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Dissipation.mo
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within Modelica.Fluid;
package Dissipation
"Functions for convective heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics"
extends Modelica.Icons.BasesPackage;
import PI = Modelica.Constants.pi;
import REC = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Records;
import TYP = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types;
package UsersGuide "User's guide"
extends Modelica.Icons.Information;
class GettingStarted "Getting Started"
extends Modelica.Icons.Information;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
The <strong>Fluid.Dissipation</strong> library provides convective heat transfer and pressure loss
(HTPL) correlations for a broad range of energy devices to build up thermohydraulic
energy systems.
</p>
<p>
This section introduces an implementation method for the integration of the provided HTPL
functions by Fluid.Dissipation into own application models. Additionally you can find
ready-to-use application models integrated into Modelica.Fluid as thermohydraulic
framework <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Fittings\"> (see
package Fittings)</a>.<br />
In the following the implementation method is described in 5 steps for a straight pipe as
example. Generally the implementation method can be used for all HTPL correlations
throughout the library in the same manner.
</p>
<h4>Step 1: Use/Create model with missing pressure loss correlation</h4>
<p>
All thermohydraulic systems using pressure loss calculations can be modelled for an <strong>
incompressible case</strong>, where the pressure loss (DP) is calculated in dependence of a
known mass flow rate (m_flow)
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
DP = f(m_flow,...)
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
or a <strong>compressible case</strong>, where the mass flow rate (M_FLOW) is calculated in
dependence of a known pressure loss (dp)
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
M_FLOW = f(dp,...).
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
In both cases one target variable (DP for the compressible or M_FLOW for the
incompressible case) is calculated as a function of the corresponding input variable
(m_flow or dp respectively). Both functions for these cases can be found in the library
for the pressure loss device of interest enlarged with a corresponding underscore
describing its intended use (functionname_MFLOW for compressible or functionname_DP for
incompressible calculation).
</p>
<p>
To create a simplified thermohydraulic model, the pressure loss (dp) and the mass flow
rate (M_FLOW) have to be defined as unknown variables and only a functional correlation
between them is still missing. Here the implementation for the compressible case of a
flow model will be explained as example.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
model straightPipe
//compressible case M_FLOW = f(dp)
SI.Pressure dp \"Input pressure loss\";
SI.MassFlowRate M_FLOW \"Output mass flow rate\";
end straightPipe
equation
end straightPipe
</pre></blockquote>
<h4>Step 2: Choose pressure loss <strong>function</strong> of interest</h4>
<p>
The HTPL correlations are modelled with functions for several devices. The pressure loss
of a straight pipe to be modelled can be found by browsing through the <strong>
Fluid.Dissipation</strong> library and looking up the function of interest, here:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall_MFLOW
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
This HTPL correlation for the compressible case of a straight pipe have to be dragged and
dropped in the equation section of the <strong>equation layer</strong> of the model in Step 1.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
model straightPipe
//compressible case M_FLOW = f(dp)
SI.Pressure dp \"Input pressure loss\";
SI.MassFlowRate M_FLOW \"Output mass flow rate\";
equation
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall_<strong>MFLOW</strong>
end straightPipe
</pre></blockquote>
<h4>Step 3: Choose corresponding pressure loss <strong>records</strong>
</h4>
<p>
The chosen function in Step 2 still needs its corresponding input values provided by
records. These input records are split into one for input parameters (e.g., for
geometry) and one for input variables (e.g., for fluid properties). The name of these
input records are identical with the corresponding function but with the extension <strong>
_IN_con</strong> for parameters and <strong>_IN_var</strong> for variables as input. These
corresponding input record for the chosen function have to be dragged and dropped on the
<strong>diagram layer</strong> of the model in Step 1.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
Input parameter record:
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall<strong>_IN_con</strong> IN_con
Input variable record:
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall<strong>_IN_var</strong> IN_var
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Now the equation layer of the model in Step 1 should look similar to the following
(without comments and annotation):
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
model straightPipe
...
