[clang or clang-tidy] -Wformat awareness for <cinttypes>

[LebedevRI]

Bugzilla Link	42614
Version	trunk
OS	Linux
CC	@AaronBallman,@JonasToth,@gribozavr,@zygoloid,@rjmccall

Extended Description

printf()-style functions have a well-defined format string:
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/c/fprintf
clang knows how to verify it (-Wformat),

However there is a huge pitfall hiding in plain sight.
If one defines the variable e.g. as uint64_t: normally it is a 'unsigned long',
so one will just use %lu - that is what clang recommends.
But on different platform uint64_t can be 'unsigned long long',
and -Wformat will complain that '%llu' should be used.

Neither of these is the "correct" solution - PRIu64 should be used instead.
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/cinttypes

Now, obviously the current -Wformat behavior isn't wrong - it does produce
the correct results on the current platform - but they aren't great, since
they don't catch (and actively advertise) platform-dependent format string.

While i expect it may be reasonably trivial to distinguish whether the
printf() parameter is int or int32_t (e.g.), i'm honestly not sure how
to deal with format string parsing - the current approach won't work,
as it would need to be done before macro substitution.

[thesamesam]

FWIW, the GCC counterpart of this bug is https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=78014.

[frederick-vs-ja]

PRIu64 is a macro that expands to a string literal and is generally concatenated later. How can the compiler know whether it has been used? Is it even possible for string literals to carry such additional information?

I think the new length modifiers (in C23) added by WG14-N2680 can be helpful.