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index.md
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index.md
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---
title: rotate()
slug: Web/CSS/transform-function/rotate
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.transform-function.rotate
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`rotate()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) defines a transformation that rotates an element around a
fixed point on the 2D plane, without deforming it. Its result is a {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}} data
type.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/function-rotate.html")}}
The fixed point that the element rotates around — mentioned above — is also known as the **transform
origin**. This defaults to the center of the element, but you can set your own custom transform origin using
the {{ cssxref("transform-origin") }} property.
## Syntax
The amount of rotation created by `rotate()` is specified by an {{cssxref("<angle>")}}. If positive,
the movement will be clockwise; if negative, it will be counter-clockwise. A rotation by 180° is called _point
reflection_.
```css
rotate(a)
```
### Values
- _a_
- : Is an {{ cssxref("<angle>") }} representing the angle of the rotation. The direction of rotation depends on the writing direction.
In a left-to-right context, a positive angle denotes a clockwise rotation, a negative angle a counter-clockwise one. In a right-to-left context,
a positive angle denotes a counter-clockwise rotation, a negative angle a clockwise one.
<table class="standard-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col"><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function#cartesian_coordinates">Cartesian coordinates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space">ℝ^2</a></th>
<th scope="col"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates">Homogeneous coordinates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane">ℝℙ^2</a></th>
<th scope="col">Cartesian coordinates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space">ℝ^3</a></th>
<th scope="col">Homogeneous coordinates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_space">ℝℙ^3</a></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>-</mo>
<mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo></mtd
></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
<td>
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>-</mo>
<mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>-</mo>
<mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>-</mo>
<mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd
><mo>sin</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd
><mo>cos</mo>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>)</mo> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>1</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[cos(a) sin(a) -sin(a) cos(a) 0 0]</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Examples
### Basic example
#### HTML
```html
<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.rotated {
transform: rotate(45deg); /* Equal to rotateZ(45deg) */
background-color: pink;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Basic_example", "auto", 180)}}
### Combining rotation with another transformation
If you want to apply multiple transformations to an element, be careful about the order in which you specify your
transformations. For example, if you rotate before translating, the translation will be along the new axis of
rotation!
#### HTML
```html
<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotate">Rotated</div>
<div class="rotate-translate">Rotated + Translated</div>
<div class="translate-rotate">Translated + Rotated</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
position: absolute;
left: 40px;
top: 40px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: lightgray;
}
.rotate {
background-color: transparent;
outline: 2px dashed;
transform: rotate(45deg);
}
.rotate-translate {
background-color: pink;
transform: rotate(45deg) translateX(180px);
}
.translate-rotate {
background-color: gold;
transform: translateX(180px) rotate(45deg);
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Combining_rotation_with_another_transformation", "auto", 320)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("transform")}} property
- {{cssxref("rotate")}} property
- {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}}
- [`rotate3d()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotate3d)