//records
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall_IN_con <strong>IN_con</strong>;
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall_IN_var <strong>IN_var</strong>;
equation
Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall_MFLOW
end straightPipe
</pre></blockquote>
<h4>Step 4: Build function-record construction </h4>
<p>
Now the input record have to be assigned to the chosen function in the equation layer.
The resulting function-record implementation for the compressible case looks like the
following:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
model straightPipe
...
equation
//compressible case
M_FLOW = Fluid.Dissipation.PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_overall_MFLOW(IN_con,IN_var,dp);
end straightPipe
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Here the compressible case for the unknown mass flow rate (M_FLOW) is calculated by the
known pressure difference (dp) out of the interfaces of the thermohydraulic framework and
the input records (IN_con,IN_var) provide data like geometry and fluid properties for
example.
</p>
<h4>Step 5: Assign record variables </h4>
<p>
In the last step the variables of the input records for the function have to be assigned.
The assignment of the record variables can either be done directly in the record on the
diagram layer or in the equation layer.
The assignment of the input record in the equation layer results into the following
model:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
model straightPipe
...
//compressible fluid flow
//input record
Fluid.Dissipation.Examples.Applications.PressureLoss.BaseClasses.StraightPipe.Overall.Pres
sureLossInput_con
IN_con(
d_hyd=d_hyd,
L=L,
roughness=roughness,
K=K);
Fluid.Dissipation.Examples.Applications.PressureLoss.BaseClasses.StraightPipe.Overall.Pres
sureLossInput_var
IN_var(
eta=eta,
rho=rho);
...
end straight Pipe;
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
If the implementation of a HTPL correlation is done in an existing application model, the
unknown variables out of Step 1 (M_FLOW and dp for compressible or DP and m_flow for
incompressible case) have to be adjusted to the model variables (typically the interface
variables). The implementation of HTPL correlation into <strong>Modelica.Fluid</strong> can be
found for <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Fittings\"> flow
models of several devices</a>.
</p>
</html>"));
end GettingStarted;
class ReleaseNotes "Release notes"
extends Modelica.Icons.ReleaseNotes;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<h4>Version 1.0 Beta 4-6, 2010-01-12</h4>
<p>
Fluid.Dissipation was improved for the release as follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Changed structure for input records of all heat transfer and pressure loss
functions:
<ul>
<li>Reduced amount of input records for compressible and incompressible functions as well as for their combinational one to improve usability of library.</li>
<li>Splitting input records of one function into one with parameters (e.g., for geometry) and one with variables (e.g., fluid properties) to ease work of IDE-solver.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Improved Modelica.Fluid application models for available heat transfer and pressure
loss functions:
<ul>
<li>Flattened inheritance with one base flow model for all energy devices.</li>
<li>Implemented smooth state of fluid density and dynamic viscosity for reverse flow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Adaption of complete library due to structure change.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Version 1.0 Beta 3, 2009-07-03</h4>
<p>
Fluid.Dissipation was improved for the release as follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Changed flow models structure:<br>
Now that a future feature for the automatic choice of using either a mass flow rate (compressible case) or a pressure loss (incompressible case) function for calculation is supported if implemented by IDE. Due to that no manual selection of a compressible or incompressible calculation in the Modelica.Fluid flow models is possible anymore. Therefore nonlinear equations will be created from the Modelica.Fluid flow models, if the future feature is not supported and the mass flow rate is known at a fluid port instead of the pressure loss.
</li>
<li>Changed structure and amount of records used as input for function calls due to
changed structure of flow model.
</li>
<li>Changed structure of function calls due to changed structure of flow model.
</li>
<li>Finished validation of all available heat transfer and pressure loss functions.
</li>
<li>Included scripts for verification of all available heat transfer and pressure loss functions.
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Version 1.0 Beta 2, 2009-04-22</h4>
<p>
Fluid.Dissipation was improved for the release as follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Support of analytical Jacobians at inverse calculation of heat transfer and pressure loss functions.
</li>
<li>Included Modelica.Fluid application models for available heat transfer and pressure loss functions.
