request.go

/*
Copyright 2014 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package rest

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/hex"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"mime"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"path"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/golang/glog"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/serializer/streaming"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/net"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/sets"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch"
	"k8s.io/client-go/pkg/api/v1"
	restclientwatch "k8s.io/client-go/rest/watch"
	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/metrics"
	"k8s.io/client-go/util/flowcontrol"
)

var (
	// specialParams lists parameters that are handled specially and which users of Request
	// are therefore not allowed to set manually.
	specialParams = sets.NewString("timeout")

	// longThrottleLatency defines threshold for logging requests. All requests being
	// throttle for more than longThrottleLatency will be logged.
	longThrottleLatency = 50 * time.Millisecond
)

// HTTPClient is an interface for testing a request object.
type HTTPClient interface {
	Do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
}

// ResponseWrapper is an interface for getting a response.
// The response may be either accessed as a raw data (the whole output is put into memory) or as a stream.
type ResponseWrapper interface {
	DoRaw() ([]byte, error)
	Stream() (io.ReadCloser, error)
}

// RequestConstructionError is returned when there's an error assembling a request.
type RequestConstructionError struct {
	Err error
}

// Error returns a textual description of 'r'.
func (r *RequestConstructionError) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("request construction error: '%v'", r.Err)
}

// Request allows for building up a request to a server in a chained fashion.
// Any errors are stored until the end of your call, so you only have to
// check once.
type Request struct {
	// required
	client HTTPClient
	verb   string

	baseURL     *url.URL
	content     ContentConfig
	serializers Serializers

	// generic components accessible via method setters
	pathPrefix string
	subpath    string
	params     url.Values
	headers    http.Header

	// structural elements of the request that are part of the Kubernetes API conventions
	namespace    string
	namespaceSet bool
	resource     string
	resourceName string
	subresource  string
	timeout      time.Duration

	// output
	err  error
	body io.Reader

	// This is only used for per-request timeouts, deadlines, and cancellations.
	ctx context.Context

	backoffMgr BackoffManager
	throttle   flowcontrol.RateLimiter
}

// NewRequest creates a new request helper object for accessing runtime.Objects on a server.
func NewRequest(client HTTPClient, verb string, baseURL *url.URL, versionedAPIPath string, content ContentConfig, serializers Serializers, backoff BackoffManager, throttle flowcontrol.RateLimiter) *Request {
	if backoff == nil {
		glog.V(2).Infof("Not implementing request backoff strategy.")
		backoff = &NoBackoff{}
	}

	pathPrefix := "/"
	if baseURL != nil {
		pathPrefix = path.Join(pathPrefix, baseURL.Path)
	}
	r := &Request{
		client:      client,
		verb:        verb,
		baseURL:     baseURL,
		pathPrefix:  path.Join(pathPrefix, versionedAPIPath),
		content:     content,
		serializers: serializers,
		backoffMgr:  backoff,
		throttle:    throttle,
	}
	switch {
	case len(content.AcceptContentTypes) > 0:
		r.SetHeader("Accept", content.AcceptContentTypes)
	case len(content.ContentType) > 0:
		r.SetHeader("Accept", content.ContentType+", */*")
	}
	return r
}

// Prefix adds segments to the relative beginning to the request path. These
// items will be placed before the optional Namespace, Resource, or Name sections.
// Setting AbsPath will clear any previously set Prefix segments
func (r *Request) Prefix(segments ...string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	r.pathPrefix = path.Join(r.pathPrefix, path.Join(segments...))
	return r
}

// Suffix appends segments to the end of the path. These items will be placed after the prefix and optional
// Namespace, Resource, or Name sections.
func (r *Request) Suffix(segments ...string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	r.subpath = path.Join(r.subpath, path.Join(segments...))
	return r
}

// Resource sets the resource to access (<resource>/[ns/<namespace>/]<name>)
func (r *Request) Resource(resource string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	if len(r.resource) != 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("resource already set to %q, cannot change to %q", r.resource, resource)
		return r
	}
	if msgs := IsValidPathSegmentName(resource); len(msgs) != 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("invalid resource %q: %v", resource, msgs)
		return r
	}
	r.resource = resource
	return r
}

// SubResource sets a sub-resource path which can be multiple segments segment after the resource
// name but before the suffix.
func (r *Request) SubResource(subresources ...string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	subresource := path.Join(subresources...)
	if len(r.subresource) != 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("subresource already set to %q, cannot change to %q", r.resource, subresource)
		return r
	}
	for _, s := range subresources {
		if msgs := IsValidPathSegmentName(s); len(msgs) != 0 {
			r.err = fmt.Errorf("invalid subresource %q: %v", s, msgs)
			return r
		}
	}
	r.subresource = subresource
	return r
}

