Tilemill

open Tilemill (when built from source):
cd Tilemill
node index.js

CartoCSS - most basic styles

duplicates the layer, in this case to insert an outline and inline:

#layer {
  ::outline {
    line-width: 6;
    line-color: black;
  }
  line-width: 2;
  line-color: white;
}

styles every sub-type differently:

#roads {
  [class='motorway'] {line-width: 4;}
  [class='main'] {line-width: 2;}
  [class='street'] {line-width: 1;}
}

styles everything in a spcific zoom level:

#layer[zoom>=4][zoom<=10] {line-width: 1;}

#cities {
  [zoom>=4][population>1000000],
  [zoom>=5][population>500000],
  [zoom>=6][population>100000] {text-name: [name];}
}

selects everything that is NOT a certain type:

#roads[class!='motorway'] {line-width: 1;}

country borders as geo json: http://data.okfn.org/data/datasets/geo-boundaries-world-110m
CartoCSS documentation: https://github.com/mapbox/carto/blob/master/docs/latest.md
The original OSM design as CartoCSS https://github.com/gravitystorm/openstreetmap-carto
A quiet design for OSM maps: https://github.com/datadesk/osm-quiet-la
OSM City/Country data:
Geocoding (assigning long and lat to addresses): http://www.de-egge.de/2013/10/oeffentliche-wlan-spots-in-berlin/ + anderes Tool dafür: https://www.drupal.org/project/geocoder
Sort Data:http://www.qgis.org/de/site/
Overview of all tools: http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/8032/how-do-various-javascript-mapping-libraries-compare
How to import and style a OSM Berlin map https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmYqxF8QgnA

Extension	Explanation
OSM	Open Street Map
Geo-JSON	-
.shp	Shapefile. Common standard for representing geospatial vector data (describes points, polygons and lines)
.pbf	-
.pbf	-
GTFS	-
GML	-
GPX	an XML schema designed as a common GPS data format
WFS	-
GIS	Geographic Information System. Used when talking about "GIS Software" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographic_information_systems_software) like ArgGIS or QGis