</li>
<li>Adaption of complete library to Modelica Standard nomenclature.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Version 1.0 Beta 1, 2008-10-08</h4>
Initial release of Fluid.Dissipation.
</html>"));
end ReleaseNotes;
class Contact "Contact"
extends Modelica.Icons.Contact;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<h4>Library officer and co-author</h4>
<p>
<strong>Stefan Wischhusen</strong><br>
XRG Simulation GmbH<br>
Hamburg, Germany<br>
email: <a href=\"mailto:wischhusen@xrg-simulation.de\">wischhusen@xrg-simulation.de</a>
</p>
<h4>Acknowledgements</h4>
<p>
The following people contributed to the Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation library (alphabetical list):
Jörg Eiden, Ole Engel, Nina Peci, Sven Rutkowski, Thorben Vahlenkamp, Stefan
Wischhusen.
</p>
<p>
The development of the Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation library was founded within the ITEA research
project EuroSysLib-D by German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (promotional
reference 01IS07022B). The project was started in October 2007 and ended in June 2010.
</p>
</html>"));
end Contact;
annotation (DocumentationClass=true, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>The User's Guide contains the following sub-sections:
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.UsersGuide.GettingStarted\">Getting Started</a></li>
<li><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.UsersGuide.ReleaseNotes\">Release notes</a></li>
<li><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.UsersGuide.Contact\">Contact information</a></li>
</ul>
</html>"));
end UsersGuide;
package HeatTransfer "Package for calculation of heat transfer"
extends Modelica.Icons.VariantsPackage;
package Channel
extends Modelica.Icons.VariantsPackage;
function kc_evenGapLaminar
"Mean heat transfer coefficient of even gap | laminar flow regime | considering boundary layer development | heat transfer at ONE or BOTH sides | identical and constant wall temperatures"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: VDI-Waermeatlas, 9th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2002, Section Gb 6-10
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_evenGapLaminar"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_evenGapLaminar"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Convective heat transfer coefficient"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.PrandtlNumber Pr "Prandtl number" annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.ReynoldsNumber Re "Reynolds number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.NusseltNumber Nu "Nusselt number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output Real failureStatus
"0== boundary conditions fulfilled | 1== failure >> check if still meaningful results"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
protected
type TYP = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_evenGap;
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
Real laminar=2200 "Maximum Reynolds number of laminar flow regime";
SI.Area A_cross=IN_con.s*IN_con.h "Cross sectional area of gap";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=2*IN_con.s "Hydraulic diameter";
Real prandtlMax=if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne then 10 else if IN_con.target
== TYP.UndevBoth then 1000 else 0 "Maximum Prandtl number";
Real prandtlMin=if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne or IN_con.target == TYP.UndevBoth then
0.1 else 0 "Minimum Prandtl number";
SI.Velocity velocity=abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_var.rho*A_cross)
"Mean velocity in gap";
//failure status
Real fstatus[2] "Check of expected boundary conditions";
//Documentation
algorithm
Pr := abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda));
Re := max(1, abs(IN_var.rho*velocity*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.eta)));
kc := Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_KC(IN_con,
IN_var);
Nu := kc*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda);
//failure status
fstatus[1] := if Re > laminar then 1 else 0;
fstatus[2] := if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne or IN_con.target == TYP.UndevBoth then
if Pr > prandtlMax or Pr < prandtlMin then 1 else 0 else 0;
failureStatus := 0;
for i in 1:size(fstatus, 1) loop
if fstatus[i] == 1 then
failureStatus := 1;
end if;
end for;
annotation(Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a laminar fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations. Note that additionally a failure status is observed in this function to check if the intended boundary conditions are fulfilled.