// Name sets the name of a resource to access (<resource>/[ns/<namespace>/]<name>)
func (r *Request) Name(resourceName string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	if len(resourceName) == 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("resource name may not be empty")
		return r
	}
	if len(r.resourceName) != 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("resource name already set to %q, cannot change to %q", r.resourceName, resourceName)
		return r
	}
	if msgs := IsValidPathSegmentName(resourceName); len(msgs) != 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("invalid resource name %q: %v", resourceName, msgs)
		return r
	}
	r.resourceName = resourceName
	return r
}

// Namespace applies the namespace scope to a request (<resource>/[ns/<namespace>/]<name>)
func (r *Request) Namespace(namespace string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	if r.namespaceSet {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("namespace already set to %q, cannot change to %q", r.namespace, namespace)
		return r
	}
	if msgs := IsValidPathSegmentName(namespace); len(msgs) != 0 {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("invalid namespace %q: %v", namespace, msgs)
		return r
	}
	r.namespaceSet = true
	r.namespace = namespace
	return r
}

// NamespaceIfScoped is a convenience function to set a namespace if scoped is true
func (r *Request) NamespaceIfScoped(namespace string, scoped bool) *Request {
	if scoped {
		return r.Namespace(namespace)
	}
	return r
}

// AbsPath overwrites an existing path with the segments provided. Trailing slashes are preserved
// when a single segment is passed.
func (r *Request) AbsPath(segments ...string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	r.pathPrefix = path.Join(r.baseURL.Path, path.Join(segments...))
	if len(segments) == 1 && (len(r.baseURL.Path) > 1 || len(segments[0]) > 1) && strings.HasSuffix(segments[0], "/") {
		// preserve any trailing slashes for legacy behavior
		r.pathPrefix += "/"
	}
	return r
}

// RequestURI overwrites existing path and parameters with the value of the provided server relative
// URI. Some parameters (those in specialParameters) cannot be overwritten.
func (r *Request) RequestURI(uri string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	locator, err := url.Parse(uri)
	if err != nil {
		r.err = err
		return r
	}
	r.pathPrefix = locator.Path
	if len(locator.Query()) > 0 {
		if r.params == nil {
			r.params = make(url.Values)
		}
		for k, v := range locator.Query() {
			r.params[k] = v
		}
	}
	return r
}

const (
	// A constant that clients can use to refer in a field selector to the object name field.
	// Will be automatically emitted as the correct name for the API version.
	nodeUnschedulable = "spec.unschedulable"
	objectNameField   = "metadata.name"
	podHost           = "spec.nodeName"
	podStatus         = "status.phase"
	secretType        = "type"

	eventReason                  = "reason"
	eventSource                  = "source"
	eventType                    = "type"
	eventInvolvedKind            = "involvedObject.kind"
	eventInvolvedNamespace       = "involvedObject.namespace"
	eventInvolvedName            = "involvedObject.name"
	eventInvolvedUID             = "involvedObject.uid"
	eventInvolvedAPIVersion      = "involvedObject.apiVersion"
	eventInvolvedResourceVersion = "involvedObject.resourceVersion"
	eventInvolvedFieldPath       = "involvedObject.fieldPath"
)

type clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName map[string]string

func (c clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName) filterField(field, value string) (newField, newValue string, err error) {
	newFieldName, ok := c[field]
	if !ok {
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%v - %v - no field mapping defined", field, value)
	}
	return newFieldName, value, nil
}

type resourceTypeToFieldMapping map[string]clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName

func (r resourceTypeToFieldMapping) filterField(resourceType, field, value string) (newField, newValue string, err error) {
	fMapping, ok := r[resourceType]
	if !ok {
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%v - %v - %v - no field mapping defined", resourceType, field, value)
	}
	return fMapping.filterField(field, value)
}

type versionToResourceToFieldMapping map[schema.GroupVersion]resourceTypeToFieldMapping

// filterField transforms the given field/value selector for the given groupVersion and resource
func (v versionToResourceToFieldMapping) filterField(groupVersion *schema.GroupVersion, resourceType, field, value string) (newField, newValue string, err error) {
	rMapping, ok := v[*groupVersion]
	if !ok {
		// no groupVersion overrides registered, default to identity mapping
		return field, value, nil
	}
	newField, newValue, err = rMapping.filterField(resourceType, field, value)
	if err != nil {
		// no groupVersionResource overrides registered, default to identity mapping
		return field, value, nil
	}
	return newField, newValue, nil
}

