Skip to content

Latest commit

 

History

History
1109 lines (842 loc) · 24.9 KB

ch17.md

File metadata and controls

1109 lines (842 loc) · 24.9 KB

练习17.1

定义一个保存三个int值的 tuple,并将其成员分别初始化为10、20和30。

解:

auto t = tuple<int, int, int>{10, 20, 30};

练习17.2

定义一个 tuple,保存一个 string、一个vector<string> 和一个 pair<string, int>

解:

auto t = tuple<string, vector<string>, pair<string, int> >

练习17.3

重写12.3节中的 TextQuery 程序,使用 tuple 代替 QueryResult 类。你认为哪种设计更好?为什么?

解:

程序略。

我认为tuple更方便。

练习17.4

编写并测试你自己版本的 findBook 函数。

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <tuple>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <utility>
#include <numeric>

#include "ex_17_4_SalesData.h"

using namespace std;

// matches有三个成员:1.一个书店的索引。2.指向书店中元素的迭代器。3.指向书店中元素的迭代器。
typedef tuple<vector<Sales_data>::size_type,
              vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator,
              vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator>
    matches;

// files保存每家书店的销售记录
// findBook返回一个vector,每家销售了给定书籍的书店在其中都有一项
vector<matches> findBook(const vector<vector<Sales_data>> &files,
                         const string &book)
{
    vector<matches> ret; //初始化为空vector
    // 对每家书店,查找给定书籍匹配的记录范围
    for (auto it = files.cbegin; it != files.cend(); ++it)
    {
        // 查找具有相同ISBN的Sales_data范围,found是一个迭代器pair
        auto found = equal_range(it->cbegin(), it->cend(), book, compareIsbn);
        if (found.first != found.second)  // 此书店销售了给定书籍
            // 记住此书店的索引及匹配的范围
            ret.push_back(make_tuple(it - files.cbegin(), found.first, found.second));
    }
    return ret; //如果未找到匹配记录,ret为空
}

void reportResults(istream &in, ostream &os,
                       const vector<vector<Sales_data> > &files){
    string s;  //要查找的书
    while (in >> s){
        auto trans = findBook(files, s);
        if (trans.empty()){
            cout << s << " not found in any stores" << endl;
            continue;  // 获得下一本要查找的书
        }
        for (const auto &store : trans)  // 对每家销售了给定书籍的书店
            // get<n>返回store中tuple的指定的成员
            os << "store " << get<0>(store) << " sales: "
               << accumulate(get<1>(store), get<2>(store), Sales_data(s))
               << endl;
    }
}

int main(){
    return 0;
}

练习17.5

重写 findBook,令其返回一个 pair,包含一个索引和一个迭代器pair。

解:

typedef std::pair<std::vector<Sales_data>::size_type,
                  std::pair<std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator,
                            std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator>>
                                                                      matches_pair;

std::vector<matches_pair>
findBook_pair(const std::vector<std::vector<Sales_data> > &files,
              const std::string &book)
{
    std::vector<matches_pair> ret;
    for(auto it = files.cbegin(); it != files.cend(); ++it)
    {
        auto found = std::equal_range(it->cbegin(), it->cend(), book, compareIsbn);
        if(found.first != found.second)
            ret.push_back(std::make_pair(it - files.cbegin(),
                                         std::make_pair(found.first, found.second)));
    }
    return ret;
}

练习17.6

重写 findBook,不使用tuplepair

解:

struct matches_struct
{
    std::vector<Sales_data>::size_type st;
    std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator first;
    std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator last;
    matches_struct(std::vector<Sales_data>::size_type s,
                   std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator f,
                   std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator l) : st(s), first(f), last(l) { }
} ;

std::vector<matches_struct>
findBook_struct(const std::vector<std::vector<Sales_data> > &files,
                const std::string &book)
{
    std::vector<matches_struct> ret;
    for(auto it = files.cbegin(); it != files.cend(); ++it)
    {
        auto found = std::equal_range(it->cbegin(), it->cend(), book, compareIsbn);
        if(found.first != found.second)
            ret.push_back(matches_struct(it - files.cbegin(), found.first, found.second));
    }
    return ret;
}

练习17.7

解释你更倾向于哪个版本的findBook,为什么。

解:

使用tuple的版本。很明显更加灵活方便。

练习17.8

在本节最后一段代码中,如果我们将Sales_data()作为第三个参数传递给accumulate,会发生什么?