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar\">See more information.</a></p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_evenGapLaminar;
function kc_evenGapLaminar_KC
"Mean heat transfer coefficient of even gap | laminar flow regime | considering boundary layer development | heat transfer at ONE or BOTH sides | identical and constant wall temperatures"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: VDI-Waermeatlas, 9th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2002, Section Gb 6-10
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_evenGapLaminar_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_evenGapLaminar_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Output for function kc_evenGapLaminar_KC";
protected
type TYP = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_evenGap;
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
SI.Area A_cross=max(MIN, IN_con.s*IN_con.h)
"Cross sectional area of gap";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=2*IN_con.s "Hydraulic diameter";
SI.Velocity velocity=abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_var.rho*A_cross)
"Mean velocity in gap";
SI.ReynoldsNumber Re=(IN_var.rho*velocity*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.eta));
SI.PrandtlNumber Pr=abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda));
//variables for mean Nusselt number
//SOURCE: p.Gb 7, eq. 36/37
SI.NusseltNumber Nu_1=if IN_con.target == TYP.DevOne or IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne then
4.861 else if IN_con.target == TYP.DevBoth or IN_con.target == TYP.UndevBoth then
7.541 else 0 "First Nusselt number";
//SOURCE: p.Gb 7, eq. 38
SI.NusseltNumber Nu_2=1.841*(Re*Pr*d_hyd/(max(IN_con.L, MIN)))^(1/3)
"Second Nusselt number";
//SOURCE: p.Gb 7, eq. 42
SI.NusseltNumber Nu_3=if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne or IN_con.target ==
TYP.UndevBoth then (2/(1 + 22*Pr))^(1/6)*(Re*Pr*d_hyd/(max(IN_con.L, MIN)))
^(0.5) else 0 "Third mean Nusselt number";
SI.NusseltNumber Nu=((Nu_1)^3 + (Nu_2)^3 + (Nu_3)^3)^(1/3);
//Documentation
algorithm
kc := Nu*((IN_var.lambda/max(MIN, d_hyd)));
annotation(Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a laminar fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations.
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar\">See more information.</a>
</p>
</html>", revisions="<html>
<p>2016-04-11 Stefan Wischhusen: Removed singularity for Re at zero mass flow rate.</p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_evenGapLaminar_KC;
record kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_con
"Input record for function kc_evenGapLaminar and kc_evenGapLaminar_KC"
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_con;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar\"> kc_evenGapLaminar</a> and
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_KC\"> kc_evenGapLaminar_KC</a>.</p>
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_con;
record kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_var
"Input record for function kc_evenGapLaminar and kc_evenGapLaminar_KC"
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_var;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar\"> kc_evenGapLaminar</a> and
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_KC\"> kc_evenGapLaminar_KC</a>.</p>
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapLaminar_IN_var;
function kc_evenGapOverall
"Mean heat transfer coefficient of even gap | overall flow regime | considering boundary layer development | heat transfer at ONE or BOTH sides | identical and constant wall temperatures | surface roughness"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: VDI-Waermeatlas, 9th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2002, Section Gb 6-10
import MIN = Modelica.Constants.eps;
// import SMOOTH = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Functions.Stepsmoother;
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_evenGapOverall"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_evenGapOverall"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Convective heat transfer coefficient"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.PrandtlNumber Pr "Prandtl number" annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.ReynoldsNumber Re "Reynolds number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.NusseltNumber Nu "Nusselt number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output Real failureStatus
"0== boundary conditions fulfilled | 1== failure >> check if still meaningful results"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
protected
type TYP = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_evenGap;
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
Real laminar=2200 "Maximum Reynolds number for laminar regime";
