Updated: 10 Apr 2022

Author: Marc Bevand

This repository is a list—as exhaustive as possible—of all peer-reviewed & published research articles that evaluate the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions, specifically lockdowns on COVID-19.

Papers finding NPIs effective outnumber, by 10 to 1, those finding them ineffective.

Criteria for inclusion in the list

1. Be a research article (data, methods, results). Commentaries, opinion pieces, etc, do not qualify
2. Be peer-reviewed & published among the 26,000 titles in Scopus
3. Be explicit. No secondhand interpretation of figures or data tables. The authors must explicitly state in the text whether their results suggest NPIs are effective or not. Their exact words have been peer-reviewed & published. A secondhand interpretation has not.

List of research articles

The list is included below, and is also available in JSON format: articles.json

There are 79 research articles

• 64 papers find NPIs are generally effective (:heavy_check_mark:)
• 9 papers find NPIs are inconclusive (:question:)
• 6 papers find NPIs are generally ineffective (:no_entry_sign:)

Sorted by chronological order of publication:

1. https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abb6105 (Mar 2020)
   An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China
   ✔️ "measures such as closing citywide public transport and entertainment venues and banning public gatherings combined to avert hundreds of thousands of cases of infection"

2. https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/27/3/taaa037/5808003 (Mar 2020)
   The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China
   ✔️ "A significantly decreased growth rate and increased doubling time of cases was observed, which is most likely due to Chinese lockdown measures"

3. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/14/science.abb9789 (May 2020)
   Inferring change points in the spread of COVID-19 reveals the effectiveness of interventions
   ✔️ "we detected change points in the effective growth rate that correlate well with the times of publicly announced interventions"

4. https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(20)30314-X/fulltext (May 2020)
   The effect of state-level stay-at-home orders on COVID-19 infection rates
   ✔️ "The results were remarkably consistent across states and support the usefulness of stay-at-home orders in reducing COVID-19 infection rates"

5. https://www.pnas.org/content/117/19/10484 (May 2020)
   Spread and dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy: Effects of emergency containment measures
   ✔️ "Results suggest that the sequence of restrictions posed to mobility and human-to-human interactions have reduced transmission by 45% (42 to 49%)"

6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-020-00778-2 (May 2020)
   Impacts of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China
   ✔️ "Over 1.4 million infections and 56,000 deaths may have been avoided as a result of the national and provincial public health measures imposed in late January in China"

7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2293-x (May 2020)
   Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in China
   ✔️ "Without non-pharmaceutical interventions, we predict that the number of cases would have been 67-fold higher"

8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2405-7 (Jun 2020)
   Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe
   ✔️ "Our results show that major non-pharmaceutical interventions—and lockdowns in particular—have had a large effect on reducing transmission"

9. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31357-X/fulltext (Jun 2020)
   Have deaths from COVID-19 in Europe plateaued due to herd immunity?
   ✔️ "A strong linear trend suggests that countries that went into lockdown earlier experienced fewer deaths"

10. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40258-020-00596-3 (Jun 2020)
    The Efficacy of Lockdown Against COVID-19: A Cross-Country Panel Analysis
    ✔️ "Our results show that lockdown is effective in reducing the number of new cases in the countries that implement it, compared with those countries that do not"

11. https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/34/3_suppl/1695 (Jun 2020)
    Lockdown During COVID-19: The Greek Success
    ✔️ "Early lockdown was proven to be the appropriate policy to limit the spread of COVID-19. Greece was a success story in preventing spread despite limited resources"

12. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30553-3/fulltext (Jul 2020)
    Association between mobility patterns and COVID-19 transmission in the USA: a mathematical modelling study
    ✔️ "mobility patterns are strongly correlated with decreased COVID-19 case"

13. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769034 (Jul 2020)
    Association Between Statewide School Closure and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in the US
    ✔️ "school closure was associated with a significant decline in both incidence of COVID-19 [...] and mortality"

14. https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m2743 (Jul 2020)
    Physical distancing interventions and incidence of coronavirus disease 2019: natural experiment in 149 countries
    ✔️ "Physical distancing interventions were associated with reductions in the incidence of covid-19 globally" and "Earlier implementation of lockdown was associated with a larger reduction in the incidence of covid-19."

15. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30208-X/fulltext (Jul 2020)
    A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes
    ❓ "we do not support a definitive judgement on the effectiveness" of interventions because "many countries included in our dataset were not yet in the “plateau” or downslope phase of their individual epidemiologic curves"

16. https://www.jmir.org/2020/7/e19904 (Jul 2020)
    Impact of National Containment Measures on Decelerating the Increase in Daily New Cases of COVID-19 in 54 Countries and 4 Epicenters of the Pandemic: Comparative Observational Study
    ✔️ "Stay-at-home orders, curfews, and lockdowns curbed the percent increase in daily new cases to <5 within a month" however "Resurgence in cases within one month was observed in some South American countries"

17. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01698-4 (Jul 2020)
    Impact of lockdown on COVID-19 epidemic in Île-de-France and possible exit strategies
    ✔️ "We estimate the reproductive number at 3.18 [3.09, 3.24] (95% confidence interval) prior to lockdown and at 0.68 [0.66, 0.69] during lockdown, thanks to an 81% reduction of the average number of contacts"

18. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30201-7/fulltext (Jul 2020)
    Lockdown timing and efficacy in controlling COVID-19 using mobile phone tracking
    ✔️ "With a tighter lockdown, mobility decreased enough to bring down transmission promptly below the level needed to sustain the epidemic"

19. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2404-8 (Aug 2020)
    The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic
    ✔️ "interventions prevented or delayed on the order of 61 million confirmed cases, corresponding to averting approximately 495 million total infections"

20. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecin.12944 (Aug 2020)
    WHEN DO SHELTER-IN-PLACE ORDERS FIGHT COVID-19 BEST? POLICY HETEROGENEITY ACROSS STATES AND ADOPTION TIME
    ✔️ "approximately 3 weeks following the adoption of a [Shelter-in-Place Order], cumulative COVID-19 cases fell by approximately 53.5%"

21. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080120301485 (Aug 2020)
    Is the lockdown important to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic? Effects on psychology, environment and economy-perspective
    ✔️ "This study offers initial evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic can be suppressed by a lockdown"

22. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049731520957415 (Sep 2020)
    Mitigation Interventions in the United States: An Exploratory Investigation of Determinants and Impacts
    ✔️ "Three mitigation strategies (nonessential business closure, large-gathering bans, and restaurant/bar limitations) showed positive impacts on reducing cumulative cases, new cases, and death rates across states."

23. https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3588 (Sep 2020)
    Effect of school closures on mortality from coronavirus disease 2019: old and new predictions
    ❓ "prompt interventions were shown to be highly effective at reducing peak demand for intensive care unit (ICU) beds" however the unintended consequence is that, in the absence of an effective vaccine, "when the interventions are lifted, there is still a large population who are susceptible and a substantial number of people who are infected. This then leads to a second wave of infections that can result in more deaths, but later." Vaccines being available "is not considered in the model" therefore it is inconclusive how the model applies to the real-world.

24. https://gh.bmj.com/content/5/10/e003319 (Sep 2020)
    Lockdown measures in response to COVID-19 in nine sub-Saharan African countries
    ❓ "While lockdown measures may have helped inhibit community transmission, the pattern and nature of the epidemic remains unclear"

25. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/73/Supplement_2/S120/5917573 (Oct 2020)
    Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Transmission in the United States Before Versus After Relaxation of Statewide Social Distancing Measures
    ✔️ "We detected an immediate and significant reversal in SARS-CoV-2 epidemic suppression after relaxation of social distancing measures across the United States"

26. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00779954.2020.1844786 (Oct 2020)
    Government mandated lockdowns do not reduce Covid-19 deaths: implications for evaluating the stringent New Zealand response
    🚫 "Lockdowns do not reduce Covid-19 deaths"

27. https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/103/6/article-p2400.xml (Oct 2020)
    Association of Country-wide Coronavirus Mortality with Demographics, Testing, Lockdowns, and Public Wearing of Masks
    ❓ "there appeared to be a negative association between mortality and time in lockdown (P = 0.83)" [P=0.83 is statistically insignificant, thus language "appeared" to evoke inconclusiveness]

28. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272720301365 (Nov 2020)
    Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China
    ✔️ "We find that in the counterfactual world in which Wuhan were not locked down on January 23, 2020, the COVID-19 cases would be 105.27% higher in the 347 Chinese cities outside Hubei province"

29. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wmh3.374 (Nov 2020)
    Did We Respond Quickly Enough? How Policy-Implementation Speed in Response to COVID-19 Affects the Number of Fatal Cases in Europe
    ✔️ "the implementation speed of these containment measures in response to the coronavirus had a strong effect on the successful mitigation of fatalities"

30. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-01009-0 (Nov 2020)
    Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions
    ✔️ "The most effective NPIs include curfews, lockdowns and closing and restricting places where people gather" however "Less disruptive and costly NPIs can be as effective as more intrusive, drastic, ones (for example, a national lockdown)"

31. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/TG-06-2020-0130/full/html (Nov 2020)
    COVID-19: US shelter-in-place orders and demographic characteristics linked to cases, mortality, and recovery rates
    ✔️ "This study finds that a longer duration of a shelter-in-place order is associated with lower cases and deaths per capita from COVID-19"

32. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119020300656 (Nov 2020)
    JUE Insight: Were urban cowboys enough to control COVID-19? Local shelter-in-place orders and coronavirus case growth
    ✔️ "We find that approximately 90 percent of the curbed growth in COVID-19 cases in Texas came from the early adoption of SIPOs by urbanized counties" however "the later statewide shelter-in-place mandate yielded relatively few health benefits"

33. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.604339/full (Nov 2020)
    Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of Vulnerability Among Nations Facing Limited Margins of Adaptation
    🚫 "Stringency of the measures settled to fight pandemia, including lockdown, did not appear to be linked with death rate"

34. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753520303210 (Nov 2020)
    A phenomenological approach to assessing the effectiveness of COVID-19 related nonpharmaceutical interventions in Germany
    ❓ "The decline of infections [...] can be attributed to relatively small interventions [...] Additional effects of later interventions cannot be detected clearly [...] Thus, the effectiveness of most German interventions remains questionable"

35. https://www.italjmed.org/index.php/ijm/article/view/itjm.2020.1366 (Nov 2020)
    The role of lockdowns and health policies for COVID-19 in Italy
    ✔️ "Italy’s policies were essential to contain the spread of the virus"

36. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2020.1847170 (Nov 2020)
    Lockdown policies and the dynamics of the first wave of the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe
    ✔️ "an early lockdown was more effective than a hard lockdown"

37. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3025-y (Dec 2020)
    The effect of interventions on COVID-19
    ✔️ "the NPIs that were considered have indisputably contributed to reducing the spread of the virus"

38. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd9338 (Dec 2020)
    Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against COVID-19
    ✔️ "These results indicate that, by using effective interventions, some countries could control the epidemic while avoiding stay-at-home orders"

39. https://www.valueinhealthjournal.com/article/S1098-3015(20)34421-1/fulltext (Dec 2020)
    Modeling Social Distancing Strategies to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Israel: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
    🚫 "A national lockdown has a moderate advantage in saving lives with tremendous costs and possible overwhelming economic effects."

40. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11150-020-09532-9 (Jan 2021)
    Are COVID fatalities in the US higher than in the EU, and if so, why?
    ✔️ "various types of social distance measures such as school closings and lockdowns, and how soon they were implemented, help explain the US/EUROPE gap in cumulative deaths"

41. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/2/e042034 (Jan 2021)
    Country-level determinants of the severity of the first global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study
    ✔️ "International travel was directly associated with the mortality slope and thus potentially the spread of COVID-19. Very early restrictions on international travel should be considered to control COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent related deaths"

42. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407620303468 (Jan 2021)
    Causal impact of masks, policies, behavior on early covid-19 pandemic in the U.S.
    ✔️ "We also find that, without stay-at-home orders, cases would have been larger by 6 to 63 percent and without business closures, cases would have been larger by 17 to 78 percent"

43. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eci.13484 (Jan 2021)
    Assessing mandatory stay-at-home and business closure effects on the spread of COVID-19
    ❓ "Implementing any NPIs was associated with significant reductions in case growth in 9 out of 10 study countries" however "we find no clear, significant beneficial effect of mrNPIs on case growth in any country"

44. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220322700 (Jan 2021)
    Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in 190 countries from 23 January to 13 April 2020
    ✔️ "we found that any type of NPI, namely mandatory face mask in public, isolation or quarantine, social distancing and traffic restriction, may reduce the spread of COVID-19"

45. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822 (Feb 2021)
    Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19: a case study of the 2020 spring pandemic wave in New York City
    ✔️ "Lockdown-like measures were associated with greater than 50% transmission reduction for all age groups"

46. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82873-2 (Feb 2021)
    Modeling the effect of lockdown timing as a COVID-19 control measure in countries with differing social contacts
    ✔️ "The timing of lockdowns reveals that a “tunneling” effect on incidence can be achieved to bypass the peak and prevent pandemic caseloads from exceeding hospital capacity."

47. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01872-8 (Feb 2021)
    The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission across 130 countries and territories
    ✔️ "the effectiveness of school closure and internal movement restrictions appears robust across different model specifications, with some evidence that other NPIs may also be effective under particular conditions"

48. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30785-4/fulltext (Feb 2021)
    The temporal association of introducing and lifting non-pharmaceutical interventions with the time-varying reproduction number (R) of SARS-CoV-2: a modelling study across 131 countries
    ✔️ "Individual NPIs, including school closure, workplace closure, public events ban, ban on gatherings of more than ten people, requirements to stay at home, and internal movement limits, are associated with reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2"

49. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01063-2 (Feb 2021)
    Integrated vaccination and physical distancing interventions to prevent future COVID-19 waves in Chinese cities
    ✔️ "this study shows that non-pharmaceutical interventions are likely to substantially reduce COVID-19 transmission"

50. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3042 (Mar 2021)
    Government Effectiveness and the COVID-19 Pandemic
    ✔️ "Less stringent interventions increase the number of deaths, whereas more severe responses to the pandemic can lower fatalities"

51. https://academic.oup.com/cesifo/article/67/3/318/6199605 (Mar 2021)
    Did Lockdown Work? An Economist’s Cross-Country Comparison
    🚫 "I find no clear association between lockdown policies and mortality development"

52. https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(21)00087-1/fulltext (Mar 2021)
    Effect estimates of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions are non-robust and highly model-dependent
    ❓ "the impacts of lockdown are uncertain and highly model-dependent" and "We do not claim that lockdown measures definitely had no impact in the first wave of COVID-19"

53. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41287-021-00389-x (Apr 2021)
    The Luxury of Lockdown
    ✔️ "containment policies have, in general, a significant role in reducing the pandemic’s fatality rate across all countries" however "workplace closure is ineffective in low-income countries"

54. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bejm-2020-0266/html (Apr 2021)
    Protecting Lives and Livelihoods with Early and Tight Lockdowns
    ✔️ "we show that lockdowns substantially reduced COVID-19 cases"

55. https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e2019706118 (Apr 2021)
    Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic
    ❓ "We find that shelter-in-place orders had no detectable health benefits, only modest effects on behavior" however "our study should not be interpreted as evidence that social distancing behaviors are not effective"

56. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/36/5/620/6252392 (Apr 2021)
    An interrupted time series analysis of the lockdown policies in India: a national-level analysis of COVID-19 incidence
    ✔️ "the policy helped to ‘flatten the curve’ and buy additional time for pandemic preparedness, response and recovery"

57. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251373 (May 2021)
    Closed for business: The mortality impact of business closures during the Covid-19 pandemic
    ✔️ "Overall, the results suggest business shutdowns are effective, but should be selectively implemented and centrally coordinated"

58. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/36/7/1152/6263531 (May 2021)
    The effectiveness of national-level containment and closure policies across income levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of 113 countries
    ✔️ "We found that COVID-19 containment and closure policies were most effective with respect to mobility and morbidity in higher income countries compared to lower income countries"

59. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23404-5 (May 2021)
    Impacts of social distancing policies on mobility and COVID-19 case growth in the US
    ✔️ "Decreases in mobility were associated with substantial reductions in case growth two to four weeks later"

60. https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/34/11/5266/6304878 (Jun 2021)
    Business Restrictions and COVID-19 Fatalities
    ✔️ "We find strong evidence consistent with the idea that [...] restaurant and bar closures, gym closures, and high-risk business closures reduce future fatality" however "Other business restrictions [...] may have been counterproductive"

61. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0253348 (Jun 2021)
    Pandemic catch-22: The role of mobility restrictions and institutional inequalities in halting the spread of COVID-19
    ✔️ "we show while stricter contemporaneous measures affected mobility, stringency in seven to fourteen days mattered most for containing the contagion"

62. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248849 (Jun 2021)
    Stay-at-home orders associate with subsequent decreases in COVID-19 cases and fatalities in the United States
    ✔️ "These results suggest that stay-at-home orders might have reduced confirmed cases by 390,000 (170,000 to 680,000) and fatalities by 41,000 (27,000 to 59,000) within the first three weeks in localities that implemented stay-at-home orders"

63. https://www.dovepress.com/whether-county-lockdown-could-deter-the-contagion-of-covid-19-in-the-u-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP (Jun 2021)
    Whether County Lockdown Could Deter the Contagion of COVID-19 in the USA
    🚫 "The relation between distance (complexity of neighbouring) and confirmed cases (contagion) could be explored. Our research shows county lockdown in the USA plays no important role in containing the spread of coronavirus for the time being"

64. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252827 (Jun 2021)
    Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the number of new infections with COVID-19 during the first epidemic wave
    ✔️ "Among the NPIs considered, bans of large gatherings were most effective, followed by venue and school closures, whereas stay-at-home orders and work-from-home orders were least effective"

65. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-021-02742-3 (Jun 2021)
    Stay at Home! Governance Quality and Effectiveness of Lockdown
    ✔️ "Our results suggest that countries with higher levels of government effectiveness, rule of law and regulatory quality reach better results in adopting lockdown measures" however "one may consider our results not to be fully generalizable as regards the issue of policy effectiveness, due to the specificity of the historical moment"

66. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.28.2001401 (Jul 2021)
    Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Europe in 2020: a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group and time series design study
    ✔️ "Our analyses confirm that the imposition of non-pharmaceutical control measures have been effective in controlling epidemics in each investigated country" however "we were unable to demonstrate a strong impact from every intervention"

67. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0253116 (Jul 2021)
    Government responses and COVID-19 deaths: Global evidence across multiple pandemic waves
    ✔️ "government policies were effective in reducing deaths in all waves in all groups of countries. These findings highlight the enduring importance of non-pharmaceutical responses to COVID-19 over time"

68. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255254 (Jul 2021)
    Breakpoint modelling of temporal associations between non-pharmaceutical interventions and symptomatic COVID-19 incidence in the Republic of Ireland
    ✔️ "Study findings suggest that many NPIs have been successful in decreasing COVID-19 incidence rates" however "the strictest Phase 5 NPI was not"

69. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2021.1955089 (Aug 2021)
    COVID-19 mortalities in England and Wales and the Peltzman offsetting effect
    🚫 "Our preferred baseline model indicates that the first national lockdown in England and Wales had a net mortality increasing effect"

70. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257455 (Sep 2021)
    Was R < 1 before the English lockdowns? On modelling mechanistic detail, causality and inference about Covid-19
    ❓ "it does not imply that lockdowns had no effect, but it does suggest that other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may have been much more effective than Knock et al. imply"

71. https://academic.oup.com/ectj/article-abstract/25/1/46/6363683 (Sep 2021)
    The sooner the better: lives saved by the lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak. The case of Italy
    ✔️ "From an empirical point of view, we find strong evidence of the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in avoiding losses of human lives in Italy"

72. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0213911120300984 (Sep 2021)
    Analysis of the impact of lockdown on the reproduction number of the SARS-Cov-2 in Spain
    ✔️ "The estimated number of cases shows a sharp increase until the lockdown, followed by a slowing down and then a decrease after full quarantine was implemented"

73. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26013-4 (Oct 2021)
    Understanding the effectiveness of government interventions against the resurgence of COVID-19 in Europe
    ✔️ "Defining a “lockdown” policy as a ban on all gatherings and closure of all nonessential businesses, we estimate a total reduction in Rt of 52% [95% CI: 47–56%]"

74. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00477-021-02160-4 (Jan 2022)
    The influence of meteorological variables and lockdowns on COVID-19 cases in urban agglomerations of Indian cities
    ✔️ "Partial lockdown [...] is seen to be highly effective in confining cases" however they add "as compared to a complete lockdown"

75. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-04731-5 (Jan 2022)
    Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to assess the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions on the second wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic across the world
    ✔️ "Our investigation confirmed the usefulness of NPIs implemented worldwide, complementing and adding to the existing literature"

76. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/3/1139 (Jan 2022)
    The Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 Epidemic Growth Rate during Pre- and Post-Vaccination Period in Asian Countries
    ✔️ "Our findings support the evidence that besides the vaccine increasingly contributing to pandemic control, the implementation of NPIs also plays a key role"

77. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303243421003561 (Feb 2022)
    Impacts of worldwide individual non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission across waves and space
    ✔️ "The synergistic effectiveness of all NPIs for reducing COVID-19 infections declined along waves, from 95.4% in the first wave to 56.0% in the third wave recently at the global level and similarly from 83.3% to 58.7% at the USA national level, while it had fluctuating performance across waves on regional and subnational scales"

78. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275121004480 (Mar 2022)
    The lockdown, mobility, and spatial health disparities in COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of New York City
    ✔️ "The lockdown in NYC is generally effective" however "the effect of lockdown policy in NYC varies significantly across neighborhoods"

79. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.953472/full (Nov 2022)
    Responses to COVID-19 with probabilistic programming
    ✔️ "we can conclude that a lockdown is capable of quickly curbing infections" however "it is too early to conclude that stringent policies like lockdowns are the most successful at mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic since the side effect of applying the policy should also be considered"