解:

结果是0,以为Sales_data是默认初始化的。

练习17.9

解释下列每个bitset 对象所包含的位模式:

(a) bitset<64> bitvec(32);
// 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000
(b) bitset<32> bv(1010101);
// 00000000000011110110100110110101
(c) string bstr; cin >> bstr; bitset<8> bv(bstr);
// 根据输入的str转换成bitset

练习17.10

使用序列1、2、3、5、8、13、21初始化一个bitset,将这些位置置位。对另一个bitset进行默认初始化,并编写一小段程序将其恰当的位置位。

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
#include <vector>

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> v = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 };
    std::bitset<32> bset;

    for (auto i : v)    bset.set(i);

    std::bitset<32> bset2;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i != 32; ++i)
        bset2[i] = bset[i];

    std::cout <<bset <<std::endl;
    std::cout <<bset2<<std::endl;
}

练习17.11

定义一个数据结构,包含一个整型对象,记录一个包含10个问题的真/假测验的解答。如果测验包含100道题,你需要对数据结构做出什么改变(如果需要的话)?

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
#include <utility>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

//class Quiz
template<std::size_t N>
class Quiz
{
public:
    //constructors
    Quiz() = default;
    Quiz(std::string& s) :bitquiz(s){ }

    //generate grade
    template<std::size_t M>
    friend std::size_t grade(Quiz<M> const&, Quiz<M> const&);

    //print
    template<std::size_t M>
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, Quiz<M> const&);

    //update bitset
    void update(std::pair<std::size_t, bool>);
private:
    std::bitset<N> bitquiz;
};
#endif

template<std::size_t N>
void Quiz<N>::update(std::pair<std::size_t, bool> pair)
{
    bitquiz.set(pair.first, pair.second);
}

template<std::size_t M>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Quiz<M> const& quiz)
{
    os << quiz.bitquiz;
    return os;
}

template<std::size_t M>
std::size_t grade(Quiz<M> const& corAns, Quiz<M> const& stuAns)
{
    auto result = stuAns.bitquiz ^ corAns.bitquiz;
    result.flip();
    return result.count();
}


int main()
{
    //Ex17_11
    std::string s = "1010101";
    Quiz<10> quiz(s);
    std::cout << quiz << std::endl;

    //EX17_12
    quiz.update(std::make_pair(1, true));
    std::cout << quiz << std::endl;

    //Ex17_13
    std::string answer = "10011";
    std::string stu_answer = "11001";
    Quiz<5> ans(answer), stu_ans(stu_answer);
    std::cout << grade(ans, stu_ans) << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

练习17.12

使用前一题中的数据结构,编写一个函数,它接受一个问题编号和一个表示真/假解答的值,函数根据这两个参数更新测验的解答。

解:

参考17.11。

练习17.13

编写一个整型对象,包含真/假测验的正确答案。使用它来为前两题中的数据结构生成测验成绩。

解:

参考17.11。

练习17.14

编写几个正则表达式,分别触发不同错误。运行你的程序,观察编译器对每个错误的输出。

解:

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#include <regex>
using std::regex;
using std::regex_error;

int main()
{
    // for ex17.14
    // error_brack
    try{
        regex r("[[:alnum:]+\\.(cpp|cxx|cc)$", regex::icase);
    }
    catch(regex_error e)
    {
        cout << e.what() << " code: " << e.code() << endl;
    }

    // for ex17.15
    regex r("[[:alpha:]]*[^c]ei[[:alpha:]]*", regex::icase);
    string s;
    cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl;
    while(cin >> s && s != "q")
    {
        if(std::regex_match(s, r))
            cout << "Input word " << s << " is okay!" << endl;
        else
            cout << "Input word " << s << " is not okay!" <<endl;

        cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl;
    }

    cout << endl;

    // for ex17.16
    r.assign("[^c]ei", regex::icase);
    cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl;
    while(cin >> s && s != "q")
    {
        if(std::regex_match(s, r))
            cout << "Input word " << s << " is okay!" << endl;
        else
            cout << "Input word " << s << " is not okay!" <<endl;

        cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

练习17.15

编写程序,使用模式查找违反“i在e之前,除非在c之后”规则的单词。你的程序应该提示用户输入一个单词,然后指出此单词是否符号要求。用一些违反和未违反规则的单词测试你的程序。

解:

参考17.14。

练习17.16

如果前一题程序中的regex对象用"[^c]ei"进行初始化,将会发生什么?用此模式测试你的程序,检查你的答案是否正确。

解:

参考17.14。

练习17.17

更新你的程序,令它查找输入序列中所有违反"ei"语法规则的单词。

解:

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#include <regex>
using std::regex;
using std::sregex_iterator;

int main()
{
	string s;
	cout << "Please input a sequence of words:" << endl;
	getline(cin, s);
	cout << endl;
	cout << "Word(s) that violiate the \"ei\" grammar rule:" << endl;
	string pattern("[^c]ei");
	pattern = "[[:alpha:]]*" + pattern + "[[:alpha:]]*";
	regex r(pattern, regex::icase);
	for (sregex_iterator it(s.begin(), s.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it)
		cout << it->str() << endl;

	return 0;
}

练习17.18

修改你的程序,忽略包含“ei`但并非拼写错误的单词,如“albeit”和“neighbor”。

解:

参考17.17。

练习17.19

为什么可以不先检查m[4]是否匹配了就直接调用m[4].str()

解:

如果不匹配,则m[4].str()返回空字符串。

练习17.20

编写你自己版本的验证电话号码的程序。

解:

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#include <regex>
using std::regex;
using std::sregex_iterator;
using std::smatch;

bool valid(const smatch& m);

int main()
{
	string phone = "(\\()?(\\d{ 3 })(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{ 3 })([-. ]?)(\\d{ 4 })";
	regex r(phone);
	smatch m;
	string s;
	bool valid_record;
	// read each record from the input file
	while (getline(cin, s))
	{
		valid_record = false;
		// for each matching phone number
		for (sregex_iterator it(s.begin(), s.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it)
		{
			valid_record = true;
			// check whether the number's formatting is valid
			if (valid(*it))
				cout << "valid phone number: " << it->str() << endl;
			else
				cout << "invalid phone number: " << it->str() << endl;
		}

		if (!valid_record)
			cout << "invalid record!" << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

bool valid(const smatch& m)
{
	// if there is an open parenthesis before the area code
	if (m[1].matched)
		// the area code must be followed by a close parenthesis
		// and followed immediately by the rest of the number or a space
		return m[3].matched && (m[4].matched == 0 || m[4].str() == " ");
	else
		// then there can't be a close after the area code
		// the delimiters between the other two components must match
		return !m[3].matched && m[4].str() == m[6].str();
}

练习17.21

使用本节定义的valid 函数重写8.3.2节中的电话号码程序。

解:

#include <iostream>
using std::cerr;
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;
using std::istream;
using std::ostream;

#include <fstream>
using std::ifstream;
using std::ofstream;

#include <sstream>
using std::istringstream;
using std::ostringstream;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#include <vector>
using std::vector;

#include <regex>
using std::regex;
using std::sregex_iterator;
using std::smatch;

struct PersonInfo
{
    string name;
    vector<string> phones;
};

bool valid(const smatch& m);
bool read_record(istream& is, vector<PersonInfo>& people);
void format_record(ostream& os, const vector<PersonInfo>& people);

// fake function that makes the program compile
string format(const string &num) { return num; }

int main()
{
    vector<PersonInfo> people;

    string filename;
    cout << "Please input a record file name: ";
    cin >> filename;
    cout << endl;
    ifstream fin(filename);

    if (read_record(fin, people))
    {
        ofstream fout("data\\result.txt", ofstream::trunc);
        format_record(fout, people);
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Fail to open file " << filename << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

bool valid(const smatch& m)
{
    // if there is an open parenthesis before the area code
    if (m[1].matched)
        // the area code must be followed by a close parenthesis
        // and followed immediately by the rest of the number or a space
        return m[3].matched && (m[4].matched == 0 || m[4].str() == " ");
    else
        // then there can't be a close after the area code
        // the delimiters between the other two components must match
        return !m[3].matched && m[4].str() == m[6].str();
}

bool read_record(istream& is, vector<PersonInfo>& people)
{
    if (is)
    {
        string line, word; // will hold a line and word from input, respectively
                           // read the input a line at a time until cin hits end-of-file (or another error)
        while (getline(is, line))
        {
            PersonInfo info; // create an object to hold this record's data
            istringstream record(line); // bind record to the line we just read
            record >> info.name; // read the name
            while (record >> word) // read the phone numbers
                info.phones.push_back(word); // and store them
            people.push_back(info); // append this record to people
        }
        return true;
    }
    else
        return false;
}

void format_record(ostream& os, const vector<PersonInfo>& people)
{
    string phone = "(\\()?(\\d{ 3 })(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{ 3 })([-. ]?)(\\d{ 4 })";
    regex r(phone);
    smatch m;

    for (const auto &entry : people)
    {
        // for each entry in people
        ostringstream formatted, badNums; // objects created on each loop
        for (const auto &nums : entry.phones)
        {
            for (sregex_iterator it(nums.begin(), nums.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it)
            {
                // for each number
                // check whether the number's formatting is valid
                if (!valid(*it))
                    // string in badNums
                    badNums << " " << nums;
                else
                    // "writes" to formatted's string
                    formatted << " " << format(nums);
            }
        }

        if (badNums.str().empty()) // there were no bad numbers
            os << entry.name << " " // print the name
            << formatted.str() << endl; // and reformatted numbers
        else // otherwise, print the name and bad numbers
            cerr << "input error: " << entry.name
            << " invalid number(s) " << badNums.str() << endl;
    }
}