Real turbulent=1e4 "Minimum Reynolds number for turbulent regime";
SI.Area A_cross=IN_con.s*IN_con.h "Cross sectional area of gap";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=2*IN_con.s "Hydraulic diameter";
Real prandtlMax=if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne then 10 else if IN_con.target
== TYP.UndevBoth then 1000 else 0 "Maximum Prandtl number";
Real prandtlMin=if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne or IN_con.target == TYP.UndevBoth then
0.1 else 0 "Minimum Prandtl number";
SI.Velocity velocity=abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_var.rho*A_cross)
"Mean velocity in gap";
//failure status
Real fstatus[2] "Check of expected boundary conditions";
//Documentation
algorithm
Pr := abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda));
Re := max(1e-3, abs(IN_var.rho*velocity*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.eta)));
kc := Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_KC(IN_con, IN_var);
Nu := kc*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda);
//failure status
fstatus[1] := if IN_con.target == TYP.UndevOne or IN_con.target == TYP.UndevBoth then
if Pr > prandtlMax or Pr < prandtlMin then 1 else 0 else 0;
fstatus[2] := if d_hyd/IN_con.L > 1.0 then 1 else 0;
failureStatus := 0;
for i in 1:size(fstatus, 1) loop
if fstatus[i] == 1 then
failureStatus := 1;
end if;
end for;
annotation (Inline=false, smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2,
Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for an overall fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations. Note that additionally a failure status is observed in this function to check if the intended boundary conditions are fulfilled. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall\">See more information.</a>
</p>
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapOverall;
function kc_evenGapOverall_KC
"Mean heat transfer coefficient of even gap | overall flow regime | considering boundary layer development | heat transfer at ONE or BOTH sides | identical and constant wall temperatures | surface roughness"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: VDI-Waermeatlas, 9th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2002, Section Gb 6-10
import SMOOTH =
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Functions.General.Stepsmoother;
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_evenGapOverall_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_evenGapOverall_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Output for function kc_evenGapOverall_KC";
protected
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
Real laminar=2200 "Maximum Reynolds number for laminar regime";
Real turbulent=1e4 "Minimum Reynolds number for turbulent regime";
SI.Area A_cross=max(MIN, IN_con.s*IN_con.h)
"Cross sectional area of gap";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=2*IN_con.s "Hydraulic diameter";
SI.Velocity velocity=abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_var.rho*A_cross)
"Mean velocity in gap";
SI.ReynoldsNumber Re=(IN_var.rho*velocity*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.eta));
SI.PrandtlNumber Pr=abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda));
kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_con IN_con_turb(h=IN_con.h,s=IN_con.s,L=IN_con.L);
algorithm
kc := SMOOTH(
laminar,
turbulent,
Re)*Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar_KC(
IN_con, IN_var) + SMOOTH(
turbulent,
laminar,
Re)*Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC(IN_con_turb,
IN_var);
annotation (Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for an overall fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall\">See more information.</a>
</p>
</html>", revisions="<html>
<p>2016-04-11 Stefan Wischhusen: Removed singularity for Re at zero mass flow rate.</p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_evenGapOverall_KC;
record kc_evenGapOverall_IN_con
"Input record for function kc_evenGapOverall and kc_evenGapOverall_KC"
//even gap variables
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Records.HeatTransfer.EvenGap;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall\"> kc_evenGapOverall</a> and
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_KC\"> kc_evenGapOverall_KC</a>.
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapOverall_IN_con;
record kc_evenGapOverall_IN_var
"Input record for function kc_evenGapOverall and kc_evenGapOverall_KC"
//fluid property variables
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Records.General.FluidProperties;
//input variable (mass flow rate)
SI.MassFlowRate m_flow annotation (Dialog(group="Input"));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall\"> kc_evenGapOverall</a> and
<a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_KC\"> kc_evenGapOverall_KC</a>.