var fieldMappings = versionToResourceToFieldMapping{
	v1.SchemeGroupVersion: resourceTypeToFieldMapping{
		"nodes": clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName{
			objectNameField:   objectNameField,
			nodeUnschedulable: nodeUnschedulable,
		},
		"pods": clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName{
			objectNameField: objectNameField,
			podHost:         podHost,
			podStatus:       podStatus,
		},
		"secrets": clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName{
			secretType: secretType,
		},
		"serviceAccounts": clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName{
			objectNameField: objectNameField,
		},
		"endpoints": clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName{
			objectNameField: objectNameField,
		},
		"events": clientFieldNameToAPIVersionFieldName{
			objectNameField:              objectNameField,
			eventReason:                  eventReason,
			eventSource:                  eventSource,
			eventType:                    eventType,
			eventInvolvedKind:            eventInvolvedKind,
			eventInvolvedNamespace:       eventInvolvedNamespace,
			eventInvolvedName:            eventInvolvedName,
			eventInvolvedUID:             eventInvolvedUID,
			eventInvolvedAPIVersion:      eventInvolvedAPIVersion,
			eventInvolvedResourceVersion: eventInvolvedResourceVersion,
			eventInvolvedFieldPath:       eventInvolvedFieldPath,
		},
	},
}

// FieldsSelectorParam adds the given selector as a query parameter with the name paramName.
func (r *Request) FieldsSelectorParam(s fields.Selector) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	if s == nil {
		return r
	}
	if s.Empty() {
		return r
	}
	s2, err := s.Transform(func(field, value string) (newField, newValue string, err error) {
		return fieldMappings.filterField(r.content.GroupVersion, r.resource, field, value)
	})
	if err != nil {
		r.err = err
		return r
	}
	return r.setParam(metav1.FieldSelectorQueryParam(r.content.GroupVersion.String()), s2.String())
}

// LabelsSelectorParam adds the given selector as a query parameter
func (r *Request) LabelsSelectorParam(s labels.Selector) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	if s == nil {
		return r
	}
	if s.Empty() {
		return r
	}
	return r.setParam(metav1.LabelSelectorQueryParam(r.content.GroupVersion.String()), s.String())
}

// UintParam creates a query parameter with the given value.
func (r *Request) UintParam(paramName string, u uint64) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	return r.setParam(paramName, strconv.FormatUint(u, 10))
}

// Param creates a query parameter with the given string value.
func (r *Request) Param(paramName, s string) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	return r.setParam(paramName, s)
}

// VersionedParams will take the provided object, serialize it to a map[string][]string using the
// implicit RESTClient API version and the default parameter codec, and then add those as parameters
// to the request. Use this to provide versioned query parameters from client libraries.
func (r *Request) VersionedParams(obj runtime.Object, codec runtime.ParameterCodec) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	params, err := codec.EncodeParameters(obj, *r.content.GroupVersion)
	if err != nil {
		r.err = err
		return r
	}
	for k, v := range params {
		for _, value := range v {
			// TODO: Move it to setParam method, once we get rid of
			// FieldSelectorParam & LabelSelectorParam methods.
			if k == metav1.LabelSelectorQueryParam(r.content.GroupVersion.String()) && value == "" {
				// Don't set an empty selector for backward compatibility.
				// Since there is no way to get the difference between empty
				// and unspecified string, we don't set it to avoid having
				// labelSelector= param in every request.
				continue
			}
			if k == metav1.FieldSelectorQueryParam(r.content.GroupVersion.String()) {
				if len(value) == 0 {
					// Don't set an empty selector for backward compatibility.
					// Since there is no way to get the difference between empty
					// and unspecified string, we don't set it to avoid having
					// fieldSelector= param in every request.
					continue
				}
				// TODO: Filtering should be handled somewhere else.
				selector, err := fields.ParseSelector(value)
				if err != nil {
					r.err = fmt.Errorf("unparsable field selector: %v", err)
					return r
				}
				filteredSelector, err := selector.Transform(
					func(field, value string) (newField, newValue string, err error) {
						return fieldMappings.filterField(r.content.GroupVersion, r.resource, field, value)
					})
				if err != nil {
					r.err = fmt.Errorf("untransformable field selector: %v", err)
					return r
				}
				value = filteredSelector.String()
			}

			r.setParam(k, value)
		}
	}
	return r
}

func (r *Request) setParam(paramName, value string) *Request {
	if specialParams.Has(paramName) {
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("must set %v through the corresponding function, not directly.", paramName)
		return r
	}
	if r.params == nil {
		r.params = make(url.Values)
	}
	r.params[paramName] = append(r.params[paramName], value)
	return r
}

func (r *Request) SetHeader(key, value string) *Request {
	if r.headers == nil {
		r.headers = http.Header{}
	}
	r.headers.Set(key, value)
	return r
}