练习17.22

重写你的电话号码程序,使之允许在号码的三个部分之间放置任意多个空白符。

解:

参考17.21。

练习17.23

编写查找邮政编码的正则表达式。一个美国邮政编码可以由五位或九位数字组成。前五位数字和后四位数字之间可以用一个短横线分隔。

解:

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

#include<string>
using std::string;

#include <regex>
using std::regex;
using std::sregex_iterator;
using std::smatch;

bool valid(const smatch& m);

int main()
{
	string zipcode =
		"(\\d{5})([-])?(\\d{4})?\\b";
	regex r(zipcode);
	smatch m;
	string s;
	
	while (getline(cin, s))
	{

		//! for each matching zipcode number
		for (sregex_iterator it(s.begin(), s.end(), r), end_it;
			it != end_it; ++it)
		{
			//! check whether the number's formatting is valid
			if (valid(*it))
				cout << "valid zipcode number: " << it->str() << endl;
			else
				cout << "invalid zipcode number: " << s << endl;
		}

	}
	return 0;
}

bool valid(const smatch& m)
{
	
	if ((m[2].matched)&&(!m[3].matched))
		return false;
	else
		return true;
}

练习17.24

编写你自己版本的重拍电话号码格式的程序。

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <regex>
#include <string>

using namespace std;


string pattern = "(\\()?(\\d{3})(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{3})([-. ])?(\\d{4})";
string format = "$2.$5.$7";
regex r(pattern);
string s;

int main()
{
    while(getline(cin,s))
    {
        cout<<regex_replace(s,r,format)<<endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

练习17.25

重写你的电话号码程序,使之只输出每个人的第一个电话号码。

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <regex>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

string pattern = "(\\()?(\\d{3})(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{3})([-. ])?(\\d{4})";
string fmt = "$2.$5.$7";
regex r(pattern);
string s;

int main()
{
    while(getline(cin,s))
    {
        smatch result;
        regex_search(s,result,r);
        if(!result.empty())
        {
        cout<<result.prefix()<<result.format(fmt)<<endl;
        }
        else
        {
            cout<<"Sorry, No match."<<endl;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

练习17.26

重写你的电话号码程序,使之对多于一个电话号码的人只输出第二个和后续号码。

解:

练习17.27

编写程序,将九位数字邮政编码的格式转换为 ddddd-dddd

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <regex>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

string pattern = "(\\d{5})([.- ])?(\\d{4})";
string fmt = "$1-$3";

regex r(pattern);
string s;


int main()
{
    while(getline(cin,s))
    {
        smatch result;
        regex_search(s,result, r);

        if(!result.empty())
        {
            cout<<result.format(fmt)<<endl;
        }
        else
        {
            cout<<"Sorry, No match."<<endl;
        }

    }
    return 0;
}

练习17.28

编写函数,每次调用生成并返回一个均匀分布的随机unsigned int

解:

#include <iostream>
#include <random>
#include<string>

// default version
unsigned random_gen();
// with seed spicified
unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed);
// with seed and range spicified
unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed, unsigned min, unsigned max);
int main()
{
    std::string temp;
    while(std::cin >> temp)
    std::cout << std::hex << random_gen(19, 1, 10) << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

unsigned random_gen()
{
    static std::default_random_engine e;
    static std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> ud;
    return ud(e);
}

unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed)
{
    static std::default_random_engine e(seed);
    static std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> ud;
    return ud(e);
}

unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed, unsigned min, unsigned max)
{
    static std::default_random_engine e(seed);
    static std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> ud(min, max);
    return ud(e);
}

练习17.29

修改上一题中编写的函数,允许用户提供一个种子作为可选参数。

解:

参考17.28。

练习17.30

再次修改你的程序,此次增加两个参数,表示函数允许返回的最小值和最大值。

解:

参考17.28。

练习17.31

对于本节中的游戏程序,如果在do循环内定义be,会发生什么?