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapOverall_IN_var;
function kc_evenGapTurbulent
"Mean heat transfer coefficient of even gap | turbulent flow regime | developed fluid flow | heat transfer at BOTH sides | identical and constant wall temperatures"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: VDI-Waermeatlas, 9th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2002, Section Gb 7
import MIN = Modelica.Constants.eps;
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_evenGapTurbulent"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_evenGapTurbulent"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Convective heat transfer coefficient"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.PrandtlNumber Pr "Prandtl number" annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.ReynoldsNumber Re "Reynolds number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.NusseltNumber Nu "Nusselt number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output Real failureStatus
"0== boundary conditions fulfilled | 1== failure >> check if still meaningful results"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
protected
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
Real prandtlMax=100 "Maximum Prandtl number";
Real prandtlMin=0.6 "Minimum Prandtl number";
Real turbulentMax=1e6
"Maximum Reynolds number for turbulent flow regime";
Real turbulentMin=3e4
"Minimum Reynolds number for turbulent flow regime";
SI.Area A_cross=max(MIN, IN_con.s*IN_con.h)
"Cross sectional area of gap";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=2*IN_con.s "Hydraulic diameter";
SI.Velocity velocity=abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_var.rho*A_cross)
"Mean velocity in gap";
//failure status
Real fstatus[3] "Check of expected boundary conditions";
//Documentation
algorithm
Pr := abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda));
Re := max(1, abs(IN_var.rho*velocity*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.eta)));
kc := Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC(IN_con,
IN_var);
Nu := kc*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda);
//failure status
fstatus[1] := if Re > turbulentMax or Re < turbulentMin then 1 else 0;
fstatus[2] := if Pr > prandtlMax or Pr < prandtlMin then 1 else 0;
fstatus[3] := if d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_con.L) > 1.0 then 1 else 0;
failureStatus := 0;
for i in 1:size(fstatus, 1) loop
if fstatus[i] == 1 then
failureStatus := 1;
end if;
end for;
annotation (Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a developed turbulent fluid flow through an even gap at heat transfer from both sides. Note that additionally a failure status is observed in this function to check if the intended boundary conditions are fulfilled. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent\">See more information.</a>
</p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_evenGapTurbulent;
function kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC
"Mean heat transfer coefficient of even gap | turbulent flow regime | developed fluid flow | heat transfer at BOTH sides | identical and constant wall temperatures"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: VDI-Waermeatlas, 9th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2002, Section Gb 7
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Output for function kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC";
protected
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
SI.Area A_cross=max(MIN, IN_con.s*IN_con.h)
"Cross sectional area of gap";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=2*IN_con.s "Hydraulic diameter";
SI.Velocity velocity=abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_var.rho*A_cross)
"Mean velocity in gap";
SI.ReynoldsNumber Re=max(MIN,(IN_var.rho*velocity*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.eta)));
SI.PrandtlNumber Pr=abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda));
//SOURCE: p.Ga 5, eq. 27
Real zeta=1/max(MIN, 1.8*Modelica.Math.log10(abs(Re)) - 1.5)^2
"Pressure loss coefficient";
//SOURCE: p.Gb 5, eq. 26
//assumption according to Gb 7, sec. 2.4
SI.NusseltNumber Nu=abs((zeta/8)*Re*Pr/(1 + 12.7*(zeta/8)^0.5*(Pr^(2/3) - 1))
*(1 + (d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_con.L))^(2/3)));
//Documentation
algorithm
kc := Nu*(IN_var.lambda/max(MIN, d_hyd));
annotation (Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a developed turbulent fluid flow through an even gap at heat transfer from both sides. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent\">See more information.</a>
</p>
</html>", revisions="<html>
<p>2016-04-12 Stefan Wischhusen: Limited Re to very small value (Modelica.Constant.eps).</p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC;
record kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_con
"Input record for function kc_evenGapTurbulent and kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC"
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_con(
final target=Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_evenGap.DevBoth);
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent\"> kc_evenGapTurbulent</a> and
<a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC\"> kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC</a>.
</p>
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_con;
record kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_var
"Input record for function kc_evenGapTurbulent and kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC"
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall_IN_var;
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent\"> kc_evenGapTurbulent</a> and
<a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC\"> kc_evenGapTurbulent_KC</a>.
</p>
</html>"));
end kc_evenGapTurbulent_IN_var;
annotation (preferredView="info", Documentation(info="<html>
<h4>Even gap</h4>
<h5>Laminar flow</h5>
<p>Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a laminar fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapLaminar\">See more information.</a></p>
<h5>Turbulent flow</h5>
<p>Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a laminar fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapTurbulent\">See more information.</a></p>
<h5>Overall flow</h5>
<p>Calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for a laminar fluid flow through an even gap at different fluid flow and heat transfer situations. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.Channel.kc_evenGapOverall\">See more information.</a></p>
</html>"));
end Channel;
package General
extends Modelica.Icons.VariantsPackage;
function kc_approxForcedConvection
"Mean convective heat transfer coefficient for forced convection | approximation | turbulent regime | hydrodynamically developed fluid flow"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: A Bejan and A.D. Kraus. Heat Transfer handbook.John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition, 2003. (p.424 ff)
//Notation of equations according to SOURCE
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_approxForcedConvection"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_approxForcedConvection"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Convective heat transfer coefficient"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.PrandtlNumber Pr "Prandtl number" annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.ReynoldsNumber Re "Reynolds number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output SI.NusseltNumber Nu "Nusselt number"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
output Real failureStatus
"0== boundary conditions fulfilled | 1== failure >> check if still meaningful results"
annotation (Dialog(group="Output"));
protected
type TYP = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_general;
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
Real prandtlMax[3]={120,16700,500} "Maximum Prandtl number";
Real prandtlMin[3]={0.7,0.7,1.5} "Minimum Prandtl number";
Real reynoldsMax[3]={1.24e5,1e6,1e6} "Maximum Reynolds number";
Real reynoldsMin[3]={2500,1e4,3e3} "Minimum Reynolds number";
SI.Diameter d_hyd=max(MIN, 4*IN_con.A_cross/max(MIN, IN_con.perimeter))
"Hydraulic diameter";
//failure status
Real fstatus[2] "Check of expected boundary conditions";
algorithm
Pr := Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Functions.General.PrandtlNumber(
IN_var.cp,
IN_var.eta,
IN_var.lambda);
Re := max(1, Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Functions.General.ReynoldsNumber(
IN_con.A_cross,
IN_con.perimeter,
IN_var.rho,
IN_var.eta,
abs(IN_var.m_flow))) "Reynolds number";
kc := Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_KC(
IN_con, IN_var);
Nu := kc*d_hyd/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda);
//failure status
fstatus[1] := if IN_con.target == TYP.Rough then if Pr > prandtlMax[1] or Pr
< prandtlMin[1] then 1 else 0 else if IN_con.target == TYP.Middle then if
Pr > prandtlMax[2] or Pr < prandtlMin[2] then 1 else 0 else if IN_con.target
== TYP.Finest then if Pr > prandtlMax[3] or Pr < prandtlMin[3] then 1 else
0 else 0;
fstatus[2] := if IN_con.target == TYP.Rough then if Re > reynoldsMax[1] or Re
< reynoldsMin[1] then 1 else 0 else if IN_con.target == TYP.Middle then
if Re > reynoldsMax[2] or Re < reynoldsMin[2] then 1 else 0 else if IN_con.target
== TYP.Finest then if Re > reynoldsMax[3] or Re < reynoldsMin[3] then 1 else
0 else 0;
failureStatus := 0;
for i in 1:size(fstatus, 1) loop
if fstatus[i] == 1 then
failureStatus := 1;
end if;
end for;
annotation (Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Approximate calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for forced convection with a fully developed fluid flow in a turbulent regime.
</p>
<p>
A detailed documentation for this convective heat transfer calculation can be found in its underlying function
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_KC\">kc_approxForcedConvection_KC</a> .
Note that additionally a failure status is observed in this function to check if the intended boundary conditions are fulfilled. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection\">See more information</a> .
</p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_approxForcedConvection;
function kc_approxForcedConvection_KC
"Mean convective heat transfer coefficient for forced convection | approximation | turbulent regime | hydrodynamically developed fluid flow"
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: A Bejan and A.D. Kraus. Heat Transfer handbook.John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition, 2003. (p.424 ff)
//Notation of equations according to SOURCE
//type =
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_con
IN_con "Input record for function kc_approxForcedConvection_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Constant inputs"));
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_var
IN_var "Input record for function kc_approxForcedConvection_KC"
annotation (Dialog(group="Variable inputs"));
//output variables
output SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer kc
"Output for function kc_approxForcedConvection_KC";
protected
type TYP = Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_general;
Real MIN=Modelica.Constants.eps;
SI.Diameter d_hyd=max(MIN, 4*IN_con.A_cross/max(MIN, IN_con.perimeter))
"Hydraulic diameter";
SI.PrandtlNumber Pr=max(MIN, abs(IN_var.eta*IN_var.cp/max(MIN, IN_var.lambda)))
"Prandtl number";
SI.ReynoldsNumber Re=(4*abs(IN_var.m_flow)/max(MIN, IN_con.perimeter*
IN_var.eta)) "Reynolds number";
algorithm
kc := IN_var.lambda/d_hyd*(if IN_con.target == TYP.Rough then 0.023*Re^(4/5)*
Pr^IN_con.exp_Pr else if IN_con.target == TYP.Middle then 0.023*Re^(4/5)*Pr
^(1/3)*(IN_var.eta/IN_var.eta_wall)^0.14 else if IN_con.target == TYP.Finest and Pr
<= 1.5 then 0.0214*max(1, abs(Re^0.8 - 100))*Pr^0.4 else if IN_con.target
== TYP.Finest then 0.012*max(1, abs(Re^0.87 - 280))*Pr^0.4 else 0);
//Documentation
annotation (Inline=false, Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
Approximate calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for forced convection with a fully developed fluid flow in a turbulent regime.
<a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection\">See more information</a> .
</p>
</html>", revisions="<html>
<p>2016-04-11 Stefan Wischhusen: Removed singularity for Re at zero mass flow rate.</p>
</html>"), smoothOrder(normallyConstant=IN_con) = 2);
end kc_approxForcedConvection_KC;
record kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_con
"Input record for function kc_approxForcedConvection and kc_approxForcedConvection_KC"
//generic variables
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Records.HeatTransfer.General;
parameter Real exp_Pr=0.4
"Exponent for Prandtl number w.r.t. Dittus/Boelter | 0.4 for heating | 0.3 for cooling"
annotation (Dialog(group="Generic variables",enable=target == Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Types.kc_general.Rough));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection\"> kc_approxForcedConvection</a> and
<a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_KC\"> kc_approxForcedConvection_KC</a>.
</html>", revisions="<html>
2016-06-06 Stefan Wischhusen: Corrected enable in dialog.
</html>"));
end kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_con;
record kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_var
"Input record for function kc_approxForcedConvection and kc_approxForcedConvection_KC"
//fluid property variables
extends
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.Records.General.FluidProperties;
SI.DynamicViscosity eta_wall
"Dynamic viscosity of fluid at wall temperature" annotation (Dialog(group=
"Fluid properties"));
//input variable (mass flow rate)
SI.MassFlowRate m_flow annotation (Dialog(group="Input"));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
This record is used as <strong>input record</strong> for the heat transfer function <a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection\"> kc_approxForcedConvection</a> and
<a href=\"Modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection_KC\"> kc_approxForcedConvection_KC</a>.
</html>"));
end kc_approxForcedConvection_IN_var;
annotation (preferredView="info", Documentation(info="<html>
<h4>General heat transfer</h4>
<h5>Approximated forced convection</h5>
<p>Approximate calculation of the mean convective heat transfer coefficient <strong>kc</strong> for forced convection with a fully developed fluid flow in a turbulent regime. <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.Utilities.SharedDocumentation.HeatTransfer.General.kc_approxForcedConvection\">See more information.</a></p>
</html>"));
end General;
package HeatExchanger
extends Modelica.Icons.VariantsPackage;
function kc_flatTube
extends Modelica.Icons.Function;
//SOURCE: A.M. Jacobi, Y. Park, D. Tafti, X. Zhang. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE ART, AND POTENTIAL DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS, FOR FLAT-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS IN AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS - PHASE I
//icon
//input records
input
Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.HeatTransfer.HeatExchanger.kc_flatTube_IN_con