// Timeout makes the request use the given duration as a timeout. Sets the "timeout"
// parameter.
func (r *Request) Timeout(d time.Duration) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	r.timeout = d
	return r
}

// Body makes the request use obj as the body. Optional.
// If obj is a string, try to read a file of that name.
// If obj is a []byte, send it directly.
// If obj is an io.Reader, use it directly.
// If obj is a runtime.Object, marshal it correctly, and set Content-Type header.
// If obj is a runtime.Object and nil, do nothing.
// Otherwise, set an error.
func (r *Request) Body(obj interface{}) *Request {
	if r.err != nil {
		return r
	}
	switch t := obj.(type) {
	case string:
		data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(t)
		if err != nil {
			r.err = err
			return r
		}
		glogBody("Request Body", data)
		r.body = bytes.NewReader(data)
	case []byte:
		glogBody("Request Body", t)
		r.body = bytes.NewReader(t)
	case io.Reader:
		r.body = t
	case runtime.Object:
		// callers may pass typed interface pointers, therefore we must check nil with reflection
		if reflect.ValueOf(t).IsNil() {
			return r
		}
		data, err := runtime.Encode(r.serializers.Encoder, t)
		if err != nil {
			r.err = err
			return r
		}
		glogBody("Request Body", data)
		r.body = bytes.NewReader(data)
		r.SetHeader("Content-Type", r.content.ContentType)
	default:
		r.err = fmt.Errorf("unknown type used for body: %+v", obj)
	}
	return r
}

// Context adds a context to the request. Contexts are only used for
// timeouts, deadlines, and cancellations.
func (r *Request) Context(ctx context.Context) *Request {
	r.ctx = ctx
	return r
}

// URL returns the current working URL.
func (r *Request) URL() *url.URL {
	p := r.pathPrefix
	if r.namespaceSet && len(r.namespace) > 0 {
		p = path.Join(p, "namespaces", r.namespace)
	}
	if len(r.resource) != 0 {
		p = path.Join(p, strings.ToLower(r.resource))
	}
	// Join trims trailing slashes, so preserve r.pathPrefix's trailing slash for backwards compatibility if nothing was changed
	if len(r.resourceName) != 0 || len(r.subpath) != 0 || len(r.subresource) != 0 {
		p = path.Join(p, r.resourceName, r.subresource, r.subpath)
	}

	finalURL := &url.URL{}
	if r.baseURL != nil {
		*finalURL = *r.baseURL
	}
	finalURL.Path = p

	query := url.Values{}
	for key, values := range r.params {
		for _, value := range values {
			query.Add(key, value)
		}
	}

	// timeout is handled specially here.
	if r.timeout != 0 {
		query.Set("timeout", r.timeout.String())
	}
	finalURL.RawQuery = query.Encode()
	return finalURL
}

// finalURLTemplate is similar to URL(), but will make all specific parameter values equal
// - instead of name or namespace, "{name}" and "{namespace}" will be used, and all query
// parameters will be reset. This creates a copy of the request so as not to change the
// underyling object.  This means some useful request info (like the types of field
// selectors in use) will be lost.
// TODO: preserve field selector keys
func (r Request) finalURLTemplate() url.URL {
	if len(r.resourceName) != 0 {
		r.resourceName = "{name}"
	}
	if r.namespaceSet && len(r.namespace) != 0 {
		r.namespace = "{namespace}"
	}
	newParams := url.Values{}
	v := []string{"{value}"}
	for k := range r.params {
		newParams[k] = v
	}
	r.params = newParams
	url := r.URL()
	return *url
}

func (r *Request) tryThrottle() {
	now := time.Now()
	if r.throttle != nil {
		r.throttle.Accept()
	}
	if latency := time.Since(now); latency > longThrottleLatency {
		glog.V(4).Infof("Throttling request took %v, request: %s:%s", latency, r.verb, r.URL().String())
	}
}

// Watch attempts to begin watching the requested location.
// Returns a watch.Interface, or an error.
func (r *Request) Watch() (watch.Interface, error) {
	// We specifically don't want to rate limit watches, so we
	// don't use r.throttle here.
	if r.err != nil {
		return nil, r.err
	}
	if r.serializers.Framer == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("watching resources is not possible with this client (content-type: %s)", r.content.ContentType)
	}

