4.2 自动补全:

(require 'popup)
(require 'auto-complete-config)
(add-to-list 'ac-dictionary-directories
             "~/.emacs.d/auto-complete/dict")
(ac-config-default)
(setq ac-use-quick-help nil)
(setq ac-ignore-case t)
(setq ac-menu-height 8)

(setq ac-use-menu-map t)
(define-key ac-menu-map "\C-n" 'ac-next)
(define-key ac-menu-map "\C-p" 'ac-previous)
(global-set-key "\M-/" 'auto-complete)

4.2.3 yasnippet

4.3 相同符号高亮: highlight-symbol

用这个做查找也挺不错的!

(require 'highlight-symbol)
(global-set-key (kbd "M--") 'highlight-symbol-at-point)
(global-set-key (kbd "M-n") 'highlight-symbol-next)
(global-set-key (kbd "M-p") 'highlight-symbol-prev)

4.4 Markdown: markdown-mode

(autoload 'markdown-mode "~/.emacs.d/lisp/markdown-mode/markdown-mode.el"
  "Major mode for editing Markdown files" t)
(setq auto-mode-alist
      (cons '("\\.md" . markdown-mode) auto-mode-alist))
(setq auto-mode-alist
      (cons '("\\.markdown" . markdown-mode) auto-mode-alist))
(setq auto-mode-alist
      (cons '("\\.txt" . markdown-mode) auto-mode-alist))

4.5 Python: python.el

推荐使用 python.el 而不是 python-mode

(require 'python)

4.6 Google Protobuf Buffer: protobuf-mode

(require 'protobuf-mode)
(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.proto$" . protobuf-mode))

4.7 C++开发定制: xcscope + etags + c++-mode

;; 编译与调试
(global-set-key [(f5)] 'compile)

(require 'xcscope)
(cscope-setup)

(global-set-key [(f9)] 'ff-find-other-file)

(setq tab-stop-list ())
(loop for x downfrom 40 to 1 do
      (setq tab-stop-list (cons (* x 4) tab-stop-list)))

(defconst my-c-style
  '(
    (c-tab-always-indent        . t)
    (c-hanging-braces-alist     . ((substatement-open after)
                                   (brace-list-open)))
    (c-hanging-colons-alist     . ((member-init-intro before)
                                   (inher-intro)'
                                   (label after)
                                   (acecss-label after)))
    (c-cleanup-list             . (scope-operator
                                   empty-defun-braces
                                   defun-close-semi))
    (c-offsets-alist            . ((arglist-close . c-lineup-arglist)
                                   (case-label . 4)
                                   (substatement-open . 0)
                                   (block-open        . 0)
                                   (knr-argdecl-intro . -)
                                   (innamespace . -)
                                   (inline-open . 0)
                                   (inher-cont . c-lineup-multi-inher)
                                   (arglist-cont-nonempty . +)
                                   (template-args-cont . + )))
    (c-echo-syntactic-information-p . t)
    )
  "My C Programming Style")

;; offset customizations not in my-c-style
(setq c-offsets-alist '((member-init-intro . ++)))

;; Customizations for all modes in CC Mode.
(defun my-c-mode-common-hook ()
  ;; add my personal style and set it for the current buffer
  (c-add-style "PERSONAL" my-c-style t)
  ;; other customizations
  (setq tab-width 4
        indent-tabs-mode nil)
  ;; we like auto-newline and hungry-delete
  ;; (c-toggle-auto-hungry-state 1)
  ;; key bindings for all supported languages.  We can put these in
  ;; c-mode-base-map because c-mode-map, c++-mode-map, objc-mode-map,
  ;; java-mode-map, idl-mode-map, and pike-mode-map inherit from it.
  )
(add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook 'my-c-mode-common-hook)
(add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'hs-minor-mode)

(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.h\\'" . c++-mode))

;; http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14668744/emacs-indent-for-c-class-method
(defun vlad-cc-style()
  (c-set-offset 'inline-open '0)
  )
(add-hook 'c++-mode-hook 'vlad-cc-style)

xcscope.el 使用:

  • cscope -r : 在根目录下递归生成数据库
  • C-c s a : Set initial directory;
  • C-c s A : Unset initial directory;
  • C-c s I : create list of files to index;
  • C-c s s : Find symbol;
  • C-c s d : Find global definition;
  • C-c s c : Find functions calling a function;
  • C-c s C : Find called functions (list functions called from a function);
  • C-c s t : Find text string;
  • C-c s e : Find egrep pattern;
  • C-c s f : Find a file;
  • C-c s i : Find files #including a file;
  • C-c s b : Display cscope buffer;

etags 使用:

搭配 find 来生成 tags:

find . -name '*.c' -o -name '*.cpp' -o -name '*.h' -print | etags -
  • M-x visit-tags-table <RET> FILE <RET> : 选择tags文件
  • M-. [TAG] <RET> : 访问标签
  • M-* : 返回
  • C-u M-. : 寻找标签的下一个定义

其它:

  • F9 : 在头文件和对应源文件之间跳转: (global-set-key [(f9)] 'ff-find-other-file)
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/lisp/google-translate")
(require 'google-translate)
(require 'google-translate-smooth-ui)
(global-set-key "\C-ct" 'google-translate-smooth-translate)
(setq google-translate-translation-directions-alist
      '(("en" . "zh-CN") ("zh-CN" . "en") ))

C-c t 打开翻译,我指定了英->中,中->英两种翻译模式。

4.9 Expand region

Github: expand-region.el

(require 'expand-region)
(global-set-key (kbd "M-m") 'er/expand-region)

4.10 Helm ()

github: https://github.com/emacs-helm/helm

极力推荐 这个插件,对于 Emacs 的基本使用是一个质的提升。安装了 helm 你会发现 ido, smex 神马的简直弱爆了。

推荐阅读: helm-intro

(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/lisp/helm")
(require 'helm)

(setq helm-command-prefix-key "C-c h")

(require 'helm-config)
(require 'helm-eshell)
(require 'helm-files)
(require 'helm-grep)

(define-key helm-map (kbd "<tab>") 'helm-execute-persistent-action) ; rebind tab to do persistent action
(define-key helm-map (kbd "C-i") 'helm-execute-persistent-action) ; make TAB works in terminal
(define-key helm-map (kbd "C-z")  'helm-select-action) ; list actions using C-z

(define-key helm-grep-mode-map (kbd "<return>")  'helm-grep-mode-jump-other-window)
(define-key helm-grep-mode-map (kbd "n")  'helm-grep-mode-jump-other-window-forward)
(define-key helm-grep-mode-map (kbd "p")  'helm-grep-mode-jump-other-window-backward)

(setq
 helm-google-suggest-use-curl-p t
 helm-scroll-amount 4 ; scroll 4 lines other window using M-<next>/M-<prior>
 helm-quick-update t ; do not display invisible candidates
 helm-idle-delay 0.01 ; be idle for this many seconds, before updating in delayed sources.
 helm-input-idle-delay 0.01 ; be idle for this many seconds, before updating candidate buffer
 helm-ff-search-library-in-sexp t ; search for library in `require' and `declare-function' sexp.

 helm-split-window-default-side 'other ;; open helm buffer in another window
 helm-split-window-in-side-p t ;; open helm buffer inside current window, not occupy whole other window
 helm-buffers-favorite-modes (append helm-buffers-favorite-modes
                                     '(picture-mode artist-mode))
 helm-candidate-number-limit 200 ; limit the number of displayed canidates
 helm-M-x-requires-pattern 0     ; show all candidates when set to 0
 helm-boring-file-regexp-list
 '("\\.git$" "\\.hg$" "\\.svn$" "\\.CVS$" "\\._darcs$" "\\.la$" "\\.o$" "\\.i$") ; do not show these files in helm buffer
 helm-ff-file-name-history-use-recentf t
 helm-move-to-line-cycle-in-source t ; move to end or beginning of source
                                        ; when reaching top or bottom of source.
 ido-use-virtual-buffers t      ; Needed in helm-buffers-list
 helm-buffers-fuzzy-matching t          ; fuzzy matching buffer names when non--nil
                                        ; useful in helm-mini that lists buffers
 )

;; Save current position to mark ring when jumping to a different place
(add-hook 'helm-goto-line-before-hook 'helm-save-current-pos-to-mark-ring)
(helm-mode 1)

(global-set-key (kbd "M-x") 'helm-M-x)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x b") 'helm-mini)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x C-f") 'helm-find-files)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c h o") 'helm-occur)
(global-set-key (kbd "M-y") 'helm-show-kill-ring)

(require 'helm-eshell)
(add-hook 'eshell-mode-hook
          #'(lambda ()
              (define-key eshell-mode-map (kbd "M-l")  'helm-eshell-history)))

;; C-c h / helm-find
;; C-c h m man or woman

4.last Emacs主题

把 主题 放到最后,是想告诉大家,使用 Emacs(或者其它任何工具) 时,不要花时间在这些炫酷的东西上面,还是要聚焦于实用和高效。Emacs24自带了几款主题(Emacs23没有的哦),使用 M-x customize-theme 回车可查看配色效果。

也可以在学习资源中的 Emacs Theme 中找一款自己喜欢的。

五、学习资源

一些学习资源推荐,也是本文档的参考资料。