This repository provides the code and dataset for the Video Call MOS (VCM) prediction model, accepted at ICASSP 2023. The model predicts the perceived video quality of videos that were transmitted via videoconferencing calls. In contrast to other state-of-the-art video MOS models it is able to take temporal distortions, such as video freezes, into account. We further provide a dataset with live Microsoft Teams video recordings and crowdsourced subjective quality ratings using P.910 Crowd. The prediction is performed with the following steps:
- Time-alignment of reference video via QR-code marker detection
- VMAF Computation
- Frame freeze feature computation based on time-alignment indices
- Predict MOS with Video Call MOS LSTM, using VMAF and frame freeze features as input
In comparison to VMAF, the proposed VCM model performs better on videos with temporal distortions. The following figure shows how VMAF overestimates the quality for multiple samples in the validation dataset:
The following example shows the per-frame predictions for a video that is impaired by a single freeze of around 1 second. According to the crowdsourced ratings, the ground truth video quality MOS is 2.95. Because VMAF does not take the temporal freeze but only the reduced resolution / bitrate into acount, it overestimates the quality with a score of 3.52. In contrast, the proposed VCM model reduces the predictions during frozen frames, resulting in an overall MOS score close to the ground truth.
The next figure shows a similar effect but instead with multiple shorter frame freezes:
Please refer to the paper for more detailed results.
The code in this repository was tested on Ubuntu. Adjustments to the FFMPEG commands may be necessary when running on Windows. To perform reference video alignment and VMAF computation, FFMPEG with VMAF support is required, which can be installed on Ubuntu via the following steps (optional for training and evaluation on the VCM dataset, as pre-computed VMAF features are available in CSV files). See also https://www.johnvansickle.com/ffmpeg/faq for more info on the FFMPEG installation.
apt-get update -y
apt-get install -y libzbar0 libgl1 # needed for reading QR-codes
wget -q https://johnvansickle.com/ffmpeg/builds/ffmpeg-git-amd64-static.tar.xz
tar xf ffmpeg-git-amd64-static.tar.xz
mv ffmpeg-git-*-amd64-static/ffmpeg ffmpeg-git-*-amd64-static/ffprobe /usr/local/bin/It is recommended to create a new virtual or conda environment dedicated to the project. Use the following command to install the required python packages via pip.
pip install requirements.txtBefore running the code, it is necessary to download the Video Call MOS dataset. Please note that the dataset is a subset of the one used in the paper. It can be found here:
https://challenge.blob.core.windows.net/video-call-mos/video_call_mos_set.zip
The dataset contains 10 reference videos and 1467 degraded videos. The videos were transmitted via Microsoft Teams calls in 83 different network conditions and contain various typical videoconferencing impairments. It also includes P.910 Crowd subjective video MOS ratings (see paper for more info).
To evaluate the default VCM or a newly trained model, the following script can be run. It also plots correlation diagrams and per-frame MOS predictions and compares the results to VMAF (it should reproduce exactly the same results as shown above in Performance). The path variables data_dir and csv_file within the script need to be updated before executing.
python run_evaluation_and_plotting.py The script is using the pre-computed VMAF features and alignment indices loaded from CSV files as inputs to the VCM model. For a new dataset, new CSV files can be written by using the run_video_call_mos_on_dataset.py script (see Video Quality Prediction).
To predict the MOS score of a single video file, the following command can be used:
python run_video_call_mos.py --deg_video /path/to/video_call_mos_set/data/deg_0001.mp4 --ref_video /path/to/video_call_mos_set/data/ref_01.mp4 --results_dir /path/to/video_call_mos_set/results --tmp_dir /path/to/video_call_mos_set/tmpThis command requires longer computation time and will run the inference end-to-end, including QR-code detection, reference alignment, VMAF computation, and Video Call MOS LSTM model. Note that the code expects 1920x1080 MP4 video files and the reference and degraded videos need to have QR-code markers drawn onto them (see Draw QR-code markers).
To run the Video Call MOS model on a dataset provided via CSV file, the following script can be used (the paths within the script need to be updated):
python run_video_call_mos_on_dataset.pyTo train a new Video Call MOS model following script can be used. It uses pre-computed VMAF features and alignment indices loaded from CSV files as inputs. For a new dataset, new CSV files can be written by using the run_video_call_mos_on_dataset.py script (see Video Quality Prediction). The path variables within the script need to be updated before running the script. The training parameters, such as, which input features to use, the number of epochs or LSTM layers and hidden units size may be adjusted as well.
python run_training.py Because videos received during a video call are prone to frame freezes, skips and playback rate changes, it is necessary to align the degraded videos to the clean reference video. In order to allow for a robust time alignment, we apply QR-code markers to the source videos. The reference videos in the Video Call MOS dataset are already prepared with QR-code markers. To draw markers on new reference videos, the following script can be used. The paths and parameters within the script need to be updated. Please note that the script expects 1920x1080 MP4 video files but could be adjusted for other formats.
python run_draw_qr_codes.py If you use the code or dataset in a publication please cite the following paper:
@inproceedings{vcm_icassp,
title={LSTM-based Video Quality Prediction Accounting for Temporal Distortions in Videoconferencing Calls},
author={Mittag, Gabriel and Naderi, Babak and Gopal, Vishak and Cutler, Ross},
booktitle={accepted at ICASSP 2023},
year={2023}
}This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. Most contributions require you to agree to a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) declaring that you have the right to, and actually do, grant us the rights to use your contribution. For details, visit https://cla.opensource.microsoft.com.
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Microsoft and any contributors reserve all other rights, whether under their respective copyrights, patents, or trademarks, whether by implication, estoppel or otherwise.
MICROSOFT PROVIDES THE DATASETS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, GUARANTEES OR CONDITIONS WITH RESPECT TO YOUR USE OF THE DATASETS. TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED UNDER YOUR LOCAL LAW, MICROSOFT DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR LOSSES, INCLUDING DIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE, RESULTING FROM YOUR USE OF THE DATASETS.
The dataset is provided under the original terms that Microsoft received the source dataset. The Terms of Use of the Microsoft Learn videos, which are used as source videos in the Video Call MOS dataset, can be found at https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/termsofuse.
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