	url := r.URL().String()
	req, err := http.NewRequest(r.verb, url, r.body)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if r.ctx != nil {
		req = req.WithContext(r.ctx)
	}
	req.Header = r.headers
	client := r.client
	if client == nil {
		client = http.DefaultClient
	}
	r.backoffMgr.Sleep(r.backoffMgr.CalculateBackoff(r.URL()))
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	updateURLMetrics(r, resp, err)
	if r.baseURL != nil {
		if err != nil {
			r.backoffMgr.UpdateBackoff(r.baseURL, err, 0)
		} else {
			r.backoffMgr.UpdateBackoff(r.baseURL, err, resp.StatusCode)
		}
	}
	if err != nil {
		// The watch stream mechanism handles many common partial data errors, so closed
		// connections can be retried in many cases.
		if net.IsProbableEOF(err) {
			return watch.NewEmptyWatch(), nil
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		defer resp.Body.Close()
		if result := r.transformResponse(resp, req); result.err != nil {
			return nil, result.err
		}
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("for request '%+v', got status: %v", url, resp.StatusCode)
	}
	framer := r.serializers.Framer.NewFrameReader(resp.Body)
	decoder := streaming.NewDecoder(framer, r.serializers.StreamingSerializer)
	return watch.NewStreamWatcher(restclientwatch.NewDecoder(decoder, r.serializers.Decoder)), nil
}

// updateURLMetrics is a convenience function for pushing metrics.
// It also handles corner cases for incomplete/invalid request data.
func updateURLMetrics(req *Request, resp *http.Response, err error) {
	url := "none"
	if req.baseURL != nil {
		url = req.baseURL.Host
	}

	// Errors can be arbitrary strings. Unbound label cardinality is not suitable for a metric
	// system so we just report them as `<error>`.
	if err != nil {
		metrics.RequestResult.Increment("<error>", req.verb, url)
	} else {
		//Metrics for failure codes
		metrics.RequestResult.Increment(strconv.Itoa(resp.StatusCode), req.verb, url)
	}
}

// Stream formats and executes the request, and offers streaming of the response.
// Returns io.ReadCloser which could be used for streaming of the response, or an error
// Any non-2xx http status code causes an error.  If we get a non-2xx code, we try to convert the body into an APIStatus object.
// If we can, we return that as an error.  Otherwise, we create an error that lists the http status and the content of the response.
func (r *Request) Stream() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
	if r.err != nil {
		return nil, r.err
	}

	r.tryThrottle()

	url := r.URL().String()
	req, err := http.NewRequest(r.verb, url, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if r.ctx != nil {
		req = req.WithContext(r.ctx)
	}
	req.Header = r.headers
	client := r.client
	if client == nil {
		client = http.DefaultClient
	}
	r.backoffMgr.Sleep(r.backoffMgr.CalculateBackoff(r.URL()))
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	updateURLMetrics(r, resp, err)
	if r.baseURL != nil {
		if err != nil {
			r.backoffMgr.UpdateBackoff(r.URL(), err, 0)
		} else {
			r.backoffMgr.UpdateBackoff(r.URL(), err, resp.StatusCode)
		}
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	switch {
	case (resp.StatusCode >= 200) && (resp.StatusCode < 300):
		return resp.Body, nil

	default:
		// ensure we close the body before returning the error
		defer resp.Body.Close()

		result := r.transformResponse(resp, req)
		err := result.Error()
		if err == nil {
			err = fmt.Errorf("%d while accessing %v: %s", result.statusCode, url, string(result.body))
		}
		return nil, err
	}
}

// request connects to the server and invokes the provided function when a server response is
// received. It handles retry behavior and up front validation of requests. It will invoke
// fn at most once. It will return an error if a problem occurred prior to connecting to the
// server - the provided function is responsible for handling server errors.
func (r *Request) request(fn func(*http.Request, *http.Response)) error {
	//Metrics for total request latency
	start := time.Now()
	defer func() {
		metrics.RequestLatency.Observe(r.verb, r.finalURLTemplate(), time.Since(start))
	}()

	if r.err != nil {
		glog.V(4).Infof("Error in request: %v", r.err)
		return r.err
	}

	// TODO: added to catch programmer errors (invoking operations with an object with an empty namespace)
	if (r.verb == "GET" || r.verb == "PUT" || r.verb == "DELETE") && r.namespaceSet && len(r.resourceName) > 0 && len(r.namespace) == 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("an empty namespace may not be set when a resource name is provided")
	}
	if (r.verb == "POST") && r.namespaceSet && len(r.namespace) == 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("an empty namespace may not be set during creation")
	}

	client := r.client
	if client == nil {
		client = http.DefaultClient
	}

	// Right now we make about ten retry attempts if we get a Retry-After response.
	// TODO: Change to a timeout based approach.
	maxRetries := 10
	retries := 0
	for {
		url := r.URL().String()
		req, err := http.NewRequest(r.verb, url, r.body)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if r.ctx != nil {
			req = req.WithContext(r.ctx)
		}
		req.Header = r.headers

