fix: Redact DB password from logs

[WillDaSilva]

Tested manually by checking the output of:

• meltano --log-level debug invoke tap-github --database-uri postgres://localhost:5432/path
• meltano --log-level debug invoke tap-github --database-uri postgres://token@localhost:5432/path
• meltano --log-level debug invoke tap-github --database-uri postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/path

Closes #6721

[netlify]

✅ Deploy Preview for meltano canceled.

Name	Link
🔨 Latest commit	0cc6aa3
🔍 Latest deploy log	https://app.netlify.com/sites/meltano/deploys/64dce573a4686200080d08fc

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #8031 (0cc6aa3) into main (5e2b5fe) will decrease coverage by 0.02%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #8031      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   89.55%   89.54%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         297      297              
  Lines       21921    21924       +3     
  Branches     2446     2446              
==========================================
  Hits        19632    19632              
- Misses       1933     1936       +3     
  Partials      356      356              

Files Changed	Coverage Δ
src/meltano/core/db.py	81.70% <100.00%> (+0.69%)	⬆️

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

📣 We’re building smart automated test selection to slash your CI/CD build times. Learn more