解:

由于引擎返回相同的随机数序列,因此眉不循环都会创建新的引擎,眉不循环都会生成相同的值。

练习17.32

如果我们在循环内定义resp,会发生什么?

解:

会报错,while条件中用到了resp

练习17.33

修改11.3.6节中的单词转换程序,允许对一个给定单词有多种转换方式,每次随机选择一种进行实际转换。

解:

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

#include <fstream>
using std::ifstream;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#include <vector>
using std::vector;

#include <random>
using std::default_random_engine;
using std::uniform_int_distribution;

#include <ctime>
using std::time;

#include <algorithm>
using std::sort;
using std::find_if;

#include <utility>
using std::pair;


int main() {
	typedef pair<string, string> ps;
	ifstream i("d.txt");
	vector<ps> dict;
	string str1, str2;
	// read wirds from dictionary
	while (i >> str1 >> str2) {
		dict.emplace_back(str1, str2);
	}
	i.close();
	// sort words in vector
	sort(dict.begin(), dict.end(), [](const ps &_ps1, const ps &_ps2){ return _ps1.first < _ps2.first; });
	i.open("i.txt");
	default_random_engine e(unsigned int(time(0)));
	// read words from text
	while (i >> str1) {
	  // find word in dictionary
		vector<ps>::const_iterator it = find_if(dict.cbegin(), dict.cend(),
		  [&str1](const ps &_ps){ return _ps.first == str1; });
		// if word doesn't exist in dictionary
		if (it == dict.cend()) {
		  // write it itself
			cout << str1 << ' ';
		}
		else {
		  // get random meaning of word 
			uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> u (0, find_if(dict.cbegin(), dict.cend(),
			 [&str1](const ps &_ps){ return _ps.first > str1; }) - it - 1);
			// write random meaning
			cout << (it + u(e))->second << ' ';
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

练习17.34

编写一个程序,展示如何使用表17.17和表17.18中的每个操作符。

解:

练习17.35

修改第670页中的程序,打印2的平方根,但这次打印十六进制数字的大写形式。

解:

#include <iostream>
#include<iomanip>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cout <<"default format: " << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
		<< "scientific: " << scientific << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
		<< "fixed decimal: " << fixed << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
		<< "hexidecimal: " << uppercase << hexfloat << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
		<< "use defaults: " << defaultfloat << 100 * sqrt(2.0)
		<< "\n\n";
}

//17.36
//Modify the program from the previous exercise to print the various floating-point values so that they line up in a column.
#include <iostream>
#include<iomanip>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cout <<left<<setw(15) << "default format:" <<setw(25)<< right<< 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
	<< left << setw(15) << "scientific:" << scientific << setw(25) << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
	<< left << setw(15) << "fixed decimal:" << setw(25) << fixed << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
	<< left << setw(15) << "hexidecimal:" << setw(25) << uppercase << hexfloat << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n'
	<< left << setw(15) << "use defaults:" << setw(25) << defaultfloat << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0)
	<< "\n\n";
}

练习17.36

修改上一题中的程序,打印不同的浮点数,使它们排成一列。

解:

参考17.36。

练习17.37

用未格式化版本的getline 逐行读取一个文件。测试你的程序,给定一个文件,既包含空行又包含长度超过你传递给geiline的字符数组大小的行。

解:

//17.37
//Use the unformatted version of getline to read a file a line at a time.
//Test your program by giving it a file that contains empty lines as well as lines that are
//longer than the character array that you pass to getline.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

//int main () {
//  ifstream myfile("F:\\Git\\Cpp-Primer\\ch17\\17_37_38\\test.txt");
//  if (myfile) cout << 1 << endl;
//  char sink [250];
//
//  while(myfile.getline(sink,250))
//  {
//    cout << sink << endl;
//  }
//  return 0;
//}

//17.38
//Extend your program from the previous exercise to print each word you read onto its own line.

//#include <iostream>
//#include <fstream>
//#include <iomanip>
//
//using namespace std;
//
//int main () {
//  ifstream myfile ("F:\\Git\\Cpp-Primer\\ch17\\17_37_38\\test.txt");
//  char sink [250];
//
//  while(myfile.getline(sink,250,' '))
//  {
//    cout << sink << endl;
//  }
//  return 0;
//}


int main()
{
	std::cout << "Standard Output!\n";
	std::cerr << "Standard Error!\n";
	std::clog << "Standard Log??\n";
}

练习17.38

扩展上一题中你的程序,将读入的每个单词打印到它所在的行。

解:

参考17.37。

练习17.39

对本节给出的 seek程序,编写你自己的版本。

解: