core.py

# Copyright 2019, David Wilson
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
# specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

# !mitogen: minify_safe

"""
This module implements most package functionality, but remains separate from
non-essential code in order to reduce its size, since it is also serves as the
bootstrap implementation sent to every new slave context.
"""

import binascii
import collections
import encodings.latin_1
import encodings.utf_8
import errno
import fcntl
import itertools
import linecache
import logging
import os
import pickle as py_pickle
import pstats
import signal
import socket
import struct
import sys
import syslog
import threading
import time
import traceback
import warnings
import weakref
import zlib

# Python >3.7 deprecated the imp module.
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', message='the imp module is deprecated')
import imp

# Absolute imports for <2.5.
select = __import__('select')

try:
    import cProfile
except ImportError:
    cProfile = None

try:
    import thread
except ImportError:
    import threading as thread

try:
    import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError:
    import pickle

try:
    from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
except ImportError:
    from io import BytesIO

try:
    BaseException
except NameError:
    BaseException = Exception

try:
    ModuleNotFoundError
except NameError:
    ModuleNotFoundError = ImportError

# TODO: usage of 'import' after setting __name__, but before fixing up
# sys.modules generates a warning. This happens when profiling = True.
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore',
    "Parent module 'mitogen' not found while handling absolute import")

LOG = logging.getLogger('mitogen')
IOLOG = logging.getLogger('mitogen.io')
IOLOG.setLevel(logging.INFO)

# str.encode() may take import lock. Deadlock possible if broker calls
# .encode() on behalf of thread currently waiting for module.
LATIN1_CODEC = encodings.latin_1.Codec()

_v = False
_vv = False

GET_MODULE = 100
CALL_FUNCTION = 101
FORWARD_LOG = 102
ADD_ROUTE = 103
DEL_ROUTE = 104
ALLOCATE_ID = 105
SHUTDOWN = 106
LOAD_MODULE = 107
FORWARD_MODULE = 108
DETACHING = 109
CALL_SERVICE = 110
STUB_CALL_SERVICE = 111

#: Special value used to signal disconnection or the inability to route a
#: message, when it appears in the `reply_to` field. Usually causes
#: :class:`mitogen.core.ChannelError` to be raised when it is received.
#:
#: It indicates the sender did not know how to process the message, or wishes
#: no further messages to be delivered to it. It is used when:
#:
#:  * a remote receiver is disconnected or explicitly closed.
#:  * a related message could not be delivered due to no route existing for it.
#:  * a router is being torn down, as a sentinel value to notify
#:    :meth:`mitogen.core.Router.add_handler` callbacks to clean up.
IS_DEAD = 999

try:
    BaseException
except NameError:
    BaseException = Exception

PY24 = sys.version_info < (2, 5)
PY3 = sys.version_info > (3,)
if PY3:
    b = str.encode
    BytesType = bytes
    UnicodeType = str
    FsPathTypes = (str,)
    BufferType = lambda buf, start: memoryview(buf)[start:]
    long = int
else:
    b = str
    BytesType = str
    FsPathTypes = (str, unicode)
    BufferType = buffer
    UnicodeType = unicode

AnyTextType = (BytesType, UnicodeType)

try:
    next
except NameError:
    next = lambda it: it.next()

# #550: prehistoric WSL did not advertise itself in uname output.
try:
    fp = open('/proc/sys/kernel/osrelease')
    IS_WSL = 'Microsoft' in fp.read()
    fp.close()
except IOError:
    IS_WSL = False


#: Default size for calls to :meth:`Side.read` or :meth:`Side.write`, and the
#: size of buffers configured by :func:`mitogen.parent.create_socketpair`. This
#: value has many performance implications, 128KiB seems to be a sweet spot.
#:
#: * When set low, large messages cause many :class:`Broker` IO loop
#:   iterations, burning CPU and reducing throughput.
#: * When set high, excessive RAM is reserved by the OS for socket buffers (2x
#:   per child), and an identically sized temporary userspace buffer is
#:   allocated on each read that requires zeroing, and over a particular size
#:   may require two system calls to allocate/deallocate.
#:
#: Care must be taken to ensure the underlying kernel object and receiving
#: program support the desired size. For example,
#:
#: * Most UNIXes have TTYs with fixed 2KiB-4KiB buffers, making them unsuitable
#:   for efficient IO.
#: * Different UNIXes have varying presets for pipes, which may not be
#:   configurable. On recent Linux the default pipe buffer size is 64KiB, but
#:   under memory pressure may be as low as 4KiB for unprivileged processes.
#: * When communication is via an intermediary process, its internal buffers
#:   effect the speed OS buffers will drain. For example OpenSSH uses 64KiB
#:   reads.
#:
#: An ideal :class:`Message` has a size that is a multiple of
#: :data:`CHUNK_SIZE` inclusive of headers, to avoid wasting IO loop iterations
#: writing small trailer chunks.
CHUNK_SIZE = 131072

_tls = threading.local()


if __name__ == 'mitogen.core':
    # When loaded using import mechanism, ExternalContext.main() will not have
    # a chance to set the synthetic mitogen global, so just import it here.
    import mitogen
else:
    # When loaded as __main__, ensure classes and functions gain a __module__
    # attribute consistent with the host process, so that pickling succeeds.
    __name__ = 'mitogen.core'


class Error(Exception):
    """
    Base for all exceptions raised by Mitogen.

    :param str fmt:
        Exception text, or format string if `args` is non-empty.
    :param tuple args:
        Format string arguments.
    """
    def __init__(self, fmt=None, *args):
        if args:
            fmt %= args
        if fmt and not isinstance(fmt, UnicodeType):
            fmt = fmt.decode('utf-8')
        Exception.__init__(self, fmt)


class LatchError(Error):
    """
    Raised when an attempt is made to use a :class:`mitogen.core.Latch` that
    has been marked closed.
    """
    pass


class Blob(BytesType):
    """
    A serializable bytes subclass whose content is summarized in repr() output,
    making it suitable for logging binary data.
    """
    def __repr__(self):
        return '[blob: %d bytes]' % len(self)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return (Blob, (BytesType(self),))


class Secret(UnicodeType):
    """
    A serializable unicode subclass whose content is masked in repr() output,
    making it suitable for logging passwords.
    """
    def __repr__(self):
        return '[secret]'

    if not PY3:
        # TODO: what is this needed for in 2.x?
        def __str__(self):
            return UnicodeType(self)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return (Secret, (UnicodeType(self),))


class Kwargs(dict):
    """
    A serializable dict subclass that indicates its keys should be coerced to
    Unicode on Python 3 and bytes on Python<2.6.

    Python 2 produces keyword argument dicts whose keys are bytes, requiring a
    helper to ensure compatibility with Python 3 where Unicode is required,
    whereas Python 3 produces keyword argument dicts whose keys are Unicode,
    requiring a helper for Python 2.4/2.5, where bytes are required.
    """
    if PY3:
        def __init__(self, dct):
            for k, v in dct.items():
                if type(k) is bytes:
                    self[k.decode()] = v
                else:
                    self[k] = v
    elif sys.version_info < (2, 6, 5):
        def __init__(self, dct):
            for k, v in dct.iteritems():
                if type(k) is unicode:
                    k, _ = encodings.utf_8.encode(k)
                self[k] = v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Kwargs(%s)' % (dict.__repr__(self),)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return (Kwargs, (dict(self),))


class CallError(Error):
    """
    Serializable :class:`Error` subclass raised when :meth:`Context.call()
    <mitogen.parent.Context.call>` fails. A copy of the traceback from the
    external context is appended to the exception message.
    """
    def __init__(self, fmt=None, *args):
        if not isinstance(fmt, BaseException):
            Error.__init__(self, fmt, *args)
        else:
            e = fmt
            cls = e.__class__
            fmt = '%s.%s: %s' % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__, e)
            tb = sys.exc_info()[2]
            if tb:
                fmt += '\n'
                fmt += ''.join(traceback.format_tb(tb))
            Error.__init__(self, fmt)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return (_unpickle_call_error, (self.args[0],))


def _unpickle_call_error(s):
    if not (type(s) is UnicodeType and len(s) < 10000):
        raise TypeError('cannot unpickle CallError: bad input')
    return CallError(s)


class ChannelError(Error):
    """
    Raised when a channel dies or has been closed.
    """
    remote_msg = 'Channel closed by remote end.'
    local_msg = 'Channel closed by local end.'


class StreamError(Error):
    """
    Raised when a stream cannot be established.
    """
    pass


class TimeoutError(Error):
    """
    Raised when a timeout occurs on a stream.
    """
    pass


def to_text(o):
    """
    Coerce `o` to Unicode by decoding it from UTF-8 if it is an instance of
    :class:`bytes`, otherwise pass it to the :class:`str` constructor. The
    returned object is always a plain :class:`str`, any subclass is removed.
    """
    if isinstance(o, BytesType):
        return o.decode('utf-8')
    return UnicodeType(o)


# Documented in api.rst to work around Sphinx limitation.
now = getattr(time, 'monotonic', time.time)


# Python 2.4
try:
    any
except NameError:
    def any(it):
        for elem in it:
            if elem:
                return True


def _partition(s, sep, find):
    """
    (str|unicode).(partition|rpartition) for Python 2.4/2.5.
    """
    idx = find(sep)
    if idx != -1:
        left = s[0:idx]
        return left, sep, s[len(left)+len(sep):]


def threading__current_thread():
    try:
        return threading.current_thread()  # Added in Python 2.6+
    except AttributeError:
        return threading.currentThread()  # Deprecated in Python 3.10+


def threading__thread_name(thread):
    try:
        return thread.name  # Added in Python 2.6+
    except AttributeError:
        return thread.getName()  # Deprecated in Python 3.10+


if hasattr(UnicodeType, 'rpartition'):
    str_partition = UnicodeType.partition
    str_rpartition = UnicodeType.rpartition
    bytes_partition = BytesType.partition
else:
    def str_partition(s, sep):
        return _partition(s, sep, s.find) or (s, u'', u'')
    def str_rpartition(s, sep):
        return _partition(s, sep, s.rfind) or (u'', u'', s)
    def bytes_partition(s, sep):
        return _partition(s, sep, s.find) or (s, '', '')


def _has_parent_authority(context_id):
    return (
        (context_id == mitogen.context_id) or
        (context_id in mitogen.parent_ids)
    )

def has_parent_authority(msg, _stream=None):
    """
    Policy function for use with :class:`Receiver` and
    :meth:`Router.add_handler` that requires incoming messages to originate
    from a parent context, or on a :class:`Stream` whose :attr:`auth_id
    <Stream.auth_id>` has been set to that of a parent context or the current
    context.
    """
    return _has_parent_authority(msg.auth_id)


def _signals(obj, signal):
    return (
        obj.__dict__
        .setdefault('_signals', {})
        .setdefault(signal, [])
    )


def listen(obj, name, func):
    """
    Arrange for `func()` to be invoked when signal `name` is fired on `obj`.
    """
    _signals(obj, name).append(func)


def unlisten(obj, name, func):
    """
    Remove `func()` from the list of functions invoked when signal `name` is
    fired by `obj`.

    :raises ValueError:
        `func()` was not on the list.
    """
    _signals(obj, name).remove(func)


def fire(obj, name, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Arrange for `func(*args, **kwargs)` to be invoked for every function
    registered for signal `name` on `obj`.
    """
    for func in _signals(obj, name):
        func(*args, **kwargs)


def takes_econtext(func):
    """
    Decorator that marks a function or class method to automatically receive a
    kwarg named `econtext`, referencing the
    :class:`mitogen.core.ExternalContext` active in the context in which the
    function is being invoked in. The decorator is only meaningful when the
    function is invoked via :data:`CALL_FUNCTION <mitogen.core.CALL_FUNCTION>`.

    When the function is invoked directly, `econtext` must still be passed to
    it explicitly.
    """
    func.mitogen_takes_econtext = True
    return func


def takes_router(func):
    """
    Decorator that marks a function or class method to automatically receive a
    kwarg named `router`, referencing the :class:`mitogen.core.Router` active
    in the context in which the function is being invoked in. The decorator is
    only meaningful when the function is invoked via :data:`CALL_FUNCTION
    <mitogen.core.CALL_FUNCTION>`.

    When the function is invoked directly, `router` must still be passed to it
    explicitly.
    """
    func.mitogen_takes_router = True
    return func


def is_blacklisted_import(importer, fullname):
    """
    Return :data:`True` if `fullname` is part of a blacklisted package, or if
    any packages have been whitelisted and `fullname` is not part of one.

    NB:
      - If a package is on both lists, then it is treated as blacklisted.
      - If any package is whitelisted, then all non-whitelisted packages are
        treated as blacklisted.
    """
    return ((not any(fullname.startswith(s) for s in importer.whitelist)) or
                (any(fullname.startswith(s) for s in importer.blacklist)))


def set_cloexec(fd):
    """
    Set the file descriptor `fd` to automatically close on :func:`os.execve`.
    This has no effect on file descriptors inherited across :func:`os.fork`,
    they must be explicitly closed through some other means, such as
    :func:`mitogen.fork.on_fork`.
    """
    flags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFD)
    assert fd > 2, 'fd %r <= 2' % (fd,)
    fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, flags | fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC)


def set_nonblock(fd):
    """
    Set the file descriptor `fd` to non-blocking mode. For most underlying file
    types, this causes :func:`os.read` or :func:`os.write` to raise
    :class:`OSError` with :data:`errno.EAGAIN` rather than block the thread
    when the underlying kernel buffer is exhausted.
    """
    flags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
    fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, flags | os.O_NONBLOCK)


def set_block(fd):
    """
    Inverse of :func:`set_nonblock`, i.e. cause `fd` to block the thread when
    the underlying kernel buffer is exhausted.
    """
    flags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
    fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, flags & ~os.O_NONBLOCK)


def io_op(func, *args):
    """
    Wrap `func(*args)` that may raise :class:`select.error`, :class:`IOError`,
    or :class:`OSError`, trapping UNIX error codes relating to disconnection
    and retry events in various subsystems:

    * When a signal is delivered to the process on Python 2, system call retry
      is signalled through :data:`errno.EINTR`. The invocation is automatically
      restarted.
    * When performing IO against a TTY, disconnection of the remote end is
      signalled by :data:`errno.EIO`.
    * When performing IO against a socket, disconnection of the remote end is
      signalled by :data:`errno.ECONNRESET`.
    * When performing IO against a pipe, disconnection of the remote end is
      signalled by :data:`errno.EPIPE`.

    :returns:
        Tuple of `(return_value, disconnect_reason)`, where `return_value` is
        the return value of `func(*args)`, and `disconnected` is an exception
        instance when disconnection was detected, otherwise :data:`None`.
    """
    while True:
        try:
            return func(*args), None
        except (select.error, OSError, IOError):
            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
            _vv and IOLOG.debug('io_op(%r) -> OSError: %s', func, e)
            if e.args[0] == errno.EINTR:
                continue
            if e.args[0] in (errno.EIO, errno.ECONNRESET, errno.EPIPE):
                return None, e
            raise


class PidfulStreamHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
    """
    A :class:`logging.StreamHandler` subclass used when
    :meth:`Router.enable_debug() <mitogen.master.Router.enable_debug>` has been
    called, or the `debug` parameter was specified during context construction.
    Verifies the process ID has not changed on each call to :meth:`emit`,
    reopening the associated log file when a change is detected.

    This ensures logging to the per-process output files happens correctly even
    when uncooperative third party components call :func:`os.fork`.
    """
    #: PID that last opened the log file.
    open_pid = None

    #: Output path template.
    template = '/tmp/mitogen.%s.%s.log'

    def _reopen(self):
        self.acquire()
        try:
            if self.open_pid == os.getpid():
                return
            ts = time.strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')
            path = self.template % (os.getpid(), ts)
            self.stream = open(path, 'w', 1)
            set_cloexec(self.stream.fileno())
            self.stream.write('Parent PID: %s\n' % (os.getppid(),))
            self.stream.write('Created by:\n\n%s\n' % (
                ''.join(traceback.format_stack()),
            ))
            self.open_pid = os.getpid()
        finally:
            self.release()

    def emit(self, record):
        if self.open_pid != os.getpid():
            self._reopen()
        logging.StreamHandler.emit(self, record)


def enable_debug_logging():
    global _v, _vv
    _v = True
    _vv = True
    root = logging.getLogger()
    root.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    IOLOG.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    handler = PidfulStreamHandler()
    handler.formatter = logging.Formatter(
        '%(asctime)s %(levelname).1s %(name)s: %(message)s',
        '%H:%M:%S'
    )
    root.handlers.insert(0, handler)


_profile_hook = lambda name, func, *args: func(*args)
_profile_fmt = os.environ.get(
    'MITOGEN_PROFILE_FMT',
    '/tmp/mitogen.stats.%(pid)s.%(identity)s.%(now)s.%(ext)s',
)


def _profile_hook(name, func, *args):
    """
    Call `func(*args)` and return its result. This function is replaced by
    :func:`_real_profile_hook` when :func:`enable_profiling` is called. This
    interface is obsolete and will be replaced by a signals-based integration
    later on.
    """
    return func(*args)


def _real_profile_hook(name, func, *args):
    profiler = cProfile.Profile()
    profiler.enable()
    try:
        return func(*args)
    finally:
        path = _profile_fmt % {
            'now': int(1e6 * now()),
            'identity': name,
            'pid': os.getpid(),
            'ext': '%s'
        }
        profiler.dump_stats(path % ('pstats',))
        profiler.create_stats()
        fp = open(path % ('log',), 'w')
        try:
            stats = pstats.Stats(profiler, stream=fp)
            stats.sort_stats('cumulative')
            stats.print_stats()
        finally:
            fp.close()


def enable_profiling(econtext=None):
    global _profile_hook
    _profile_hook = _real_profile_hook


def import_module(modname):
    """
    Import `module` and return the attribute named `attr`.
    """
    return __import__(modname, None, None, [''])


def pipe():
    """
    Create a UNIX pipe pair using :func:`os.pipe`, wrapping the returned
    descriptors in Python file objects in order to manage their lifetime and
    ensure they are closed when their last reference is discarded and they have
    not been closed explicitly.
    """
    rfd, wfd = os.pipe()
    return (
        os.fdopen(rfd, 'rb', 0),
        os.fdopen(wfd, 'wb', 0)
    )


def iter_split(buf, delim, func):
    """
    Invoke `func(s)` for each `delim`-delimited chunk in the potentially large
    `buf`, avoiding intermediate lists and quadratic string operations. Return
    the trailing undelimited portion of `buf`, or any unprocessed portion of
    `buf` after `func(s)` returned :data:`False`.

    :returns:
        `(trailer, cont)`, where `cont` is :data:`False` if the last call to
        `func(s)` returned :data:`False`.
    """
    dlen = len(delim)
    start = 0
    cont = True
    while cont:
        nl = buf.find(delim, start)
        if nl == -1:
            break
        cont = not func(buf[start:nl]) is False
        start = nl + dlen
    return buf[start:], cont


class Py24Pickler(py_pickle.Pickler):
    """
    Exceptions were classic classes until Python 2.5. Sadly for 2.4, cPickle
    offers little control over how a classic instance is pickled. Therefore 2.4
    uses a pure-Python pickler, so CallError can be made to look as it does on
    newer Pythons.

    This mess will go away once proper serialization exists.
    """
    @classmethod
    def dumps(cls, obj, protocol):
        bio = BytesIO()
        self = cls(bio, protocol=protocol)
        self.dump(obj)
        return bio.getvalue()

    def save_exc_inst(self, obj):
        if isinstance(obj, CallError):
            func, args = obj.__reduce__()
            self.save(func)
            self.save(args)
            self.write(py_pickle.REDUCE)
        else:
            py_pickle.Pickler.save_inst(self, obj)

    if PY24:
        dispatch = py_pickle.Pickler.dispatch.copy()
        dispatch[py_pickle.InstanceType] = save_exc_inst


if PY3:
    # In 3.x Unpickler is a class exposing find_class as an overridable, but it
    # cannot be overridden without subclassing.
    class _Unpickler(pickle.Unpickler):
        def find_class(self, module, func):
            return self.find_global(module, func)
    pickle__dumps = pickle.dumps
elif PY24:
    # On Python 2.4, we must use a pure-Python pickler.
    pickle__dumps = Py24Pickler.dumps
    _Unpickler = pickle.Unpickler
else:
    pickle__dumps = pickle.dumps
    # In 2.x Unpickler is a function exposing a writeable find_global
    # attribute.
    _Unpickler = pickle.Unpickler


class Message(object):
    """
    Messages are the fundamental unit of communication, comprising fields from
    the :ref:`stream-protocol` header, an optional reference to the receiving
    :class:`mitogen.core.Router` for ingress messages, and helper methods for
    deserialization and generating replies.
    """
    #: Integer target context ID. :class:`Router` delivers messages locally
    #: when their :attr:`dst_id` matches :data:`mitogen.context_id`, otherwise
    #: they are routed up or downstream.
    dst_id = None

    #: Integer source context ID. Used as the target of replies if any are
    #: generated.
    src_id = None

    #: Context ID under whose authority the message is acting. See
    #: :ref:`source-verification`.
    auth_id = None

    #: Integer target handle in the destination context. This is one of the
    #: :ref:`standard-handles`, or a dynamically generated handle used to
    #: receive a one-time reply, such as the return value of a function call.
    handle = None

    #: Integer target handle to direct any reply to this message. Used to
    #: receive a one-time reply, such as the return value of a function call.
    #: :data:`IS_DEAD` has a special meaning when it appears in this field.
    reply_to = None

    #: Raw message data bytes.
    data = b('')

    _unpickled = object()

    #: The :class:`Router` responsible for routing the message. This is
    #: :data:`None` for locally originated messages.
    router = None

    #: The :class:`Receiver` over which the message was last received. Part of
    #: the :class:`mitogen.select.Select` interface. Defaults to :data:`None`.
    receiver = None

    HEADER_FMT = '>hLLLLLL'
    HEADER_LEN = struct.calcsize(HEADER_FMT)
    HEADER_MAGIC = 0x4d49  # 'MI'

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Construct a message from from the supplied `kwargs`. :attr:`src_id` and
        :attr:`auth_id` are always set to :data:`mitogen.context_id`.
        """
        self.src_id = mitogen.context_id
        self.auth_id = mitogen.context_id
        vars(self).update(kwargs)
        assert isinstance(self.data, BytesType), 'Message data is not Bytes'

    def pack(self):
        return (
            struct.pack(self.HEADER_FMT, self.HEADER_MAGIC, self.dst_id,
                        self.src_id, self.auth_id, self.handle,
                        self.reply_to or 0, len(self.data))
            + self.data
        )

    def _unpickle_context(self, context_id, name):
        return _unpickle_context(context_id, name, router=self.router)

    def _unpickle_sender(self, context_id, dst_handle):
        return _unpickle_sender(self.router, context_id, dst_handle)

    def _unpickle_bytes(self, s, encoding):
        s, n = LATIN1_CODEC.encode(s)
        return s

    def _find_global(self, module, func):
        """
        Return the class implementing `module_name.class_name` or raise
        `StreamError` if the module is not whitelisted.
        """
        if module == __name__:
            if func == '_unpickle_call_error' or func == 'CallError':
                return _unpickle_call_error
            elif func == '_unpickle_sender':
                return self._unpickle_sender
            elif func == '_unpickle_context':
                return self._unpickle_context
            elif func == 'Blob':
                return Blob
            elif func == 'Secret':
                return Secret
            elif func == 'Kwargs':
                return Kwargs
        elif module == '_codecs' and func == 'encode':
            return self._unpickle_bytes
        elif module == '__builtin__' and func == 'bytes':
            return BytesType
        raise StreamError('cannot unpickle %r/%r', module, func)

    @property
    def is_dead(self):
        """
        :data:`True` if :attr:`reply_to` is set to the magic value
        :data:`IS_DEAD`, indicating the sender considers the channel dead. Dead
        messages can be raised in a variety of circumstances, see
        :data:`IS_DEAD` for more information.
        """
        return self.reply_to == IS_DEAD

    @classmethod
    def dead(cls, reason=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Syntax helper to construct a dead message.
        """
        kwargs['data'], _ = encodings.utf_8.encode(reason or u'')
        return cls(reply_to=IS_DEAD, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def pickled(cls, obj, **kwargs):
        """
        Construct a pickled message, setting :attr:`data` to the serialization
        of `obj`, and setting remaining fields using `kwargs`.

        :returns:
            The new message.
        """
        self = cls(**kwargs)
        try:
            self.data = pickle__dumps(obj, protocol=2)
        except pickle.PicklingError:
            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
            self.data = pickle__dumps(CallError(e), protocol=2)
        return self

    def reply(self, msg, router=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Compose a reply to this message and send it using :attr:`router`, or
        `router` is :attr:`router` is :data:`None`.

        :param obj:
            Either a :class:`Message`, or an object to be serialized in order
            to construct a new message.
        :param router:
            Optional router to use if :attr:`router` is :data:`None`.
        :param kwargs:
            Optional keyword parameters overriding message fields in the reply.
        """
        if not isinstance(msg, Message):
            msg = Message.pickled(msg)
        msg.dst_id = self.src_id
        msg.handle = self.reply_to
        vars(msg).update(kwargs)
        if msg.handle:
            (self.router or router).route(msg)
        else:
            LOG.debug('dropping reply to message with no return address: %r',
                      msg)

    if PY3:
        UNPICKLER_KWARGS = {'encoding': 'bytes'}
    else:
        UNPICKLER_KWARGS = {}

    def _throw_dead(self):
        if len(self.data):
            raise ChannelError(self.data.decode('utf-8', 'replace'))
        elif self.src_id == mitogen.context_id:
            raise ChannelError(ChannelError.local_msg)
        else:
            raise ChannelError(ChannelError.remote_msg)

    def unpickle(self, throw=True, throw_dead=True):
        """
        Unpickle :attr:`data`, optionally raising any exceptions present.

        :param bool throw_dead:
            If :data:`True`, raise exceptions, otherwise it is the caller's
            responsibility.

        :raises CallError:
            The serialized data contained CallError exception.
        :raises ChannelError:
            The `is_dead` field was set.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.unpickle()', self)
        if throw_dead and self.is_dead:
            self._throw_dead()

        obj = self._unpickled
        if obj is Message._unpickled:
            fp = BytesIO(self.data)
            unpickler = _Unpickler(fp, **self.UNPICKLER_KWARGS)
            unpickler.find_global = self._find_global
            try:
                # Must occur off the broker thread.
                try:
                    obj = unpickler.load()
                except:
                    LOG.error('raw pickle was: %r', self.data)
                    raise
                self._unpickled = obj
            except (TypeError, ValueError):
                e = sys.exc_info()[1]
                raise StreamError('invalid message: %s', e)

        if throw:
            if isinstance(obj, CallError):
                raise obj

        return obj

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Message(%r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r..%d)' % (
            self.dst_id, self.src_id, self.auth_id, self.handle,
            self.reply_to, (self.data or '')[:50], len(self.data)
        )


class Sender(object):
    """
    Senders are used to send pickled messages to a handle in another context,
    it is the inverse of :class:`mitogen.core.Receiver`.

    Senders may be serialized, making them convenient to wire up data flows.
    See :meth:`mitogen.core.Receiver.to_sender` for more information.

    :param mitogen.core.Context context:
        Context to send messages to.
    :param int dst_handle:
        Destination handle to send messages to.
    """
    def __init__(self, context, dst_handle):
        self.context = context
        self.dst_handle = dst_handle

    def send(self, data):
        """
        Send `data` to the remote end.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.send(%r..)', self, repr(data)[:100])
        self.context.send(Message.pickled(data, handle=self.dst_handle))

    explicit_close_msg = 'Sender was explicitly closed'

    def close(self):
        """
        Send a dead message to the remote, causing :meth:`ChannelError` to be
        raised in any waiting thread.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.close()', self)
        self.context.send(
            Message.dead(
                reason=self.explicit_close_msg,
                handle=self.dst_handle
            )
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Sender(%r, %r)' % (self.context, self.dst_handle)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return _unpickle_sender, (self.context.context_id, self.dst_handle)


def _unpickle_sender(router, context_id, dst_handle):
    if not (isinstance(router, Router) and
            isinstance(context_id, (int, long)) and context_id >= 0 and
            isinstance(dst_handle, (int, long)) and dst_handle > 0):
        raise TypeError('cannot unpickle Sender: bad input or missing router')
    return Sender(Context(router, context_id), dst_handle)


class Receiver(object):
    """
    Receivers maintain a thread-safe queue of messages sent to a handle of this
    context from another context.

    :param mitogen.core.Router router:
        Router to register the handler on.

    :param int handle:
        If not :data:`None`, an explicit handle to register, otherwise an
        unused handle is chosen.

    :param bool persist:
        If :data:`False`, unregister the handler after one message is received.
        Single-message receivers are intended for RPC-like transactions, such
        as in the case of :meth:`mitogen.parent.Context.call_async`.

    :param mitogen.core.Context respondent:
        Context this receiver is receiving from. If not :data:`None`, arranges
        for the receiver to receive a dead message if messages can no longer be
        routed to the context due to disconnection, and ignores messages that
        did not originate from the respondent context.
    """
    #: If not :data:`None`, a function invoked as `notify(receiver)` after a
    #: message has been received. The function is invoked on :class:`Broker`
    #: thread, therefore it must not block. Used by
    #: :class:`mitogen.select.Select` to efficiently implement waiting on
    #: multiple event sources.
    notify = None

    raise_channelerror = True

    def __init__(self, router, handle=None, persist=True,
                 respondent=None, policy=None, overwrite=False):
        self.router = router
        #: The handle.
        self.handle = handle  # Avoid __repr__ crash in add_handler()
        self._latch = Latch()  # Must exist prior to .add_handler()
        self.handle = router.add_handler(
            fn=self._on_receive,
            handle=handle,
            policy=policy,
            persist=persist,
            respondent=respondent,
            overwrite=overwrite,
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Receiver(%r, %r)' % (self.router, self.handle)

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, _1, _2, _3):
        self.close()

    def to_sender(self):
        """
        Return a :class:`Sender` configured to deliver messages to this
        receiver. As senders are serializable, this makes it convenient to pass
        `(context_id, handle)` pairs around::

            def deliver_monthly_report(sender):
                for line in open('monthly_report.txt'):
                    sender.send(line)
                sender.close()

            @mitogen.main()
            def main(router):
                remote = router.ssh(hostname='mainframe')
                recv = mitogen.core.Receiver(router)
                remote.call(deliver_monthly_report, recv.to_sender())
                for msg in recv:
                    print(msg)
        """
        return Sender(self.router.myself(), self.handle)

    def _on_receive(self, msg):
        """
        Callback registered for the handle with :class:`Router`; appends data
        to the internal queue.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._on_receive(%r)', self, msg)
        self._latch.put(msg)
        if self.notify:
            self.notify(self)

    closed_msg = 'the Receiver has been closed'

    def close(self):
        """
        Unregister the receiver's handle from its associated router, and cause
        :class:`ChannelError` to be raised in any thread waiting in :meth:`get`
        on this receiver.
        """
        if self.handle:
            self.router.del_handler(self.handle)
            self.handle = None
        self._latch.close()

    def size(self):
        """
        Return the number of items currently buffered.

        As with :class:`Queue.Queue`, `0` may be returned even though a
        subsequent call to :meth:`get` will succeed, since a message may be
        posted at any moment between :meth:`size` and :meth:`get`.

        As with :class:`Queue.Queue`, `>0` may be returned even though a
        subsequent call to :meth:`get` will block, since another waiting thread
        may be woken at any moment between :meth:`size` and :meth:`get`.

        :raises LatchError:
            The underlying latch has already been marked closed.
        """
        return self._latch.size()

    def empty(self):
        """
        Return `size() == 0`.

        .. deprecated:: 0.2.8
           Use :meth:`size` instead.

        :raises LatchError:
            The latch has already been marked closed.
        """
        return self._latch.empty()

    def get(self, timeout=None, block=True, throw_dead=True):
        """
        Sleep waiting for a message to arrive on this receiver.

        :param float timeout:
            If not :data:`None`, specifies a timeout in seconds.

        :raises mitogen.core.ChannelError:
            The remote end indicated the channel should be closed,
            communication with it was lost, or :meth:`close` was called in the
            local process.

        :raises mitogen.core.TimeoutError:
            Timeout was reached.

        :returns:
            :class:`Message` that was received.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.get(timeout=%r, block=%r)', self, timeout, block)
        try:
            msg = self._latch.get(timeout=timeout, block=block)
        except LatchError:
            raise ChannelError(self.closed_msg)
        if msg.is_dead and throw_dead:
            msg._throw_dead()
        return msg

    def __iter__(self):
        """
        Yield consecutive :class:`Message` instances delivered to this receiver
        until :class:`ChannelError` is raised.
        """
        while True:
            try:
                msg = self.get()
            except ChannelError:
                return
            yield msg


class Channel(Sender, Receiver):
    """
    A channel inherits from :class:`mitogen.core.Sender` and
    `mitogen.core.Receiver` to provide bidirectional functionality.

    .. deprecated:: 0.2.0
        This class is incomplete and obsolete, it will be removed in Mitogen
        0.3.

    Channels were an early attempt at syntax sugar. It is always easier to pass
    around unidirectional pairs of senders/receivers, even though the syntax is
    baroque:

    .. literalinclude:: ../examples/ping_pong.py

    Since all handles aren't known until after both ends are constructed, for
    both ends to communicate through a channel, it is necessary for one end to
    retrieve the handle allocated to the other and reconfigure its own channel
    to match. Currently this is a manual task.
    """
    def __init__(self, router, context, dst_handle, handle=None):
        Sender.__init__(self, context, dst_handle)
        Receiver.__init__(self, router, handle)

    def close(self):
        Receiver.close(self)
        Sender.close(self)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Channel(%s, %s)' % (
            Sender.__repr__(self),
            Receiver.__repr__(self)
        )


class Importer(object):
    """
    Import protocol implementation that fetches modules from the parent
    process.

    :param context: Context to communicate via.
    """
    # The Mitogen package is handled specially, since the child context must
    # construct it manually during startup.
    MITOGEN_PKG_CONTENT = [
        'buildah',
        'compat',
        'debug',
        'doas',
        'docker',
        'kubectl',
        'fakessh',
        'fork',
        'jail',
        'lxc',
        'lxd',
        'master',
        'minify',
        'os_fork',
        'parent',
        'podman',
        'select',
        'service',
        'setns',
        'ssh',
        'su',
        'sudo',
        'utils',
    ]

    ALWAYS_BLACKLIST = [
        # 2.x generates needless imports for 'builtins', while 3.x does the
        # same for '__builtin__'. The correct one is built-in, the other always
        # a negative round-trip.
        'builtins',
        '__builtin__',

        # On some Python releases (e.g. 3.8, 3.9) the subprocess module tries
        # to import of this Windows-only builtin module.
        'msvcrt',

        # Python 2.x module that was renamed to _thread in 3.x.
        # This entry avoids a roundtrip on 2.x -> 3.x.
        'thread',

        # org.python.core imported by copy, pickle, xml.sax; breaks Jython, but
        # very unlikely to trigger a bug report.
        'org',
    ]

    if PY3:
        ALWAYS_BLACKLIST += ['cStringIO']

    def __init__(self, router, context, core_src, whitelist=(), blacklist=()):
        self._log = logging.getLogger('mitogen.importer')
        self._context = context
        self._present = {'mitogen': self.MITOGEN_PKG_CONTENT}
        self._lock = threading.Lock()
        self.whitelist = list(whitelist) or ['']
        self.blacklist = list(blacklist) + self.ALWAYS_BLACKLIST

        # Preserve copies of the original server-supplied whitelist/blacklist
        # for later use by children.
        self.master_whitelist = self.whitelist[:]
        self.master_blacklist = self.blacklist[:]

        # Presence of an entry in this map indicates in-flight GET_MODULE.
        self._callbacks = {}
        self._cache = {}
        if core_src:
            self._update_linecache('x/mitogen/core.py', core_src)
            self._cache['mitogen.core'] = (
                'mitogen.core',
                None,
                'x/mitogen/core.py',
                zlib.compress(core_src, 9),
                [],
            )
        self._install_handler(router)

    def _update_linecache(self, path, data):
        """
        The Python 2.4 linecache module, used to fetch source code for
        tracebacks and :func:`inspect.getsource`, does not support PEP-302,
        meaning it needs extra help to for Mitogen-loaded modules. Directly
        populate its cache if a loaded module belongs to the Mitogen package.
        """
        if PY24 and 'mitogen' in path:
            linecache.cache[path] = (
                len(data),
                0.0,
                [line+'\n' for line in data.splitlines()],
                path,
            )

    def _install_handler(self, router):
        router.add_handler(
            fn=self._on_load_module,
            handle=LOAD_MODULE,
            policy=has_parent_authority,
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Importer'

    def builtin_find_module(self, fullname):
        # imp.find_module() will always succeed for __main__, because it is a
        # built-in module. That means it exists on a special linked list deep
        # within the bowels of the interpreter. We must special case it.
        if fullname == '__main__':
            raise ModuleNotFoundError()

        parent, _, modname = str_rpartition(fullname, '.')
        if parent:
            path = sys.modules[parent].__path__
        else:
            path = None

        fp, pathname, description = imp.find_module(modname, path)
        if fp:
            fp.close()

    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
        """
        Return a loader (ourself) or None, for the module with fullname.

        Implements importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_module().
        Deprecrated in Python 3.4+, replaced by find_spec().
        Raises ImportWarning in Python 3.10+.

        fullname    A (fully qualified?) module name, e.g. "os.path".
        path        __path__ of parent packge. None for a top level module.
        """
        if hasattr(_tls, 'running'):
            return None

        _tls.running = True
        try:
            #_v and self._log.debug('Python requested %r', fullname)
            fullname = to_text(fullname)
            pkgname, dot, _ = str_rpartition(fullname, '.')
            pkg = sys.modules.get(pkgname)
            if pkgname and getattr(pkg, '__loader__', None) is not self:
                self._log.debug('%s is submodule of a locally loaded package',
                                fullname)
                return None

            suffix = fullname[len(pkgname+dot):]
            if pkgname and suffix not in self._present.get(pkgname, ()):
                self._log.debug('%s has no submodule %s', pkgname, suffix)
                return None

            # #114: explicitly whitelisted prefixes override any
            # system-installed package.
            if self.whitelist != ['']:
                if any(fullname.startswith(s) for s in self.whitelist):
                    return self

            try:
                self.builtin_find_module(fullname)
                _vv and self._log.debug('%r is available locally', fullname)
            except ImportError:
                _vv and self._log.debug('we will try to load %r', fullname)
                return self
        finally:
            del _tls.running

    blacklisted_msg = (
        '%r is present in the Mitogen importer blacklist, therefore this '
        'context will not attempt to request it from the master, as the '
        'request will always be refused.'
    )
    pkg_resources_msg = (
        'pkg_resources is prohibited from importing __main__, as it causes '
        'problems in applications whose main module is not designed to be '
        're-imported by children.'
    )
    absent_msg = (
        'The Mitogen master process was unable to serve %r. It may be a '
        'native Python extension, or it may be missing entirely. Check the '
        'importer debug logs on the master for more information.'
    )

    def _refuse_imports(self, fullname):
        if is_blacklisted_import(self, fullname):
            raise ModuleNotFoundError(self.blacklisted_msg % (fullname,))

        f = sys._getframe(2)
        requestee = f.f_globals['__name__']

        if fullname == '__main__' and requestee == 'pkg_resources':
            # Anything that imports pkg_resources will eventually cause
            # pkg_resources to try and scan __main__ for its __requires__
            # attribute (pkg_resources/__init__.py::_build_master()). This
            # breaks any app that is not expecting its __main__ to suddenly be
            # sucked over a network and injected into a remote process, like
            # py.test.
            raise ModuleNotFoundError(self.pkg_resources_msg)

        if fullname == 'pbr':
            # It claims to use pkg_resources to read version information, which
            # would result in PEP-302 being used, but it actually does direct
            # filesystem access. So instead smodge the environment to override
            # any version that was defined. This will probably break something
            # later.
            os.environ['PBR_VERSION'] = '0.0.0'

    def _on_load_module(self, msg):
        if msg.is_dead:
            return

        tup = msg.unpickle()
        fullname = tup[0]
        _v and self._log.debug('received %s', fullname)

        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            self._cache[fullname] = tup
            if tup[2] is not None and PY24:
                self._update_linecache(
                    path='master:' + tup[2],
                    data=zlib.decompress(tup[3])
                )
            callbacks = self._callbacks.pop(fullname, [])
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

        for callback in callbacks:
            callback()

    def _request_module(self, fullname, callback):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            present = fullname in self._cache
            if not present:
                funcs = self._callbacks.get(fullname)
                if funcs is not None:
                    _v and self._log.debug('existing request for %s in flight',
                                           fullname)
                    funcs.append(callback)
                else:
                    _v and self._log.debug('sending new %s request to parent',
                                           fullname)
                    self._callbacks[fullname] = [callback]
                    self._context.send(
                        Message(data=b(fullname), handle=GET_MODULE)
                    )
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

        if present:
            callback()

    def load_module(self, fullname):
        """
        Return the loaded module specified by fullname.

        Implements importlib.abc.Loader.load_module().
        Deprecated in Python 3.4+, replaced by create_module() & exec_module().
        """
        fullname = to_text(fullname)
        _v and self._log.debug('requesting %s', fullname)
        self._refuse_imports(fullname)

        event = threading.Event()
        self._request_module(fullname, event.set)
        event.wait()

        ret = self._cache[fullname]
        if ret[2] is None:
            raise ModuleNotFoundError(self.absent_msg % (fullname,))

        pkg_present = ret[1]
        mod = sys.modules.setdefault(fullname, imp.new_module(fullname))
        mod.__file__ = self.get_filename(fullname)
        mod.__loader__ = self
        if pkg_present is not None:  # it's a package.
            mod.__path__ = []
            mod.__package__ = fullname
            self._present[fullname] = pkg_present
        else:
            mod.__package__ = str_rpartition(fullname, '.')[0] or None

        if mod.__package__ and not PY3:
            # 2.x requires __package__ to be exactly a string.
            mod.__package__, _ = encodings.utf_8.encode(mod.__package__)

        source = self.get_source(fullname)
        try:
            code = compile(source, mod.__file__, 'exec', 0, 1)
        except SyntaxError:
            LOG.exception('while importing %r', fullname)
            raise

        if PY3:
            exec(code, vars(mod))
        else:
            exec('exec code in vars(mod)')

        # #590: if a module replaces itself in sys.modules during import, below
        # is necessary. This matches PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx()
        return sys.modules.get(fullname, mod)

    def get_filename(self, fullname):
        if fullname in self._cache:
            path = self._cache[fullname][2]
            if path is None:
                # If find_loader() returns self but a subsequent master RPC
                # reveals the module can't be loaded, and so load_module()
                # throws ImportError, on Python 3.x it is still possible for
                # the loader to be called to fetch metadata.
                raise ModuleNotFoundError(self.absent_msg % (fullname,))
            return u'master:' + self._cache[fullname][2]

    def get_source(self, fullname):
        if fullname in self._cache:
            compressed = self._cache[fullname][3]
            if compressed is None:
                raise ModuleNotFoundError(self.absent_msg % (fullname,))

            source = zlib.decompress(self._cache[fullname][3])
            if PY3:
                return to_text(source)
            return source


class LogHandler(logging.Handler):
    """
    A :class:`logging.Handler` subclass that arranges for :data:`FORWARD_LOG`
    messages to be sent to a parent context in response to logging messages
    generated by the current context. This is installed by default in child
    contexts during bootstrap, so that :mod:`logging` events can be viewed and
    managed centrally in the master process.

    The handler is initially *corked* after construction, such that it buffers
    messages until :meth:`uncork` is called. This allows logging to be
    installed prior to communication with the target being available, and
    avoids any possible race where early log messages might be dropped.

    :param mitogen.core.Context context:
        The context to send log messages towards. At present this is always
        the master process.
    """
    def __init__(self, context):
        logging.Handler.__init__(self)
        self.context = context
        self.local = threading.local()
        self._buffer = []
        # Private synchronization is needed while corked, to ensure no
        # concurrent call to _send() exists during uncork().
        self._buffer_lock = threading.Lock()

    def uncork(self):
        """
        #305: during startup :class:`LogHandler` may be installed before it is
        possible to route messages, therefore messages are buffered until
        :meth:`uncork` is called by :class:`ExternalContext`.
        """
        self._buffer_lock.acquire()
        try:
            self._send = self.context.send
            for msg in self._buffer:
                self._send(msg)
            self._buffer = None
        finally:
            self._buffer_lock.release()

    def _send(self, msg):
        self._buffer_lock.acquire()
        try:
            if self._buffer is None:
                # uncork() may run concurrent to _send()
                self._send(msg)
            else:
                self._buffer.append(msg)
        finally:
            self._buffer_lock.release()

    def emit(self, rec):
        """
        Send a :data:`FORWARD_LOG` message towards the target context.
        """
        if rec.name == 'mitogen.io' or \
           getattr(self.local, 'in_emit', False):
            return

        self.local.in_emit = True
        try:
            msg = self.format(rec)
            encoded = '%s\x00%s\x00%s' % (rec.name, rec.levelno, msg)
            if isinstance(encoded, UnicodeType):
                # Logging package emits both :(
                encoded = encoded.encode('utf-8')
            self._send(Message(data=encoded, handle=FORWARD_LOG))
        finally:
            self.local.in_emit = False


class Stream(object):
    """
    A :class:`Stream` is one readable and optionally one writeable file
    descriptor (represented by :class:`Side`) aggregated alongside an
    associated :class:`Protocol` that knows how to respond to IO readiness
    events for those descriptors.

    Streams are registered with :class:`Broker`, and callbacks are invoked on
    the broker thread in response to IO activity. When registered using
    :meth:`Broker.start_receive` or :meth:`Broker._start_transmit`, the broker
    may call any of :meth:`on_receive`, :meth:`on_transmit`,
    :meth:`on_shutdown` or :meth:`on_disconnect`.

    It is expected that the :class:`Protocol` associated with a stream will
    change over its life. For example during connection setup, the initial
    protocol may be :class:`mitogen.parent.BootstrapProtocol` that knows how to
    enter SSH and sudo passwords and transmit the :mod:`mitogen.core` source to
    the target, before handing off to :class:`MitogenProtocol` when the target
    process is initialized.

    Streams connecting to children are in turn aggregated by
    :class:`mitogen.parent.Connection`, which contains additional logic for
    managing any child process, and a reference to any separate ``stderr``
    :class:`Stream` connected to that process.
    """
    #: A :class:`Side` representing the stream's receive file descriptor.
    receive_side = None

    #: A :class:`Side` representing the stream's transmit file descriptor.
    transmit_side = None

    #: A :class:`Protocol` representing the protocol active on the stream.
    protocol = None

    #: In parents, the :class:`mitogen.parent.Connection` instance.
    conn = None

    #: The stream name. This is used in the :meth:`__repr__` output in any log
    #: messages, it may be any descriptive string.
    name = u'default'

    def set_protocol(self, protocol):
        """
        Bind a :class:`Protocol` to this stream, by updating
        :attr:`Protocol.stream` to refer to this stream, and updating this
        stream's :attr:`Stream.protocol` to the refer to the protocol. Any
        prior protocol's :attr:`Protocol.stream` is set to :data:`None`.
        """
        if self.protocol:
            self.protocol.stream = None
        self.protocol = protocol
        self.protocol.stream = self

    def accept(self, rfp, wfp):
        """
        Attach a pair of file objects to :attr:`receive_side` and
        :attr:`transmit_side`, after wrapping them in :class:`Side` instances.
        :class:`Side` will call :func:`set_nonblock` and :func:`set_cloexec`
        on the underlying file descriptors during construction.

        The same file object may be used for both sides. The default
        :meth:`on_disconnect` is handles the possibility that only one
        descriptor may need to be closed.

        :param file rfp:
            The file object to receive from.
        :param file wfp:
            The file object to transmit to.
        """
        self.receive_side = Side(self, rfp)
        self.transmit_side = Side(self, wfp)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<Stream %s #%04x>" % (self.name, id(self) & 0xffff,)

    def on_receive(self, broker):
        """
        Invoked by :class:`Broker` when the stream's :attr:`receive_side` has
        been marked readable using :meth:`Broker.start_receive` and the broker
        has detected the associated file descriptor is ready for reading.

        Subclasses must implement this if they are registered using
        :meth:`Broker.start_receive`, and the method must invoke
        :meth:`on_disconnect` if reading produces an empty string.

        The default implementation reads :attr:`Protocol.read_size` bytes and
        passes the resulting bytestring to :meth:`Protocol.on_receive`. If the
        bytestring is 0 bytes, invokes :meth:`on_disconnect` instead.
        """
        buf = self.receive_side.read(self.protocol.read_size)
        if not buf:
            LOG.debug('%r: empty read, disconnecting', self.receive_side)
            return self.on_disconnect(broker)

        self.protocol.on_receive(broker, buf)

    def on_transmit(self, broker):
        """
        Invoked by :class:`Broker` when the stream's :attr:`transmit_side` has
        been marked writeable using :meth:`Broker._start_transmit` and the
        broker has detected the associated file descriptor is ready for
        writing.

        Subclasses must implement they are ever registerd with
        :meth:`Broker._start_transmit`.

        The default implementation invokes :meth:`Protocol.on_transmit`.
        """
        self.protocol.on_transmit(broker)

    def on_shutdown(self, broker):
        """
        Invoked by :meth:`Broker.shutdown` to allow the stream time to
        gracefully shutdown.

        The default implementation emits a ``shutdown`` signal before
        invoking :meth:`on_disconnect`.
        """
        fire(self, 'shutdown')
        self.protocol.on_shutdown(broker)

    def on_disconnect(self, broker):
        """
        Invoked by :class:`Broker` to force disconnect the stream during
        shutdown, invoked by the default :meth:`on_shutdown` implementation,
        and usually invoked by any subclass :meth:`on_receive` implementation
        in response to a 0-byte read.

        The base implementation fires a ``disconnect`` event, then closes
        :attr:`receive_side` and :attr:`transmit_side` after unregistering the
        stream from the broker.
        """
        fire(self, 'disconnect')
        self.protocol.on_disconnect(broker)


class Protocol(object):
    """
    Implement the program behaviour associated with activity on a
    :class:`Stream`. The protocol in use may vary over a stream's life, for
    example to allow :class:`mitogen.parent.BootstrapProtocol` to initialize
    the connected child before handing it off to :class:`MitogenProtocol`. A
    stream's active protocol is tracked in the :attr:`Stream.protocol`
    attribute, and modified via :meth:`Stream.set_protocol`.

    Protocols do not handle IO, they are entirely reliant on the interface
    provided by :class:`Stream` and :class:`Side`, allowing the underlying IO
    implementation to be replaced without modifying behavioural logic.
    """
    stream_class = Stream

    #: The :class:`Stream` this protocol is currently bound to, or
    #: :data:`None`.
    stream = None

    #: The size of the read buffer used by :class:`Stream` when this is the
    #: active protocol for the stream.
    read_size = CHUNK_SIZE

    @classmethod
    def build_stream(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        stream = cls.stream_class()
        stream.set_protocol(cls(*args, **kwargs))
        return stream

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%s)' % (
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.stream and self.stream.name,
        )

    def on_shutdown(self, broker):
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: shutting down', self)
        self.stream.on_disconnect(broker)

    def on_disconnect(self, broker):
        # Normally both sides an FD, so it is important that tranmit_side is
        # deregistered from Poller before closing the receive side, as pollers
        # like epoll and kqueue unregister all events on FD close, causing
        # subsequent attempt to unregister the transmit side to fail.
        LOG.debug('%r: disconnecting', self)
        broker.stop_receive(self.stream)
        if self.stream.transmit_side:
            broker._stop_transmit(self.stream)

        self.stream.receive_side.close()
        if self.stream.transmit_side:
            self.stream.transmit_side.close()


class DelimitedProtocol(Protocol):
    """
    Provide a :meth:`Protocol.on_receive` implementation for protocols that are
    delimited by a fixed string, like text based protocols. Each message is
    passed to :meth:`on_line_received` as it arrives, with incomplete messages
    passed to :meth:`on_partial_line_received`.

    When emulating user input it is often necessary to respond to incomplete
    lines, such as when a "Password: " prompt is sent.
    :meth:`on_partial_line_received` may be called repeatedly with an
    increasingly complete message. When a complete message is finally received,
    :meth:`on_line_received` will be called once for it before the buffer is
    discarded.

    If :func:`on_line_received` returns :data:`False`, remaining data is passed
    unprocessed to the stream's current protocol's :meth:`on_receive`. This
    allows switching from line-oriented to binary while the input buffer
    contains both kinds of data.
    """
    #: The delimiter. Defaults to newline.
    delimiter = b('\n')
    _trailer = b('')

    def on_receive(self, broker, buf):
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.on_receive()', self)
        stream = self.stream
        self._trailer, cont = mitogen.core.iter_split(
            buf=self._trailer + buf,
            delim=self.delimiter,
            func=self.on_line_received,
        )

        if self._trailer:
            if cont:
                self.on_partial_line_received(self._trailer)
            else:
                assert stream.protocol is not self, \
                    'stream protocol is no longer %r' % (self,)
                stream.protocol.on_receive(broker, self._trailer)

    def on_line_received(self, line):
        """
        Receive a line from the stream.

        :param bytes line:
            The encoded line, excluding the delimiter.
        :returns:
            :data:`False` to indicate this invocation modified the stream's
            active protocol, and any remaining buffered data should be passed
            to the new protocol's :meth:`on_receive` method.

            Any other return value is ignored.
        """
        pass

    def on_partial_line_received(self, line):
        """
        Receive a trailing unterminated partial line from the stream.

        :param bytes line:
            The encoded partial line.
        """
        pass


class BufferedWriter(object):
    """
    Implement buffered output while avoiding quadratic string operations. This
    is currently constructed by each protocol, in future it may become fixed
    for each stream instead.
    """
    def __init__(self, broker, protocol):
        self._broker = broker
        self._protocol = protocol
        self._buf = collections.deque()
        self._len = 0

    def write(self, s):
        """
        Transmit `s` immediately, falling back to enqueuing it and marking the
        stream writeable if no OS buffer space is available.
        """
        if not self._len:
            # Modifying epoll/Kqueue state is expensive, as are needless broker
            # loops. Rather than wait for writeability, just write immediately,
            # and fall back to the broker loop on error or full buffer.
            try:
                n = self._protocol.stream.transmit_side.write(s)
                if n:
                    if n == len(s):
                        return
                    s = s[n:]
            except OSError:
                pass

            self._broker._start_transmit(self._protocol.stream)
        self._buf.append(s)
        self._len += len(s)

    def on_transmit(self, broker):
        """
        Respond to stream writeability by retrying previously buffered
        :meth:`write` calls.
        """
        if self._buf:
            buf = self._buf.popleft()
            written = self._protocol.stream.transmit_side.write(buf)
            if not written:
                _v and LOG.debug('disconnected during write to %r', self)
                self._protocol.stream.on_disconnect(broker)
                return
            elif written != len(buf):
                self._buf.appendleft(BufferType(buf, written))

            _vv and IOLOG.debug('transmitted %d bytes to %r', written, self)
            self._len -= written

        if not self._buf:
            broker._stop_transmit(self._protocol.stream)


class Side(object):
    """
    Represent one side of a :class:`Stream`. This allows unidirectional (e.g.
    pipe) and bidirectional (e.g. socket) streams to operate identically.

    Sides are also responsible for tracking the open/closed state of the
    underlying FD, preventing erroneous duplicate calls to :func:`os.close` due
    to duplicate :meth:`Stream.on_disconnect` calls, which would otherwise risk
    silently succeeding by closing an unrelated descriptor. For this reason, it
    is crucial only one file object exists per unique descriptor.

    :param mitogen.core.Stream stream:
        The stream this side is associated with.
    :param object fp:
        The file or socket object managing the underlying file descriptor. Any
        object may be used that supports `fileno()` and `close()` methods.
    :param bool cloexec:
        If :data:`True`, the descriptor has its :data:`fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC` flag
        enabled using :func:`fcntl.fcntl`.
    :param bool keep_alive:
        If :data:`True`, the continued existence of this side will extend the
        shutdown grace period until it has been unregistered from the broker.
    :param bool blocking:
        If :data:`False`, the descriptor has its :data:`os.O_NONBLOCK` flag
        enabled using :func:`fcntl.fcntl`.
    """
    _fork_refs = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
    closed = False

    def __init__(self, stream, fp, cloexec=True, keep_alive=True, blocking=False):
        #: The :class:`Stream` for which this is a read or write side.
        self.stream = stream
        # File or socket object responsible for the lifetime of its underlying
        # file descriptor.
        self.fp = fp
        #: Integer file descriptor to perform IO on, or :data:`None` if
        #: :meth:`close` has been called. This is saved separately from the
        #: file object, since :meth:`file.fileno` cannot be called on it after
        #: it has been closed.
        self.fd = fp.fileno()
        #: If :data:`True`, causes presence of this side in
        #: :class:`Broker`'s active reader set to defer shutdown until the
        #: side is disconnected.
        self.keep_alive = keep_alive
        self._fork_refs[id(self)] = self
        if cloexec:
            set_cloexec(self.fd)
        if not blocking:
            set_nonblock(self.fd)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Side of %s fd %s>' % (
            self.stream.name or repr(self.stream),
            self.fd
        )

    @classmethod
    def _on_fork(cls):
        while cls._fork_refs:
            _, side = cls._fork_refs.popitem()
            _vv and IOLOG.debug('Side._on_fork() closing %r', side)
            side.close()

    def close(self):
        """
        Call :meth:`file.close` on :attr:`fp` if it is not :data:`None`,
        then set it to :data:`None`.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.close()', self)
        if not self.closed:
            self.closed = True
            self.fp.close()

    def read(self, n=CHUNK_SIZE):
        """
        Read up to `n` bytes from the file descriptor, wrapping the underlying
        :func:`os.read` call with :func:`io_op` to trap common disconnection
        conditions.

        :meth:`read` always behaves as if it is reading from a regular UNIX
        file; socket, pipe, and TTY disconnection errors are masked and result
        in a 0-sized read like a regular file.

        :returns:
            Bytes read, or the empty string to indicate disconnection was
            detected.
        """
        if self.closed:
            # Refuse to touch the handle after closed, it may have been reused
            # by another thread. TODO: synchronize read()/write()/close().
            return b('')
        s, disconnected = io_op(os.read, self.fd, n)
        if disconnected:
            LOG.debug('%r: disconnected during read: %s', self, disconnected)
            return b('')
        return s

    def write(self, s):
        """
        Write as much of the bytes from `s` as possible to the file descriptor,
        wrapping the underlying :func:`os.write` call with :func:`io_op` to
        trap common disconnection conditions.

        :returns:
            Number of bytes written, or :data:`None` if disconnection was
            detected.
        """
        if self.closed:
            # Don't touch the handle after close, it may be reused elsewhere.
            return None

        written, disconnected = io_op(os.write, self.fd, s)
        if disconnected:
            LOG.debug('%r: disconnected during write: %s', self, disconnected)
            return None
        return written


class MitogenProtocol(Protocol):
    """
    :class:`Protocol` implementing mitogen's :ref:`stream protocol
    <stream-protocol>`.
    """
    #: If not :data:`False`, indicates the stream has :attr:`auth_id` set and
    #: its value is the same as :data:`mitogen.context_id` or appears in
    #: :data:`mitogen.parent_ids`.
    is_privileged = False

    #: Invoked as `on_message(stream, msg)` each message received from the
    #: peer.
    on_message = None

    def __init__(self, router, remote_id, auth_id=None,
                 local_id=None, parent_ids=None):
        self._router = router
        self.remote_id = remote_id
        #: If not :data:`None`, :class:`Router` stamps this into
        #: :attr:`Message.auth_id` of every message received on this stream.
        self.auth_id = auth_id

        if parent_ids is None:
            parent_ids = mitogen.parent_ids
        if local_id is None:
            local_id = mitogen.context_id

        self.is_privileged = (
            (remote_id in parent_ids) or
            auth_id in ([local_id] + parent_ids)
        )
        self.sent_modules = set(['mitogen', 'mitogen.core'])
        self._input_buf = collections.deque()
        self._input_buf_len = 0
        self._writer = BufferedWriter(router.broker, self)

        #: Routing records the dst_id of every message arriving from this
        #: stream. Any arriving DEL_ROUTE is rebroadcast for any such ID.
        self.egress_ids = set()

    def on_receive(self, broker, buf):
        """
        Handle the next complete message on the stream. Raise
        :class:`StreamError` on failure.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.on_receive()', self)
        if self._input_buf and self._input_buf_len < 128:
            self._input_buf[0] += buf
        else:
            self._input_buf.append(buf)

        self._input_buf_len += len(buf)
        while self._receive_one(broker):
            pass

    corrupt_msg = (
        '%s: Corruption detected: frame signature incorrect. This likely means'
        ' some external process is interfering with the connection. Received:'
        '\n\n'
        '%r'
    )

    def _receive_one(self, broker):
        if self._input_buf_len < Message.HEADER_LEN:
            return False

        msg = Message()
        msg.router = self._router
        (magic, msg.dst_id, msg.src_id, msg.auth_id,
         msg.handle, msg.reply_to, msg_len) = struct.unpack(
            Message.HEADER_FMT,
            self._input_buf[0][:Message.HEADER_LEN],
        )

        if magic != Message.HEADER_MAGIC:
            LOG.error(self.corrupt_msg, self.stream.name, self._input_buf[0][:2048])
            self.stream.on_disconnect(broker)
            return False

        if msg_len > self._router.max_message_size:
            LOG.error('%r: Maximum message size exceeded (got %d, max %d)',
                      self, msg_len, self._router.max_message_size)
            self.stream.on_disconnect(broker)
            return False

        total_len = msg_len + Message.HEADER_LEN
        if self._input_buf_len < total_len:
            _vv and IOLOG.debug(
                '%r: Input too short (want %d, got %d)',
                self, msg_len, self._input_buf_len - Message.HEADER_LEN
            )
            return False

        start = Message.HEADER_LEN
        prev_start = start
        remain = total_len
        bits = []
        while remain:
            buf = self._input_buf.popleft()
            bit = buf[start:remain]
            bits.append(bit)
            remain -= len(bit) + start
            prev_start = start
            start = 0

        msg.data = b('').join(bits)
        self._input_buf.appendleft(buf[prev_start+len(bit):])
        self._input_buf_len -= total_len
        self._router._async_route(msg, self.stream)
        return True

    def pending_bytes(self):
        """
        Return the number of bytes queued for transmission on this stream. This
        can be used to limit the amount of data buffered in RAM by an otherwise
        unlimited consumer.

        For an accurate result, this method should be called from the Broker
        thread, for example by using :meth:`Broker.defer_sync`.
        """
        return self._writer._len

    def on_transmit(self, broker):
        """
        Transmit buffered messages.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.on_transmit()', self)
        self._writer.on_transmit(broker)

    def _send(self, msg):
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._send(%r)', self, msg)
        self._writer.write(msg.pack())

    def send(self, msg):
        """
        Send `data` to `handle`, and tell the broker we have output. May be
        called from any thread.
        """
        self._router.broker.defer(self._send, msg)

    def on_shutdown(self, broker):
        """
        Disable :class:`Protocol` immediate disconnect behaviour.
        """
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: shutting down', self)


class Context(object):
    """
    Represent a remote context regardless of the underlying connection method.
    Context objects are simple facades that emit messages through an
    associated router, and have :ref:`signals` raised against them in response
    to various events relating to the context.

    **Note:** This is the somewhat limited core version, used by child
    contexts. The master subclass is documented below this one.

    Contexts maintain no internal state and are thread-safe.

    Prefer :meth:`Router.context_by_id` over constructing context objects
    explicitly, as that method is deduplicating, and returns the only context
    instance :ref:`signals` will be raised on.

    :param mitogen.core.Router router:
        Router to emit messages through.
    :param int context_id:
        Context ID.
    :param str name:
        Context name.
    """
    name = None
    remote_name = None

    def __init__(self, router, context_id, name=None):
        self.router = router
        self.context_id = context_id
        if name:
            self.name = to_text(name)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return _unpickle_context, (self.context_id, self.name)

    def on_disconnect(self):
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: disconnecting', self)
        fire(self, 'disconnect')

    def send_async(self, msg, persist=False):
        """
        Arrange for `msg` to be delivered to this context, with replies
        directed to a newly constructed receiver. :attr:`dst_id
        <Message.dst_id>` is set to the target context ID, and :attr:`reply_to
        <Message.reply_to>` is set to the newly constructed receiver's handle.

        :param bool persist:
            If :data:`False`, the handler will be unregistered after a single
            message has been received.

        :param mitogen.core.Message msg:
            The message.

        :returns:
            :class:`Receiver` configured to receive any replies sent to the
            message's `reply_to` handle.
        """
        receiver = Receiver(self.router, persist=persist, respondent=self)
        msg.dst_id = self.context_id
        msg.reply_to = receiver.handle

        _v and LOG.debug('sending message to %r: %r', self, msg)
        self.send(msg)
        return receiver

    def call_service_async(self, service_name, method_name, **kwargs):
        if isinstance(service_name, BytesType):
            service_name = service_name.encode('utf-8')
        elif not isinstance(service_name, UnicodeType):
            service_name = service_name.name()  # Service.name()
        _v and LOG.debug('calling service %s.%s of %r, args: %r',
                         service_name, method_name, self, kwargs)
        tup = (service_name, to_text(method_name), Kwargs(kwargs))
        msg = Message.pickled(tup, handle=CALL_SERVICE)
        return self.send_async(msg)

    def send(self, msg):
        """
        Arrange for `msg` to be delivered to this context. :attr:`dst_id
        <Message.dst_id>` is set to the target context ID.

        :param Message msg:
            Message.
        """
        msg.dst_id = self.context_id
        self.router.route(msg)

    def call_service(self, service_name, method_name, **kwargs):
        recv = self.call_service_async(service_name, method_name, **kwargs)
        return recv.get().unpickle()

    def send_await(self, msg, deadline=None):
        """
        Like :meth:`send_async`, but expect a single reply (`persist=False`)
        delivered within `deadline` seconds.

        :param mitogen.core.Message msg:
            The message.
        :param float deadline:
            If not :data:`None`, seconds before timing out waiting for a reply.
        :returns:
            Deserialized reply.
        :raises TimeoutError:
            No message was received and `deadline` passed.
        """
        receiver = self.send_async(msg)
        response = receiver.get(deadline)
        data = response.unpickle()
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._send_await() -> %r', self, data)
        return data

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Context(%s, %r)' % (self.context_id, self.name)


def _unpickle_context(context_id, name, router=None):
    if not (isinstance(context_id, (int, long)) and context_id >= 0 and (
        (name is None) or
        (isinstance(name, UnicodeType) and len(name) < 100))
    ):
        raise TypeError('cannot unpickle Context: bad input')

    if isinstance(router, Router):
        return router.context_by_id(context_id, name=name)
    return Context(None, context_id, name)  # For plain Jane pickle.


class Poller(object):
    """
    A poller manages OS file descriptors the user is waiting to become
    available for IO. The :meth:`poll` method blocks the calling thread
    until one or more become ready. The default implementation is based on
    :func:`select.poll`.

    Each descriptor has an associated `data` element, which is unique for each
    readiness type, and defaults to being the same as the file descriptor. The
    :meth:`poll` method yields the data associated with a descriptor, rather
    than the descriptor itself, allowing concise loops like::

        p = Poller()
        p.start_receive(conn.fd, data=conn.on_read)
        p.start_transmit(conn.fd, data=conn.on_write)

        for callback in p.poll():
            callback()  # invoke appropriate bound instance method

    Pollers may be modified while :meth:`poll` is yielding results. Removals
    are processed immediately, causing pending events for the descriptor to be
    discarded.

    The :meth:`close` method must be called when a poller is discarded to avoid
    a resource leak.

    Pollers may only be used by one thread at a time.
    """
    SUPPORTED = True

    # This changed from select() to poll() in Mitogen 0.2.4. Since poll() has
    # no upper FD limit, it is suitable for use with Latch, which must handle
    # FDs larger than select's limit during many-host runs. We want this
    # because poll() requires no setup and teardown: just a single system call,
    # which is important because Latch.get() creates a Poller on each
    # invocation. In a microbenchmark, poll() vs. epoll_ctl() is 30% faster in
    # this scenario. If select() must return in future, it is important
    # Latch.poller_class is set from parent.py to point to the industrial
    # strength poller for the OS, otherwise Latch will fail randomly.

    #: Increments on every poll(). Used to version _rfds and _wfds.
    _generation = 1

    def __init__(self):
        self._rfds = {}
        self._wfds = {}

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s' % (type(self).__name__,)

    def _update(self, fd):
        """
        Required by PollPoller subclass.
        """
        pass

    @property
    def readers(self):
        """
        Return a list of `(fd, data)` tuples for every FD registered for
        receive readiness.
        """
        return list((fd, data) for fd, (data, gen) in self._rfds.items())

    @property
    def writers(self):
        """
        Return a list of `(fd, data)` tuples for every FD registered for
        transmit readiness.
        """
        return list((fd, data) for fd, (data, gen) in self._wfds.items())

    def close(self):
        """
        Close any underlying OS resource used by the poller.
        """
        pass

    def start_receive(self, fd, data=None):
        """
        Cause :meth:`poll` to yield `data` when `fd` is readable.
        """
        self._rfds[fd] = (data or fd, self._generation)
        self._update(fd)

    def stop_receive(self, fd):
        """
        Stop yielding readability events for `fd`.

        Redundant calls to :meth:`stop_receive` are silently ignored, this may
        change in future.
        """
        self._rfds.pop(fd, None)
        self._update(fd)

    def start_transmit(self, fd, data=None):
        """
        Cause :meth:`poll` to yield `data` when `fd` is writeable.
        """
        self._wfds[fd] = (data or fd, self._generation)
        self._update(fd)

    def stop_transmit(self, fd):
        """
        Stop yielding writeability events for `fd`.

        Redundant calls to :meth:`stop_transmit` are silently ignored, this may
        change in future.
        """
        self._wfds.pop(fd, None)
        self._update(fd)

    def _poll(self, timeout):
        (rfds, wfds, _), _ = io_op(select.select,
            self._rfds,
            self._wfds,
            (), timeout
        )

        for fd in rfds:
            _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r: POLLIN for %r', self, fd)
            data, gen = self._rfds.get(fd, (None, None))
            if gen and gen < self._generation:
                yield data

        for fd in wfds:
            _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r: POLLOUT for %r', self, fd)
            data, gen = self._wfds.get(fd, (None, None))
            if gen and gen < self._generation:
                yield data

    def poll(self, timeout=None):
        """
        Block the calling thread until one or more FDs are ready for IO.

        :param float timeout:
            If not :data:`None`, seconds to wait without an event before
            returning an empty iterable.
        :returns:
            Iterable of `data` elements associated with ready FDs.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.poll(%r)', self, timeout)
        self._generation += 1
        return self._poll(timeout)


class Latch(object):
    """
    A latch is a :class:`Queue.Queue`-like object that supports mutation and
    waiting from multiple threads, however unlike :class:`Queue.Queue`,
    waiting threads always remain interruptible, so CTRL+C always succeeds, and
    waits where a timeout is set experience no wake up latency. These
    properties are not possible in combination using the built-in threading
    primitives available in Python 2.x.

    Latches implement queues using the UNIX self-pipe trick, and a per-thread
    :func:`socket.socketpair` that is lazily created the first time any
    latch attempts to sleep on a thread, and dynamically associated with the
    waiting Latch only for duration of the wait.

    See :ref:`waking-sleeping-threads` for further discussion.
    """
    #: The :class:`Poller` implementation to use for waiting. Since the poller
    #: will be very short-lived, we prefer :class:`mitogen.parent.PollPoller`
    #: if it is available, or :class:`mitogen.core.Poller` otherwise, since
    #: these implementations require no system calls to create, configure or
    #: destroy.
    poller_class = Poller

    #: If not :data:`None`, a function invoked as `notify(latch)` after a
    #: successful call to :meth:`put`. The function is invoked on the
    #: :meth:`put` caller's thread, which may be the :class:`Broker` thread,
    #: therefore it must not block. Used by :class:`mitogen.select.Select` to
    #: efficiently implement waiting on multiple event sources.
    notify = None

    # The _cls_ prefixes here are to make it crystal clear in the code which
    # state mutation isn't covered by :attr:`_lock`.

    #: List of reusable :func:`socket.socketpair` tuples. The list is mutated
    #: from multiple threads, the only safe operations are `append()` and
    #: `pop()`.
    _cls_idle_socketpairs = []

    #: List of every socket object that must be closed by :meth:`_on_fork`.
    #: Inherited descriptors cannot be reused, as the duplicated handles
    #: reference the same underlying kernel object in use by the parent.
    _cls_all_sockets = []

    def __init__(self):
        self.closed = False
        self._lock = threading.Lock()
        #: List of unconsumed enqueued items.
        self._queue = []
        #: List of `(wsock, cookie)` awaiting an element, where `wsock` is the
        #: socketpair's write side, and `cookie` is the string to write.
        self._sleeping = []
        #: Number of elements of :attr:`_sleeping` that have already been
        #: woken, and have a corresponding element index from :attr:`_queue`
        #: assigned to them.
        self._waking = 0

    @classmethod
    def _on_fork(cls):
        """
        Clean up any files belonging to the parent process after a fork.
        """
        cls._cls_idle_socketpairs = []
        while cls._cls_all_sockets:
            cls._cls_all_sockets.pop().close()

    def close(self):
        """
        Mark the latch as closed, and cause every sleeping thread to be woken,
        with :class:`mitogen.core.LatchError` raised in each thread.
        """
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            self.closed = True
            while self._waking < len(self._sleeping):
                wsock, cookie = self._sleeping[self._waking]
                self._wake(wsock, cookie)
                self._waking += 1
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def size(self):
        """
        Return the number of items currently buffered.

        As with :class:`Queue.Queue`, `0` may be returned even though a
        subsequent call to :meth:`get` will succeed, since a message may be
        posted at any moment between :meth:`size` and :meth:`get`.

        As with :class:`Queue.Queue`, `>0` may be returned even though a
        subsequent call to :meth:`get` will block, since another waiting thread
        may be woken at any moment between :meth:`size` and :meth:`get`.

        :raises LatchError:
            The latch has already been marked closed.
        """
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            if self.closed:
                raise LatchError()
            return len(self._queue)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def empty(self):
        """
        Return `size() == 0`.

        .. deprecated:: 0.2.8
           Use :meth:`size` instead.

        :raises LatchError:
            The latch has already been marked closed.
        """
        return self.size() == 0

    def _get_socketpair(self):
        """
        Return an unused socketpair, creating one if none exist.
        """
        try:
            return self._cls_idle_socketpairs.pop()  # pop() must be atomic
        except IndexError:
            rsock, wsock = socket.socketpair()
            rsock.setblocking(False)
            set_cloexec(rsock.fileno())
            set_cloexec(wsock.fileno())
            self._cls_all_sockets.extend((rsock, wsock))
            return rsock, wsock

    COOKIE_MAGIC, = struct.unpack('L', b('LTCH') * (struct.calcsize('L')//4))
    COOKIE_FMT = '>Qqqq'  # #545: id() and get_ident() may exceed long on armhfp.
    COOKIE_SIZE = struct.calcsize(COOKIE_FMT)

    def _make_cookie(self):
        """
        Return a string encoding the ID of the process, instance and thread.
        This disambiguates legitimate wake-ups, accidental writes to the FD,
        and buggy internal FD sharing.
        """
        return struct.pack(self.COOKIE_FMT, self.COOKIE_MAGIC,
                           os.getpid(), id(self), thread.get_ident())

    def get(self, timeout=None, block=True):
        """
        Return the next enqueued object, or sleep waiting for one.

        :param float timeout:
            If not :data:`None`, specifies a timeout in seconds.

        :param bool block:
            If :data:`False`, immediately raise
            :class:`mitogen.core.TimeoutError` if the latch is empty.

        :raises mitogen.core.LatchError:
            :meth:`close` has been called, and the object is no longer valid.

        :raises mitogen.core.TimeoutError:
            Timeout was reached.

        :returns:
            The de-queued object.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.get(timeout=%r, block=%r)',
                            self, timeout, block)
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            if self.closed:
                raise LatchError()
            i = len(self._sleeping)
            if len(self._queue) > i:
                _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.get() -> %r', self, self._queue[i])
                return self._queue.pop(i)
            if not block:
                raise TimeoutError()
            rsock, wsock = self._get_socketpair()
            cookie = self._make_cookie()
            self._sleeping.append((wsock, cookie))
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

        poller = self.poller_class()
        poller.start_receive(rsock.fileno())
        try:
            return self._get_sleep(poller, timeout, block, rsock, wsock, cookie)
        finally:
            poller.close()

    def _get_sleep(self, poller, timeout, block, rsock, wsock, cookie):
        """
        When a result is not immediately available, sleep waiting for
        :meth:`put` to write a byte to our socket pair.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug(
            '%r._get_sleep(timeout=%r, block=%r, fd=%d/%d)',
            self, timeout, block, rsock.fileno(), wsock.fileno()
        )

        e = None
        try:
            list(poller.poll(timeout))
        except Exception:
            e = sys.exc_info()[1]

        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            i = self._sleeping.index((wsock, cookie))
            del self._sleeping[i]

            try:
                got_cookie = rsock.recv(self.COOKIE_SIZE)
            except socket.error:
                e2 = sys.exc_info()[1]
                if e2.args[0] == errno.EAGAIN:
                    e = TimeoutError()
                else:
                    e = e2

            self._cls_idle_socketpairs.append((rsock, wsock))
            if e:
                raise e

            assert cookie == got_cookie, (
                "Cookie incorrect; got %r, expected %r"
                % (binascii.hexlify(got_cookie),
                   binascii.hexlify(cookie))
            )
            assert i < self._waking, (
                "Cookie correct, but no queue element assigned."
            )
            self._waking -= 1
            if self.closed:
                raise LatchError()
            _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.get() wake -> %r', self, self._queue[i])
            return self._queue.pop(i)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def put(self, obj=None):
        """
        Enqueue an object, waking the first thread waiting for a result, if one
        exists.

        :param obj:
            Object to enqueue. Defaults to :data:`None` as a convenience when
            using :class:`Latch` only for synchronization.
        :raises mitogen.core.LatchError:
            :meth:`close` has been called, and the object is no longer valid.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.put(%r)', self, obj)
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            if self.closed:
                raise LatchError()
            self._queue.append(obj)

            wsock = None
            if self._waking < len(self._sleeping):
                wsock, cookie = self._sleeping[self._waking]
                self._waking += 1
                _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.put() -> waking wfd=%r',
                                    self, wsock.fileno())
            elif self.notify:
                self.notify(self)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

        if wsock:
            self._wake(wsock, cookie)

    def _wake(self, wsock, cookie):
        written, disconnected = io_op(os.write, wsock.fileno(), cookie)
        assert written == len(cookie) and not disconnected

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Latch(%#x, size=%d, t=%r)' % (
            id(self),
            len(self._queue),
            threading__thread_name(threading__current_thread()),
        )


class Waker(Protocol):
    """
    :class:`Protocol` implementing the `UNIX self-pipe trick`_. Used to wake
    :class:`Broker` when another thread needs to modify its state, by enqueing
    a function call to run on the :class:`Broker` thread.

    .. _UNIX self-pipe trick: https://cr.yp.to/docs/selfpipe.html
    """
    read_size = 1
    broker_ident = None

    @classmethod
    def build_stream(cls, broker):
        stream = super(Waker, cls).build_stream(broker)
        stream.accept(*pipe())
        return stream

    def __init__(self, broker):
        self._broker = broker
        self._deferred = collections.deque()

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Waker(fd=%r/%r)' % (
            self.stream.receive_side and self.stream.receive_side.fd,
            self.stream.transmit_side and self.stream.transmit_side.fd,
        )

    @property
    def keep_alive(self):
        """
        Prevent immediate Broker shutdown while deferred functions remain.
        """
        return len(self._deferred)

    def on_receive(self, broker, buf):
        """
        Drain the pipe and fire callbacks. Since :attr:`_deferred` is
        synchronized, :meth:`defer` and :meth:`on_receive` can conspire to
        ensure only one byte needs to be pending regardless of queue length.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.on_receive()', self)
        while True:
            try:
                func, args, kwargs = self._deferred.popleft()
            except IndexError:
                return

            try:
                func(*args, **kwargs)
            except Exception:
                LOG.exception('defer() crashed: %r(*%r, **%r)',
                              func, args, kwargs)
                broker.shutdown()

    def _wake(self):
        """
        Wake the multiplexer by writing a byte. If Broker is midway through
        teardown, the FD may already be closed, so ignore EBADF.
        """
        try:
            self.stream.transmit_side.write(b(' '))
        except OSError:
            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
            if e.args[0] not in (errno.EBADF, errno.EWOULDBLOCK):
                raise

    broker_shutdown_msg = (
        "An attempt was made to enqueue a message with a Broker that has "
        "already exitted. It is likely your program called Broker.shutdown() "
        "too early."
    )

    def defer(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Arrange for `func()` to execute on the broker thread. This function
        returns immediately without waiting the result of `func()`. Use
        :meth:`defer_sync` to block until a result is available.

        :raises mitogen.core.Error:
            :meth:`defer` was called after :class:`Broker` has begun shutdown.
        """
        if thread.get_ident() == self.broker_ident:
            _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.defer() [immediate]', self)
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        if self._broker._exitted:
            raise Error(self.broker_shutdown_msg)

        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.defer() [fd=%r]', self,
                            self.stream.transmit_side.fd)
        self._deferred.append((func, args, kwargs))
        self._wake()


class IoLoggerProtocol(DelimitedProtocol):
    """
    Attached to one end of a socket pair whose other end overwrites one of the
    standard ``stdout`` or ``stderr`` file descriptors in a child context.
    Received data is split up into lines, decoded as UTF-8 and logged to the
    :mod:`logging` package as either the ``stdout`` or ``stderr`` logger.

    Logging in child contexts is in turn forwarded to the master process using
    :class:`LogHandler`.
    """
    @classmethod
    def build_stream(cls, name, dest_fd):
        """
        Even though the file descriptor `dest_fd` will hold the opposite end of
        the socket open, we must keep a separate dup() of it (i.e. wsock) in
        case some code decides to overwrite `dest_fd` later, which would
        prevent break :meth:`on_shutdown` from calling :meth:`shutdown()
        <socket.socket.shutdown>` on it.
        """
        rsock, wsock = socket.socketpair()
        os.dup2(wsock.fileno(), dest_fd)
        stream = super(IoLoggerProtocol, cls).build_stream(name)
        stream.name = name
        stream.accept(rsock, wsock)
        return stream

    def __init__(self, name):
        self._log = logging.getLogger(name)
        # #453: prevent accidental log initialization in a child creating a
        # feedback loop.
        self._log.propagate = False
        self._log.handlers = logging.getLogger().handlers[:]

    def on_shutdown(self, broker):
        """
        Shut down the write end of the socket, preventing any further writes to
        it by this process, or subprocess that inherited it. This allows any
        remaining kernel-buffered data to be drained during graceful shutdown
        without the buffer continuously refilling due to some out of control
        child process.
        """
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: shutting down', self)
        if not IS_WSL:
            # #333: WSL generates invalid readiness indication on shutdown().
            # This modifies the *kernel object* inherited by children, causing
            # EPIPE on subsequent writes to any dupped FD in any process. The
            # read side can then drain completely of prior buffered data.
            self.stream.transmit_side.fp.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
        self.stream.transmit_side.close()

    def on_line_received(self, line):
        """
        Decode the received line as UTF-8 and pass it to the logging framework.
        """
        self._log.info('%s', line.decode('utf-8', 'replace'))


class Router(object):
    """
    Route messages between contexts, and invoke local handlers for messages
    addressed to this context. :meth:`Router.route() <route>` straddles the
    :class:`Broker` thread and user threads, it is safe to call anywhere.

    **Note:** This is the somewhat limited core version of the Router class
    used by child contexts. The master subclass is documented below this one.
    """
    #: The :class:`mitogen.core.Context` subclass to use when constructing new
    #: :class:`Context` objects in :meth:`myself` and :meth:`context_by_id`.
    #: Permits :class:`Router` subclasses to extend the :class:`Context`
    #: interface, as done in :class:`mitogen.parent.Router`.
    context_class = Context

    max_message_size = 128 * 1048576

    #: When :data:`True`, permit children to only communicate with the current
    #: context or a parent of the current context. Routing between siblings or
    #: children of parents is prohibited, ensuring no communication is possible
    #: between intentionally partitioned networks, such as when a program
    #: simultaneously manipulates hosts spread across a corporate and a
    #: production network, or production networks that are otherwise
    #: air-gapped.
    #:
    #: Sending a prohibited message causes an error to be logged and a dead
    #: message to be sent in reply to the errant message, if that message has
    #: ``reply_to`` set.
    #:
    #: The value of :data:`unidirectional` becomes the default for the
    #: :meth:`local() <mitogen.master.Router.local>` `unidirectional`
    #: parameter.
    unidirectional = False

    duplicate_handle_msg = 'cannot register a handle that already exists'
    refused_msg = 'refused by policy'
    invalid_handle_msg = 'invalid handle'
    too_large_msg = 'message too large (max %d bytes)'
    respondent_disconnect_msg = 'the respondent Context has disconnected'
    broker_exit_msg = 'Broker has exitted'
    no_route_msg = 'no route to %r, my ID is %r'
    unidirectional_msg = (
        'routing mode prevents forward of message from context %d to '
        'context %d via context %d'
    )

    def __init__(self, broker):
        self.broker = broker
        listen(broker, 'exit', self._on_broker_exit)
        self._setup_logging()

        self._write_lock = threading.Lock()
        #: context ID -> Stream; must hold _write_lock to edit or iterate
        self._stream_by_id = {}
        #: List of contexts to notify of shutdown; must hold _write_lock
        self._context_by_id = {}
        self._last_handle = itertools.count(1000)
        #: handle -> (persistent?, func(msg))
        self._handle_map = {}
        #: Context -> set { handle, .. }
        self._handles_by_respondent = {}
        self.add_handler(self._on_del_route, DEL_ROUTE)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Router(%r)' % (self.broker,)

    def _setup_logging(self):
        """
        This is done in the :class:`Router` constructor for historical reasons.
        It must be called before ExternalContext logs its first messages, but
        after logging has been setup. It must also be called when any router is
        constructed for a consumer app.
        """
        # Here seems as good a place as any.
        global _v, _vv
        _v = logging.getLogger().level <= logging.DEBUG
        _vv = IOLOG.level <= logging.DEBUG

    def _on_del_route(self, msg):
        """
        Stub :data:`DEL_ROUTE` handler; fires 'disconnect' events on the
        corresponding :attr:`_context_by_id` member. This is replaced by
        :class:`mitogen.parent.RouteMonitor` in an upgraded context.
        """
        if msg.is_dead:
            return

        target_id_s, _, name = bytes_partition(msg.data, b(':'))
        target_id = int(target_id_s, 10)
        LOG.error('%r: deleting route to %s (%d)',
                  self, to_text(name), target_id)
        context = self._context_by_id.get(target_id)
        if context:
            fire(context, 'disconnect')
        else:
            LOG.debug('DEL_ROUTE for unknown ID %r: %r', target_id, msg)

    def _on_stream_disconnect(self, stream):
        notify = []
        self._write_lock.acquire()
        try:
            for context in list(self._context_by_id.values()):
                stream_ = self._stream_by_id.get(context.context_id)
                if stream_ is stream:
                    del self._stream_by_id[context.context_id]
                    notify.append(context)
        finally:
            self._write_lock.release()

        # Happens outside lock as e.g. RouteMonitor wants the same lock.
        for context in notify:
            context.on_disconnect()

    def _on_broker_exit(self):
        """
        Called prior to broker exit, informs callbacks registered with
        :meth:`add_handler` the connection is dead.
        """
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: broker has exitted', self)
        while self._handle_map:
            _, (_, func, _, _) = self._handle_map.popitem()
            func(Message.dead(self.broker_exit_msg))

    def myself(self):
        """
        Return a :class:`Context` referring to the current process. Since
        :class:`Context` is serializable, this is convenient to use in remote
        function call parameter lists.
        """
        return self.context_class(
            router=self,
            context_id=mitogen.context_id,
            name='self',
        )

    def context_by_id(self, context_id, via_id=None, create=True, name=None):
        """
        Return or construct a :class:`Context` given its ID. An internal
        mapping of ID to the canonical :class:`Context` representing that ID,
        so that :ref:`signals` can be raised.

        This may be called from any thread, lookup and construction are atomic.

        :param int context_id:
            The context ID to look up.
        :param int via_id:
            If the :class:`Context` does not already exist, set its
            :attr:`Context.via` to the :class:`Context` matching this ID.
        :param bool create:
            If the :class:`Context` does not already exist, create it.
        :param str name:
            If the :class:`Context` does not already exist, set its name.

        :returns:
            :class:`Context`, or return :data:`None` if `create` is
            :data:`False` and no :class:`Context` previously existed.
        """
        context = self._context_by_id.get(context_id)
        if context:
            return context

        if create and via_id is not None:
            via = self.context_by_id(via_id)
        else:
            via = None

        self._write_lock.acquire()
        try:
            context = self._context_by_id.get(context_id)
            if create and not context:
                context = self.context_class(self, context_id, name=name)
                context.via = via
                self._context_by_id[context_id] = context
        finally:
            self._write_lock.release()

        return context

    def register(self, context, stream):
        """
        Register a newly constructed context and its associated stream, and add
        the stream's receive side to the I/O multiplexer. This method remains
        public while the design has not yet settled.
        """
        _v and LOG.debug('%s: registering %r to stream %r',
                         self, context, stream)
        self._write_lock.acquire()
        try:
            self._stream_by_id[context.context_id] = stream
            self._context_by_id[context.context_id] = context
        finally:
            self._write_lock.release()

        self.broker.start_receive(stream)
        listen(stream, 'disconnect', lambda: self._on_stream_disconnect(stream))

    def stream_by_id(self, dst_id):
        """
        Return the :class:`Stream` that should be used to communicate with
        `dst_id`. If a specific route for `dst_id` is not known, a reference to
        the parent context's stream is returned. If the parent is disconnected,
        or when running in the master context, return :data:`None` instead.

        This can be used from any thread, but its output is only meaningful
        from the context of the :class:`Broker` thread, as disconnection or
        replacement could happen in parallel on the broker thread at any
        moment. 
        """
        return (
            self._stream_by_id.get(dst_id) or
            self._stream_by_id.get(mitogen.parent_id)
        )

    def del_handler(self, handle):
        """
        Remove the handle registered for `handle`

        :raises KeyError:
            The handle wasn't registered.
        """
        _, _, _, respondent = self._handle_map.pop(handle)
        if respondent:
            self._handles_by_respondent[respondent].discard(handle)

    def add_handler(self, fn, handle=None, persist=True,
                    policy=None, respondent=None,
                    overwrite=False):
        """
        Invoke `fn(msg)` on the :class:`Broker` thread for each Message sent to
        `handle` from this context. Unregister after one invocation if
        `persist` is :data:`False`. If `handle` is :data:`None`, a new handle
        is allocated and returned.

        :param int handle:
            If not :data:`None`, an explicit handle to register, usually one of
            the ``mitogen.core.*`` constants. If unspecified, a new unused
            handle will be allocated.

        :param bool persist:
            If :data:`False`, the handler will be unregistered after a single
            message has been received.

        :param mitogen.core.Context respondent:
            Context that messages to this handle are expected to be sent from.
            If specified, arranges for a dead message to be delivered to `fn`
            when disconnection of the context is detected.

            In future `respondent` will likely also be used to prevent other
            contexts from sending messages to the handle.

        :param function policy:
            Function invoked as `policy(msg, stream)` where `msg` is a
            :class:`mitogen.core.Message` about to be delivered, and `stream`
            is the :class:`mitogen.core.Stream` on which it was received. The
            function must return :data:`True`, otherwise an error is logged and
            delivery is refused.

            Two built-in policy functions exist:

            * :func:`has_parent_authority`: requires the message arrived from a
              parent context, or a context acting with a parent context's
              authority (``auth_id``).

            * :func:`mitogen.parent.is_immediate_child`: requires the
              message arrived from an immediately connected child, for use in
              messaging patterns where either something becomes buggy or
              insecure by permitting indirect upstream communication.

            In case of refusal, and the message's ``reply_to`` field is
            nonzero, a :class:`mitogen.core.CallError` is delivered to the
            sender indicating refusal occurred.

        :param bool overwrite:
            If :data:`True`, allow existing handles to be silently overwritten.

        :return:
            `handle`, or if `handle` was :data:`None`, the newly allocated
            handle.
        :raises Error:
            Attemp to register handle that was already registered.
        """
        handle = handle or next(self._last_handle)
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.add_handler(%r, %r, %r)', self, fn, handle, persist)
        if handle in self._handle_map and not overwrite:
            raise Error(self.duplicate_handle_msg)

        self._handle_map[handle] = persist, fn, policy, respondent
        if respondent:
            if respondent not in self._handles_by_respondent:
                self._handles_by_respondent[respondent] = set()
                listen(respondent, 'disconnect',
                       lambda: self._on_respondent_disconnect(respondent))
            self._handles_by_respondent[respondent].add(handle)

        return handle

    def _on_respondent_disconnect(self, context):
        for handle in self._handles_by_respondent.pop(context, ()):
            _, fn, _, _  = self._handle_map[handle]
            fn(Message.dead(self.respondent_disconnect_msg))
            del self._handle_map[handle]

    def _maybe_send_dead(self, unreachable, msg, reason, *args):
        """
        Send a dead message to either the original sender or the intended
        recipient of `msg`, if the original sender was expecting a reply
        (because its `reply_to` was set), otherwise assume the message is a
        reply of some sort, and send the dead message to the original
        destination.

        :param bool unreachable:
            If :data:`True`, the recipient is known to be dead or routing
            failed due to a security precaution, so don't attempt to fallback
            to sending the dead message to the recipient if the original sender
            did not include a reply address.
        :param mitogen.core.Message msg:
            Message that triggered the dead message.
        :param str reason:
            Human-readable error reason.
        :param tuple args:
            Elements to interpolate with `reason`.
        """
        if args:
            reason %= args
        LOG.debug('%r: %r is dead: %r', self, msg, reason)
        if msg.reply_to and not msg.is_dead:
            msg.reply(Message.dead(reason=reason), router=self)
        elif not unreachable:
            self._async_route(
                Message.dead(
                    dst_id=msg.dst_id,
                    handle=msg.handle,
                    reason=reason,
                )
            )

    def _invoke(self, msg, stream):
        # IOLOG.debug('%r._invoke(%r)', self, msg)
        try:
            persist, fn, policy, respondent = self._handle_map[msg.handle]
        except KeyError:
            self._maybe_send_dead(True, msg, reason=self.invalid_handle_msg)
            return

        if respondent and not (msg.is_dead or
                               msg.src_id == respondent.context_id):
            self._maybe_send_dead(True, msg, 'reply from unexpected context')
            return

        if policy and not policy(msg, stream):
            self._maybe_send_dead(True, msg, self.refused_msg)
            return

        if not persist:
            self.del_handler(msg.handle)

        try:
            fn(msg)
        except Exception:
            LOG.exception('%r._invoke(%r): %r crashed', self, msg, fn)

    def _async_route(self, msg, in_stream=None):
        """
        Arrange for `msg` to be forwarded towards its destination. If its
        destination is the local context, then arrange for it to be dispatched
        using the local handlers.

        This is a lower overhead version of :meth:`route` that may only be
        called from the :class:`Broker` thread.

        :param Stream in_stream:
            If not :data:`None`, the stream the message arrived on. Used for
            performing source route verification, to ensure sensitive messages
            such as ``CALL_FUNCTION`` arrive only from trusted contexts.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._async_route(%r, %r)', self, msg, in_stream)

        if len(msg.data) > self.max_message_size:
            self._maybe_send_dead(False, msg, self.too_large_msg % (
                self.max_message_size,
            ))
            return

        parent_stream = self._stream_by_id.get(mitogen.parent_id)
        src_stream = self._stream_by_id.get(msg.src_id, parent_stream)

        # When the ingress stream is known, verify the message was received on
        # the same as the stream we would expect to receive messages from the
        # src_id and auth_id. This is like Reverse Path Filtering in IP, and
        # ensures messages from a privileged context cannot be spoofed by a
        # child.
        if in_stream:
            auth_stream = self._stream_by_id.get(msg.auth_id, parent_stream)
            if in_stream != auth_stream:
                LOG.error('%r: bad auth_id: got %r via %r, not %r: %r',
                          self, msg.auth_id, in_stream, auth_stream, msg)
                return

            if msg.src_id != msg.auth_id and in_stream != src_stream:
                LOG.error('%r: bad src_id: got %r via %r, not %r: %r',
                          self, msg.src_id, in_stream, src_stream, msg)
                return

            # If the stream's MitogenProtocol has auth_id set, copy it to the
            # message. This allows subtrees to become privileged by stamping a
            # parent's context ID. It is used by mitogen.unix to mark client
            # streams (like Ansible WorkerProcess) as having the same rights as
            # the parent.
            if in_stream.protocol.auth_id is not None:
                msg.auth_id = in_stream.protocol.auth_id
            if in_stream.protocol.on_message is not None:
                in_stream.protocol.on_message(in_stream, msg)

            # Record the IDs the source ever communicated with.
            in_stream.protocol.egress_ids.add(msg.dst_id)

        if msg.dst_id == mitogen.context_id:
            return self._invoke(msg, in_stream)

        out_stream = self._stream_by_id.get(msg.dst_id)
        if (not out_stream) and (parent_stream != src_stream or not in_stream):
            # No downstream route exists. The message could be from a child or
            # ourselves for a parent, in which case we must forward it
            # upstream, or it could be from a parent for a dead child, in which
            # case its src_id/auth_id would fail verification if returned to
            # the parent, so in that case reply with a dead message instead.
            out_stream = parent_stream

        if out_stream is None:
            self._maybe_send_dead(True, msg, self.no_route_msg,
                                  msg.dst_id, mitogen.context_id)
            return

        if in_stream and self.unidirectional and not \
                (in_stream.protocol.is_privileged or
                 out_stream.protocol.is_privileged):
            self._maybe_send_dead(True, msg, self.unidirectional_msg,
                                  in_stream.protocol.remote_id,
                                  out_stream.protocol.remote_id,
                                  mitogen.context_id)
            return

        out_stream.protocol._send(msg)

    def route(self, msg):
        """
        Arrange for the :class:`Message` `msg` to be delivered to its
        destination using any relevant downstream context, or if none is found,
        by forwarding the message upstream towards the master context. If `msg`
        is destined for the local context, it is dispatched using the handles
        registered with :meth:`add_handler`.

        This may be called from any thread.
        """
        self.broker.defer(self._async_route, msg)


class NullTimerList(object):
    def get_timeout(self):
        return None


class Broker(object):
    """
    Responsible for handling I/O multiplexing in a private thread.

    **Note:** This somewhat limited core version is used by children. The
    master subclass is documented below.
    """
    poller_class = Poller
    _waker = None
    _thread = None

    # :func:`mitogen.parent._upgrade_broker` replaces this with
    # :class:`mitogen.parent.TimerList` during upgrade.
    timers = NullTimerList()

    #: Seconds grace to allow :class:`streams <Stream>` to shutdown gracefully
    #: before force-disconnecting them during :meth:`shutdown`.
    shutdown_timeout = 3.0

    def __init__(self, poller_class=None, activate_compat=True):
        self._alive = True
        self._exitted = False
        self._waker = Waker.build_stream(self)
        #: Arrange for `func(\*args, \**kwargs)` to be executed on the broker
        #: thread, or immediately if the current thread is the broker thread.
        #: Safe to call from any thread.
        self.defer = self._waker.protocol.defer
        self.poller = self.poller_class()
        self.poller.start_receive(
            self._waker.receive_side.fd,
            (self._waker.receive_side, self._waker.on_receive)
        )
        self._thread = threading.Thread(
            target=self._broker_main,
            name='mitogen.broker'
        )
        self._thread.start()
        if activate_compat:
            self._py24_25_compat()

    def _py24_25_compat(self):
        """
        Python 2.4/2.5 have grave difficulties with threads/fork. We
        mandatorily quiesce all running threads during fork using a
        monkey-patch there.
        """
        if sys.version_info < (2, 6):
            # import_module() is used to avoid dep scanner.
            os_fork = import_module('mitogen.os_fork')
            os_fork._notice_broker_or_pool(self)

    def start_receive(self, stream):
        """
        Mark the :attr:`receive_side <Stream.receive_side>` on `stream` as
        ready for reading. Safe to call from any thread. When the associated
        file descriptor becomes ready for reading,
        :meth:`BasicStream.on_receive` will be called.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.start_receive(%r)', self, stream)
        side = stream.receive_side
        assert side and not side.closed
        self.defer(self.poller.start_receive,
                   side.fd, (side, stream.on_receive))

    def stop_receive(self, stream):
        """
        Mark the :attr:`receive_side <Stream.receive_side>` on `stream` as not
        ready for reading. Safe to call from any thread.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r.stop_receive(%r)', self, stream)
        self.defer(self.poller.stop_receive, stream.receive_side.fd)

    def _start_transmit(self, stream):
        """
        Mark the :attr:`transmit_side <Stream.transmit_side>` on `stream` as
        ready for writing. Must only be called from the Broker thread. When the
        associated file descriptor becomes ready for writing,
        :meth:`BasicStream.on_transmit` will be called.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._start_transmit(%r)', self, stream)
        side = stream.transmit_side
        assert side and not side.closed
        self.poller.start_transmit(side.fd, (side, stream.on_transmit))

    def _stop_transmit(self, stream):
        """
        Mark the :attr:`transmit_side <Stream.receive_side>` on `stream` as not
        ready for writing.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._stop_transmit(%r)', self, stream)
        self.poller.stop_transmit(stream.transmit_side.fd)

    def keep_alive(self):
        """
        Return :data:`True` if any reader's :attr:`Side.keep_alive` attribute
        is :data:`True`, or any :class:`Context` is still registered that is
        not the master. Used to delay shutdown while some important work is in
        progress (e.g. log draining).
        """
        it = (side.keep_alive for (_, (side, _)) in self.poller.readers)
        return sum(it, 0) > 0 or self.timers.get_timeout() is not None

    def defer_sync(self, func):
        """
        Arrange for `func()` to execute on :class:`Broker` thread, blocking the
        current thread until a result or exception is available.

        :returns:
            Return value of `func()`.
        """
        latch = Latch()
        def wrapper():
            try:
                latch.put(func())
            except Exception:
                latch.put(sys.exc_info()[1])
        self.defer(wrapper)
        res = latch.get()
        if isinstance(res, Exception):
            raise res
        return res

    def _call(self, stream, func):
        """
        Call `func(self)`, catching any exception that might occur, logging it,
        and force-disconnecting the related `stream`.
        """
        try:
            func(self)
        except Exception:
            LOG.exception('%r crashed', stream)
            stream.on_disconnect(self)

    def _loop_once(self, timeout=None):
        """
        Execute a single :class:`Poller` wait, dispatching any IO events that
        caused the wait to complete.

        :param float timeout:
            If not :data:`None`, maximum time in seconds to wait for events.
        """
        _vv and IOLOG.debug('%r._loop_once(%r, %r)',
                            self, timeout, self.poller)

        timer_to = self.timers.get_timeout()
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = timer_to
        elif timer_to is not None and timer_to < timeout:
            timeout = timer_to

        #IOLOG.debug('readers =\n%s', pformat(self.poller.readers))
        #IOLOG.debug('writers =\n%s', pformat(self.poller.writers))
        for side, func in self.poller.poll(timeout):
            self._call(side.stream, func)
        if timer_to is not None:
            self.timers.expire()

    def _broker_exit(self):
        """
        Forcefully call :meth:`Stream.on_disconnect` on any streams that failed
        to shut down gracefully, then discard the :class:`Poller`.
        """
        for _, (side, _) in self.poller.readers + self.poller.writers:
            LOG.debug('%r: force disconnecting %r', self, side)
            side.stream.on_disconnect(self)

        self.poller.close()

    def _broker_shutdown(self):
        """
        Invoke :meth:`Stream.on_shutdown` for every active stream, then allow
        up to :attr:`shutdown_timeout` seconds for the streams to unregister
        themselves, logging an error if any did not unregister during the grace
        period.
        """
        for _, (side, _) in self.poller.readers + self.poller.writers:
            self._call(side.stream, side.stream.on_shutdown)

        deadline = now() + self.shutdown_timeout
        while self.keep_alive() and now() < deadline:
            self._loop_once(max(0, deadline - now()))

        if self.keep_alive():
            LOG.error('%r: pending work still existed %d seconds after '
                      'shutdown began. This may be due to a timer that is yet '
                      'to expire, or a child connection that did not fully '
                      'shut down.', self, self.shutdown_timeout)

    def _do_broker_main(self):
        """
        Broker thread main function. Dispatches IO events until
        :meth:`shutdown` is called.
        """
        # For Python 2.4, no way to retrieve ident except on thread.
        self._waker.protocol.broker_ident = thread.get_ident()
        try:
            while self._alive:
                self._loop_once()

            fire(self, 'before_shutdown')
            fire(self, 'shutdown')
            self._broker_shutdown()
        except Exception:
            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
            LOG.exception('broker crashed')
            syslog.syslog(syslog.LOG_ERR, 'broker crashed: %s' % (e,))
            syslog.closelog()  # prevent test 'fd leak'.

        self._alive = False  # Ensure _alive is consistent on crash.
        self._exitted = True
        self._broker_exit()

    def _broker_main(self):
        try:
            _profile_hook('mitogen.broker', self._do_broker_main)
        finally:
            # 'finally' to ensure _on_broker_exit() can always SIGTERM.
            fire(self, 'exit')

    def shutdown(self):
        """
        Request broker gracefully disconnect streams and stop. Safe to call
        from any thread.
        """
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: shutting down', self)
        def _shutdown():
            self._alive = False
        if self._alive and not self._exitted:
            self.defer(_shutdown)

    def join(self):
        """
        Wait for the broker to stop, expected to be called after
        :meth:`shutdown`.
        """
        self._thread.join()

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Broker(%04x)' % (id(self) & 0xffff,)


class Dispatcher(object):
    """
    Implementation of the :data:`CALL_FUNCTION` handle for a child context.
    Listens on the child's main thread for messages sent by
    :class:`mitogen.parent.CallChain` and dispatches the function calls they
    describe.

    If a :class:`mitogen.parent.CallChain` sending a message is in pipelined
    mode, any exception that occurs is recorded, and causes all subsequent
    calls with the same `chain_id` to fail with the same exception.
    """
    _service_recv = None

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Dispatcher'

    def __init__(self, econtext):
        self.econtext = econtext
        #: Chain ID -> CallError if prior call failed.
        self._error_by_chain_id = {}
        self.recv = Receiver(
            router=econtext.router,
            handle=CALL_FUNCTION,
            policy=has_parent_authority,
        )
        #: The :data:`CALL_SERVICE` :class:`Receiver` that will eventually be
        #: reused by :class:`mitogen.service.Pool`, should it ever be loaded.
        #: This is necessary for race-free reception of all service requests
        #: delivered regardless of whether the stub or real service pool are
        #: loaded. See #547 for related sorrows.
        Dispatcher._service_recv = Receiver(
            router=econtext.router,
            handle=CALL_SERVICE,
            policy=has_parent_authority,
        )
        self._service_recv.notify = self._on_call_service
        listen(econtext.broker, 'shutdown', self._on_broker_shutdown)

    def _on_broker_shutdown(self):
        if self._service_recv.notify == self._on_call_service:
            self._service_recv.notify = None
        self.recv.close()

    @classmethod
    @takes_econtext
    def forget_chain(cls, chain_id, econtext):
        econtext.dispatcher._error_by_chain_id.pop(chain_id, None)

    def _parse_request(self, msg):
        data = msg.unpickle(throw=False)
        _v and LOG.debug('%r: dispatching %r', self, data)

        chain_id, modname, klass, func, args, kwargs = data
        obj = import_module(modname)
        if klass:
            obj = getattr(obj, klass)
        fn = getattr(obj, func)
        if getattr(fn, 'mitogen_takes_econtext', None):
            kwargs.setdefault('econtext', self.econtext)
        if getattr(fn, 'mitogen_takes_router', None):
            kwargs.setdefault('router', self.econtext.router)

        return chain_id, fn, args, kwargs

    def _dispatch_one(self, msg):
        try:
            chain_id, fn, args, kwargs = self._parse_request(msg)
        except Exception:
            return None, CallError(sys.exc_info()[1])

        if chain_id in self._error_by_chain_id:
            return chain_id, self._error_by_chain_id[chain_id]

        try:
            return chain_id, fn(*args, **kwargs)
        except Exception:
            e = CallError(sys.exc_info()[1])
            if chain_id is not None:
                self._error_by_chain_id[chain_id] = e
            return chain_id, e

    def _on_call_service(self, recv):
        """
        Notifier for the :data:`CALL_SERVICE` receiver. This is called on the
        :class:`Broker` thread for any service messages arriving at this
        context, for as long as no real service pool implementation is loaded.

        In order to safely bootstrap the service pool implementation a sentinel
        message is enqueued on the :data:`CALL_FUNCTION` receiver in order to
        wake the main thread, where the importer can run without any
        possibility of suffering deadlock due to concurrent uses of the
        importer.

        Should the main thread be blocked indefinitely, preventing the import
        from ever running, if it is blocked waiting on a service call, then it
        means :mod:`mitogen.service` has already been imported and
        :func:`mitogen.service.get_or_create_pool` has already run, meaning the
        service pool is already active and the duplicate initialization was not
        needed anyway.

        #547: This trickery is needed to avoid the alternate option of spinning
        a temporary thread to import the service pool, which could deadlock if
        a custom import hook executing on the main thread (under the importer
        lock) would block waiting for some data that was in turn received by a
        service. Main thread import lock can't be released until service is
        running, service cannot satisfy request until import lock is released.
        """
        self.recv._on_receive(Message(handle=STUB_CALL_SERVICE))

    def _init_service_pool(self):
        import mitogen.service
        mitogen.service.get_or_create_pool(router=self.econtext.router)

    def _dispatch_calls(self):
        for msg in self.recv:
            if msg.handle == STUB_CALL_SERVICE:
                if msg.src_id == mitogen.context_id:
                    self._init_service_pool()
                continue

            chain_id, ret = self._dispatch_one(msg)
            _v and LOG.debug('%r: %r -> %r', self, msg, ret)
            if msg.reply_to:
                msg.reply(ret)
            elif isinstance(ret, CallError) and chain_id is None:
                LOG.error('No-reply function call failed: %s', ret)

    def run(self):
        if self.econtext.config.get('on_start'):
            self.econtext.config['on_start'](self.econtext)

        _profile_hook('mitogen.child_main', self._dispatch_calls)


class ExternalContext(object):
    """
    External context implementation.

    This class contains the main program implementation for new children. It is
    responsible for setting up everything about the process environment, import
    hooks, standard IO redirection, logging, configuring a :class:`Router` and
    :class:`Broker`, and finally arranging for :class:`Dispatcher` to take over
    the main thread after initialization is complete.

    .. attribute:: broker

        The :class:`mitogen.core.Broker` instance.

    .. attribute:: context

        The :class:`mitogen.core.Context` instance.

    .. attribute:: channel

        The :class:`mitogen.core.Channel` over which :data:`CALL_FUNCTION`
        requests are received.

    .. attribute:: importer

        The :class:`mitogen.core.Importer` instance.

    .. attribute:: stdout_log

        The :class:`IoLogger` connected to :data:`sys.stdout`.

    .. attribute:: stderr_log

        The :class:`IoLogger` connected to :data:`sys.stderr`.
    """
    detached = False

    def __init__(self, config):
        self.config = config

    def _on_broker_exit(self):
        if not self.config['profiling']:
            os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGTERM)

    def _on_shutdown_msg(self, msg):
        if not msg.is_dead:
            _v and LOG.debug('shutdown request from context %d', msg.src_id)
            self.broker.shutdown()

    def _on_parent_disconnect(self):
        if self.detached:
            mitogen.parent_ids = []
            mitogen.parent_id = None
            LOG.info('Detachment complete')
        else:
            _v and LOG.debug('parent stream is gone, dying.')
            self.broker.shutdown()

    def detach(self):
        self.detached = True
        stream = self.router.stream_by_id(mitogen.parent_id)
        if stream:  # not double-detach()'d
            os.setsid()
            self.parent.send_await(Message(handle=DETACHING))
            LOG.info('Detaching from %r; parent is %s', stream, self.parent)
            for x in range(20):
                pending = self.broker.defer_sync(stream.protocol.pending_bytes)
                if not pending:
                    break
                time.sleep(0.05)
            if pending:
                LOG.error('Stream had %d bytes after 2000ms', pending)
            self.broker.defer(stream.on_disconnect, self.broker)

    def _setup_master(self):
        Router.max_message_size = self.config['max_message_size']
        if self.config['profiling']:
            enable_profiling()
        self.broker = Broker(activate_compat=False)
        self.router = Router(self.broker)
        self.router.debug = self.config.get('debug', False)
        self.router.unidirectional = self.config['unidirectional']
        self.router.add_handler(
            fn=self._on_shutdown_msg,
            handle=SHUTDOWN,
            policy=has_parent_authority,
        )
        self.master = Context(self.router, 0, 'master')
        parent_id = self.config['parent_ids'][0]
        if parent_id == 0:
            self.parent = self.master
        else:
            self.parent = Context(self.router, parent_id, 'parent')

        in_fd = self.config.get('in_fd', 100)
        in_fp = os.fdopen(os.dup(in_fd), 'rb', 0)
        os.close(in_fd)

        out_fp = os.fdopen(os.dup(self.config.get('out_fd', 1)), 'wb', 0)
        self.stream = MitogenProtocol.build_stream(
            self.router,
            parent_id,
            local_id=self.config['context_id'],
            parent_ids=self.config['parent_ids']
        )
        self.stream.accept(in_fp, out_fp)
        self.stream.name = 'parent'
        self.stream.receive_side.keep_alive = False

        listen(self.stream, 'disconnect', self._on_parent_disconnect)
        listen(self.broker, 'exit', self._on_broker_exit)

    def _reap_first_stage(self):
        try:
            os.wait()  # Reap first stage.
        except OSError:
            pass  # No first stage exists (e.g. fakessh)

    def _setup_logging(self):
        self.log_handler = LogHandler(self.master)
        root = logging.getLogger()
        root.setLevel(self.config['log_level'])
        root.handlers = [self.log_handler]
        if self.config['debug']:
            enable_debug_logging()

    def _setup_importer(self):
        importer = self.config.get('importer')
        if importer:
            importer._install_handler(self.router)
            importer._context = self.parent
        else:
            core_src_fd = self.config.get('core_src_fd', 101)
            if core_src_fd:
                fp = os.fdopen(core_src_fd, 'rb', 0)
                try:
                    core_src = fp.read()
                    # Strip "ExternalContext.main()" call from last line.
                    core_src = b('\n').join(core_src.splitlines()[:-1])
                finally:
                    fp.close()
            else:
                core_src = None

            importer = Importer(
                self.router,
                self.parent,
                core_src,
                self.config.get('whitelist', ()),
                self.config.get('blacklist', ()),
            )

        self.importer = importer
        self.router.importer = importer
        sys.meta_path.insert(0, self.importer)

    def _setup_package(self):
        global mitogen
        mitogen = imp.new_module('mitogen')
        mitogen.__package__ = 'mitogen'
        mitogen.__path__ = []
        mitogen.__loader__ = self.importer
        mitogen.main = lambda *args, **kwargs: (lambda func: None)
        mitogen.core = sys.modules['__main__']
        mitogen.core.__file__ = 'x/mitogen/core.py'  # For inspect.getsource()
        mitogen.core.__loader__ = self.importer
        sys.modules['mitogen'] = mitogen
        sys.modules['mitogen.core'] = mitogen.core
        del sys.modules['__main__']

    def _setup_globals(self):
        mitogen.is_master = False
        mitogen.__version__ = self.config['version']
        mitogen.context_id = self.config['context_id']
        mitogen.parent_ids = self.config['parent_ids'][:]
        mitogen.parent_id = mitogen.parent_ids[0]

    def _nullify_stdio(self):
        """
        Open /dev/null to replace stdio temporarily. In case of odd startup,
        assume we may be allocated a standard handle.
        """
        for stdfd, mode in ((0, os.O_RDONLY), (1, os.O_RDWR), (2, os.O_RDWR)):
            fd = os.open('/dev/null', mode)
            if fd != stdfd:
                os.dup2(fd, stdfd)
                os.close(fd)

    def _preserve_tty_fp(self):
        """
        #481: when stderr is a TTY due to being started via tty_create_child()
        or hybrid_tty_create_child(), and some privilege escalation tool like
        prehistoric versions of sudo exec this process over the top of itself,
        there is nothing left to keep the slave PTY open after we replace our
        stdio. Therefore if stderr is a TTY, keep around a permanent dup() to
        avoid receiving SIGHUP.
        """
        try:
            if os.isatty(2):
                self.reserve_tty_fp = os.fdopen(os.dup(2), 'r+b', 0)
                set_cloexec(self.reserve_tty_fp.fileno())
        except OSError:
            pass

    def _setup_stdio(self):
        self._preserve_tty_fp()
        # When sys.stdout was opened by the runtime, overwriting it will not
        # close FD 1. However when forking from a child that previously used
        # fdopen(), overwriting it /will/ close FD 1. So we must swallow the
        # close before IoLogger overwrites FD 1, otherwise its new FD 1 will be
        # clobbered. Additionally, stdout must be replaced with /dev/null prior
        # to stdout.close(), since if block buffering was active in the parent,
        # any pre-fork buffered data will be flushed on close(), corrupting the
        # connection to the parent.
        self._nullify_stdio()
        sys.stdout.close()
        self._nullify_stdio()

        self.loggers = []
        for name, fd in (('stdout', 1), ('stderr', 2)):
            log = IoLoggerProtocol.build_stream(name, fd)
            self.broker.start_receive(log)
            self.loggers.append(log)

        # Reopen with line buffering.
        sys.stdout = os.fdopen(1, 'w', 1)

    def main(self):
        self._setup_master()
        try:
            try:
                self._setup_logging()
                self._setup_importer()
                self._reap_first_stage()
                if self.config.get('setup_package', True):
                    self._setup_package()
                self._setup_globals()
                if self.config.get('setup_stdio', True):
                    self._setup_stdio()

                self.dispatcher = Dispatcher(self)
                self.router.register(self.parent, self.stream)
                self.router._setup_logging()

                _v and LOG.debug('Python version is %s', sys.version)
                _v and LOG.debug('Parent is context %r (%s); my ID is %r',
                                 self.parent.context_id, self.parent.name,
                                 mitogen.context_id)
                _v and LOG.debug('pid:%r ppid:%r uid:%r/%r, gid:%r/%r host:%r',
                                 os.getpid(), os.getppid(), os.geteuid(),
                                 os.getuid(), os.getegid(), os.getgid(),
                                 socket.gethostname())

                sys.executable = os.environ.pop('ARGV0', sys.executable)
                _v and LOG.debug('Recovered sys.executable: %r', sys.executable)

                if self.config.get('send_ec2', True):
                    self.stream.transmit_side.write(b('MITO002\n'))
                self.broker._py24_25_compat()
                self.log_handler.uncork()
                self.dispatcher.run()
                _v and LOG.debug('ExternalContext.main() normal exit')
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                LOG.debug('KeyboardInterrupt received, exiting gracefully.')
            except BaseException:
                LOG.exception('ExternalContext.main() crashed')
                raise
        finally:
            self.broker.shutdown()