Robert B. Cialdini

[michaeldaydayup]

罗伯特·B·西奥迪尼(Robert B. Cialdini)全球知名的说服术与影响力研究权威。他分别被威斯康星大学、北卡罗莱纳大学和哥伦比亚大学的心理学中授予本科、硕士和博士的学位。罗伯特·B·西奥迪尼(Robert B. Cialdini)博士是亚利桑那州立大学心理学名誉教授(Emeritus Professor Psychology)。他曾任美国人格与社会心理学协会（Society for Personality and Social Psychology）的主席，并获得消费心理协会（Society for Consumer Psychology）颁发的杰出科学贡献奖。他的研究发表在许多杂志上，包括《社会心理学手册》(Handbook of Social Psychology)、《个性与社会心理学杂志》(Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)等。他的著作《影响力》已被翻译成26种语言，在全球售出了200万册，并被《财富》杂志评选的75本必读的最睿智的图书之一。

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Six key principles of influence[edit]

1. Reciprocity – People tend to return a favor, thus the pervasiveness of free samples in marketing. In his conferences, he often uses the example of Ethiopia providing thousands of dollars in humanitarian aid to Mexico just after the 1985 earthquake, despite Ethiopia suffering from a crippling famine and civil war at the time. Ethiopia had been reciprocating for the diplomatic support Mexico provided when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. The good cop/bad cop strategy is also based on this principle.
2. Commitment and Consistency – If people commit, orally or in writing, to an idea or goal, they are more likely to honor that commitment because of establishing that idea or goal as being congruent with their self-image. Even if the original incentive or motivation is removed after they have already agreed, they will continue to honor the agreement. Cialdini notes Chinese brainwashing of American prisoners of war to rewrite their self-image and gain automatic unenforced compliance. Another example is children being made to repeat the Pledge of Allegiance each morning.
3. Social Proof – People will do things that they see other people are doing. For example, in one experiment, one or more confederates would look up into the sky; bystanders would then look up into the sky to see what they were seeing. At one point this experiment aborted, as so many people were looking up that they stopped traffic. See conformity, and the Asch conformity experiments.
4. Authority – People will tend to obey authority figures, even if they are asked to perform objectionable acts. Cialdini cites incidents such as the Milgram experiments in the early 1960s and the My Lai massacre.
5. Liking – People are easily persuaded by other people that they like. Cialdini cites the marketing of Tupperware in what might now be called viral marketing. People were more likely to buy if they liked the person selling it to them. Some of the many biases favoring more attractive people are discussed. See physical attractiveness stereotype.
6. Scarcity – Perceived scarcity will generate demand. For example, saying offers are available for a "limited time only" encourages sales.
   His 1984 book, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, was based on three "undercover" years applying for and training at used car dealerships, fund-raising organizations, and telemarketing firms to observe real-life situations of persuasion. It has been mentioned in 50 Psychology Classics.[8][9]

The Seventh Principle of Influence[edit]

Recently, Cialdini discovered a seventh principle that was previously overlooked. He called this seventh principle: the unity principle. The principle is about shared identities. The more we identify ourselves with others, the more we are influenced by these others.[10]