		r.backoffMgr.Sleep(r.backoffMgr.CalculateBackoff(r.URL()))
		if retries > 0 {
			// We are retrying the request that we already send to apiserver
			// at least once before.
			// This request should also be throttled with the client-internal throttler.
			r.tryThrottle()
		}
		resp, err := client.Do(req)
		updateURLMetrics(r, resp, err)
		if err != nil {
			r.backoffMgr.UpdateBackoff(r.URL(), err, 0)
		} else {
			r.backoffMgr.UpdateBackoff(r.URL(), err, resp.StatusCode)
		}
		if err != nil {
			// "Connection reset by peer" is usually a transient error.
			// Thus in case of "GET" operations, we simply retry it.
			// We are not automatically retrying "write" operations, as
			// they are not idempotent.
			if !net.IsConnectionReset(err) || r.verb != "GET" {
				return err
			}
			// For the purpose of retry, we set the artificial "retry-after" response.
			// TODO: Should we clean the original response if it exists?
			resp = &http.Response{
				StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError,
				Header:     http.Header{"Retry-After": []string{"1"}},
				Body:       ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte{})),
			}
		}

		done := func() bool {
			// Ensure the response body is fully read and closed
			// before we reconnect, so that we reuse the same TCP
			// connection.
			defer func() {
				const maxBodySlurpSize = 2 << 10
				if resp.ContentLength <= maxBodySlurpSize {
					io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, &io.LimitedReader{R: resp.Body, N: maxBodySlurpSize})
				}
				resp.Body.Close()
			}()

			retries++
			if seconds, wait := checkWait(resp); wait && retries < maxRetries {
				if seeker, ok := r.body.(io.Seeker); ok && r.body != nil {
					_, err := seeker.Seek(0, 0)
					if err != nil {
						glog.V(4).Infof("Could not retry request, can't Seek() back to beginning of body for %T", r.body)
						fn(req, resp)
						return true
					}
				}

				glog.V(4).Infof("Got a Retry-After %s response for attempt %d to %v", seconds, retries, url)
				r.backoffMgr.Sleep(time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second)
				return false
			}
			fn(req, resp)
			return true
		}()
		if done {
			return nil
		}
	}
}

// Do formats and executes the request. Returns a Result object for easy response
// processing.
//
// Error type:
//  * If the request can't be constructed, or an error happened earlier while building its
//    arguments: *RequestConstructionError
//  * If the server responds with a status: *errors.StatusError or *errors.UnexpectedObjectError
//  * http.Client.Do errors are returned directly.
func (r *Request) Do() Result {
	r.tryThrottle()

	var result Result
	err := r.request(func(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) {
		result = r.transformResponse(resp, req)
	})
	if err != nil {
		return Result{err: err}
	}
	return result
}

// DoRaw executes the request but does not process the response body.
func (r *Request) DoRaw() ([]byte, error) {
	r.tryThrottle()

	var result Result
	err := r.request(func(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) {
		result.body, result.err = ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
		glogBody("Response Body", result.body)
		if resp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || resp.StatusCode > http.StatusPartialContent {
			result.err = r.transformUnstructuredResponseError(resp, req, result.body)
		}
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return result.body, result.err
}

// transformResponse converts an API response into a structured API object
func (r *Request) transformResponse(resp *http.Response, req *http.Request) Result {
	var body []byte
	if resp.Body != nil {
		if data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body); err == nil {
			body = data
		}
	}

	glogBody("Response Body", body)

	// verify the content type is accurate
	contentType := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
	decoder := r.serializers.Decoder
	if len(contentType) > 0 && (decoder == nil || (len(r.content.ContentType) > 0 && contentType != r.content.ContentType)) {
		mediaType, params, err := mime.ParseMediaType(contentType)
		if err != nil {
			return Result{err: errors.NewInternalError(err)}
		}
		decoder, err = r.serializers.RenegotiatedDecoder(mediaType, params)
		if err != nil {
			// if we fail to negotiate a decoder, treat this as an unstructured error
			switch {
			case resp.StatusCode == http.StatusSwitchingProtocols:
				// no-op, we've been upgraded
			case resp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || resp.StatusCode > http.StatusPartialContent:
				return Result{err: r.transformUnstructuredResponseError(resp, req, body)}
			}
			return Result{
				body:        body,
				contentType: contentType,
				statusCode:  resp.StatusCode,
			}
		}
	}

	switch {
	case resp.StatusCode == http.StatusSwitchingProtocols:
		// no-op, we've been upgraded
	case resp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || resp.StatusCode > http.StatusPartialContent:
		// calculate an unstructured error from the response which the Result object may use if the caller
		// did not return a structured error.
		retryAfter, _ := retryAfterSeconds(resp)
		err := r.newUnstructuredResponseError(body, isTextResponse(resp), resp.StatusCode, req.Method, retryAfter)
		return Result{
			body:        body,
			contentType: contentType,
			statusCode:  resp.StatusCode,
			decoder:     decoder,
			err:         err,
		}
	}

	return Result{
		body:        body,
		contentType: contentType,
		statusCode:  resp.StatusCode,
		decoder:     decoder,
	}
}

// glogBody logs a body output that could be either JSON or protobuf. It explicitly guards against
// allocating a new string for the body output unless necessary. Uses a simple heuristic to determine
// whether the body is printable.
func glogBody(prefix string, body []byte) {
	if glog.V(8) {
		if bytes.IndexFunc(body, func(r rune) bool {
			return r < 0x0a
		}) != -1 {
			glog.Infof("%s:\n%s", prefix, hex.Dump(body))
		} else {
			glog.Infof("%s: %s", prefix, string(body))
		}
	}
}

// maxUnstructuredResponseTextBytes is an upper bound on how much output to include in the unstructured error.
const maxUnstructuredResponseTextBytes = 2048

// transformUnstructuredResponseError handles an error from the server that is not in a structured form.
// It is expected to transform any response that is not recognizable as a clear server sent error from the
// K8S API using the information provided with the request. In practice, HTTP proxies and client libraries
// introduce a level of uncertainty to the responses returned by servers that in common use result in
// unexpected responses. The rough structure is:
//
// 1. Assume the server sends you something sane - JSON + well defined error objects + proper codes
//    - this is the happy path
//    - when you get this output, trust what the server sends
// 2. Guard against empty fields / bodies in received JSON and attempt to cull sufficient info from them to
//    generate a reasonable facsimile of the original failure.
//    - Be sure to use a distinct error type or flag that allows a client to distinguish between this and error 1 above
// 3. Handle true disconnect failures / completely malformed data by moving up to a more generic client error
// 4. Distinguish between various connection failures like SSL certificates, timeouts, proxy errors, unexpected
//    initial contact, the presence of mismatched body contents from posted content types
//    - Give these a separate distinct error type and capture as much as possible of the original message
//
// TODO: introduce transformation of generic http.Client.Do() errors that separates 4.
func (r *Request) transformUnstructuredResponseError(resp *http.Response, req *http.Request, body []byte) error {
	if body == nil && resp.Body != nil {
		if data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(&io.LimitedReader{R: resp.Body, N: maxUnstructuredResponseTextBytes}); err == nil {
			body = data
		}
	}
	retryAfter, _ := retryAfterSeconds(resp)
	return r.newUnstructuredResponseError(body, isTextResponse(resp), resp.StatusCode, req.Method, retryAfter)
}

// newUnstructuredResponseError instantiates the appropriate generic error for the provided input. It also logs the body.
func (r *Request) newUnstructuredResponseError(body []byte, isTextResponse bool, statusCode int, method string, retryAfter int) error {
	// cap the amount of output we create
	if len(body) > maxUnstructuredResponseTextBytes {
		body = body[:maxUnstructuredResponseTextBytes]
	}

	message := "unknown"
	if isTextResponse {
		message = strings.TrimSpace(string(body))
	}
	return errors.NewGenericServerResponse(
		statusCode,
		method,
		schema.GroupResource{
			Group:    r.content.GroupVersion.Group,
			Resource: r.resource,
		},
		r.resourceName,
		message,
		retryAfter,
		true,
	)
}

// isTextResponse returns true if the response appears to be a textual media type.
func isTextResponse(resp *http.Response) bool {
	contentType := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
	if len(contentType) == 0 {
		return true
	}
	media, _, err := mime.ParseMediaType(contentType)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	return strings.HasPrefix(media, "text/")
}

// checkWait returns true along with a number of seconds if the server instructed us to wait
// before retrying.
func checkWait(resp *http.Response) (int, bool) {
	switch r := resp.StatusCode; {
	// any 500 error code and 429 can trigger a wait
	case r == errors.StatusTooManyRequests, r >= 500:
	default:
		return 0, false
	}
	i, ok := retryAfterSeconds(resp)
	return i, ok
}

// retryAfterSeconds returns the value of the Retry-After header and true, or 0 and false if
// the header was missing or not a valid number.
func retryAfterSeconds(resp *http.Response) (int, bool) {
	if h := resp.Header.Get("Retry-After"); len(h) > 0 {
		if i, err := strconv.Atoi(h); err == nil {
			return i, true
		}
	}
	return 0, false
}

// Result contains the result of calling Request.Do().
type Result struct {
	body        []byte
	contentType string
	err         error
	statusCode  int

	decoder runtime.Decoder
}

// Raw returns the raw result.
func (r Result) Raw() ([]byte, error) {
	return r.body, r.err
}

// Get returns the result as an object, which means it passes through the decoder.
// If the returned object is of type Status and has .Status != StatusSuccess, the
// additional information in Status will be used to enrich the error.
func (r Result) Get() (runtime.Object, error) {
	if r.err != nil {
		// Check whether the result has a Status object in the body and prefer that.
		return nil, r.Error()
	}
	if r.decoder == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("serializer for %s doesn't exist", r.contentType)
	}

	// decode, but if the result is Status return that as an error instead.
	out, _, err := r.decoder.Decode(r.body, nil, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	switch t := out.(type) {
	case *metav1.Status:
		// any status besides StatusSuccess is considered an error.
		if t.Status != metav1.StatusSuccess {
			return nil, errors.FromObject(t)
		}
	}
	return out, nil
}

// StatusCode returns the HTTP status code of the request. (Only valid if no
// error was returned.)
func (r Result) StatusCode(statusCode *int) Result {
	*statusCode = r.statusCode
	return r
}

// Into stores the result into obj, if possible. If obj is nil it is ignored.
// If the returned object is of type Status and has .Status != StatusSuccess, the
// additional information in Status will be used to enrich the error.
func (r Result) Into(obj runtime.Object) error {
	if r.err != nil {
		// Check whether the result has a Status object in the body and prefer that.
		return r.Error()
	}
	if r.decoder == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("serializer for %s doesn't exist", r.contentType)
	}

	out, _, err := r.decoder.Decode(r.body, nil, obj)
	if err != nil || out == obj {
		return err
	}
	// if a different object is returned, see if it is Status and avoid double decoding
	// the object.
	switch t := out.(type) {
	case *metav1.Status:
		// any status besides StatusSuccess is considered an error.
		if t.Status != metav1.StatusSuccess {
			return errors.FromObject(t)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// WasCreated updates the provided bool pointer to whether the server returned
// 201 created or a different response.
func (r Result) WasCreated(wasCreated *bool) Result {
	*wasCreated = r.statusCode == http.StatusCreated
	return r
}

// Error returns the error executing the request, nil if no error occurred.
// If the returned object is of type Status and has Status != StatusSuccess, the
// additional information in Status will be used to enrich the error.
// See the Request.Do() comment for what errors you might get.
func (r Result) Error() error {
	// if we have received an unexpected server error, and we have a body and decoder, we can try to extract
	// a Status object.
	if r.err == nil || !errors.IsUnexpectedServerError(r.err) || len(r.body) == 0 || r.decoder == nil {
		return r.err
	}

	// attempt to convert the body into a Status object
	// to be backwards compatible with old servers that do not return a version, default to "v1"
	out, _, err := r.decoder.Decode(r.body, &schema.GroupVersionKind{Version: "v1"}, nil)
	if err != nil {
		glog.V(5).Infof("body was not decodable (unable to check for Status): %v", err)
		return r.err
	}
	switch t := out.(type) {
	case *metav1.Status:
		// because we default the kind, we *must* check for StatusFailure
		if t.Status == metav1.StatusFailure {
			return errors.FromObject(t)
		}
	}
	return r.err
}

// NameMayNotBe specifies strings that cannot be used as names specified as path segments (like the REST API or etcd store)
var NameMayNotBe = []string{".", ".."}

// NameMayNotContain specifies substrings that cannot be used in names specified as path segments (like the REST API or etcd store)
var NameMayNotContain = []string{"/", "%"}

// IsValidPathSegmentName validates the name can be safely encoded as a path segment
func IsValidPathSegmentName(name string) []string {
	for _, illegalName := range NameMayNotBe {
		if name == illegalName {
			return []string{fmt.Sprintf(`may not be '%s'`, illegalName)}
		}
	}

	var errors []string
	for _, illegalContent := range NameMayNotContain {
		if strings.Contains(name, illegalContent) {
			errors = append(errors, fmt.Sprintf(`may not contain '%s'`, illegalContent))
		}
	}

	return errors
}

// IsValidPathSegmentPrefix validates the name can be used as a prefix for a name which will be encoded as a path segment
// It does not check for exact matches with disallowed names, since an arbitrary suffix might make the name valid
func IsValidPathSegmentPrefix(name string) []string {
	var errors []string
	for _, illegalContent := range NameMayNotContain {
		if strings.Contains(name, illegalContent) {
			errors = append(errors, fmt.Sprintf(`may not contain '%s'`, illegalContent))
		}
	}

	return errors
}

// ValidatePathSegmentName validates the name can be safely encoded as a path segment
func ValidatePathSegmentName(name string, prefix bool) []string {
	if prefix {
		return IsValidPathSegmentPrefix(name)
	} else {
		return IsValidPathSegmentName(name)
	}
}