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OpAmps.mo
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OpAmps.mo
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within Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Examples;
package OpAmps "Examples with operational amplifiers"
extends Modelica.Icons.ExamplesPackage;
model NonInvertingAmplifier "Non-inverting amplifier"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.TrapezoidVoltage vIn(
V=2*Vin,
rising=0.2/f,
width=0.3/f,
falling=0.2/f,
period=1/f,
nperiod=-1,
offset=-Vin,
startTime=-(vIn.rising + vIn.width/2)) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Buffer buffer(k=2)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(vIn.n, buffer.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,-10},{-10,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.p, buffer.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(buffer.p2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(buffer.n2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(buffer.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a non inverting amplifier.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end NonInvertingAmplifier;
model InvertingAmplifier "Inverting amplifier"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.TrapezoidVoltage vIn(
V=2*Vin,
rising=0.2/f,
width=0.3/f,
falling=0.2/f,
period=1/f,
nperiod=-1,
offset=-Vin,
startTime=-(vIn.rising + vIn.width/2)) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Gain gain(k=2)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(vIn.p, gain.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(gain.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(gain.n1, vIn.n)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(gain.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(gain.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (
Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is an inverting amplifier.</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end InvertingAmplifier;
model DifferentialAmplifier "Differential amplifier"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Examples.OpAmps.OpAmpCircuits.DifferentialAmplifierData
data "Parameters for source, OpAmp and measurement"
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{50,10},{70,30}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.SineVoltage sourceVoltage1(
V=sqrt(2/3)*data.VSource,
phase=1.0471975511966,
f=data.fSource) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-120,-40})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.SineVoltage sourceVoltage2(
V=sqrt(2/3)*data.VSource,
phase=-1.0471975511966,
f=data.fSource) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-100,-40})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistanceLoad(R=data.RLoad)
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=0,
origin={-110,60})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor voltageSensorSource
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{10,-10},{-10,10}},
rotation=90,
origin={-80,0})));
Modelica.Blocks.Math.Gain gain(k=-1/data.k)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-60,-10},{-40,10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistorGround(R=data.RGround,
i(start=0, fixed=false))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-60,-70},{-40,-50}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited opAmp(
V0=data.V0,
useSupply=true,
Vps=+data.VSupply,
Vns=-data.VSupply)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-10},{0,10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistor1(R=data.R1,
i(start=0, fixed=false))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-60,20},{-40,40}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistor2(R=data.R2,
i(start=0, fixed=false))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-60,-40},{-40,-20}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistor3(R=data.R3)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,20},{0,40}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistor4(R=data.R4)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.ConstantVoltage positiveSupply(V=+data.VSupply)
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,-30})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.ConstantVoltage negativeSupply(V=-data.VSupply)
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={20,-30})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor resistanceInstrument(R=data.RInstrument)
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={60,-30})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor voltageSensor annotation (
Placement(transformation(
extent={{10,-10},{-10,10}},
rotation=90,
origin={80,-30})));
Modelica.Blocks.Math.RootMeanSquare rootMeanSquare(f=data.fSource)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{100,-40},{120,-20}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-120,-90},{-100,-70}})));
protected
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.NegativePin groundSource
"Negative electrical pin"
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-114,-64},{-106,-56}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.NegativePin groundOpAmp
"Negative electrical pin"
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-4,-64},{4,-56}})));
equation
connect(voltageSensor.v, rootMeanSquare.u)
annotation (Line(points={{91,-30},{98,-30}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(resistor4.n, groundOpAmp)
annotation (Line(points={{0,-30},{0,-60}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundOpAmp, resistorGround.n)
annotation (Line(points={{0,-60},{-40,-60}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundOpAmp, resistanceInstrument.n)
annotation (Line(points={{0,-60},{60,-60},{60,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundOpAmp, voltageSensor.n)
annotation (Line(points={{0,-60},{80,-60},{80,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundOpAmp, positiveSupply.n)
annotation (Line(points={{0,-60},{40,-60},{40,-40}},
color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundOpAmp, negativeSupply.n)
annotation (Line(points={{0,-60},{20,-60},{20,-40}},
color={0,0,255}));
connect(negativeSupply.p, opAmp.s_n)
annotation (Line(points={{20,-20},{20,-10},{-10,-10}},
color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.s_p, positiveSupply.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,10},{40,10},{40,-20}},
color={0,0,255}));
connect(sourceVoltage1.n, groundSource)
annotation (Line(points={{-120,-50},{-120,-60},{-110,-60}},
color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundSource,sourceVoltage2. n) annotation (Line(points={{-110,-60},{-100,
-60},{-100,-50}},color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundSource, resistorGround.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-110,-60},{-60,-60}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(groundSource, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-110,-60},{-110,-70}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(sourceVoltage1.p, resistor1.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-120,-30},{-120,30},{-60,30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(sourceVoltage2.p, resistor2.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-100,-30},{-60,-30}},color={0,0,255}));
connect(voltageSensorSource.v, gain.u)
annotation (Line(points={{-69,0},{-62,0}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(sourceVoltage2.p, voltageSensorSource.n) annotation (Line(points={{-100,
-30},{-100,-20},{-80,-20},{-80,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(sourceVoltage1.p, voltageSensorSource.p) annotation (Line(points={{-120,
-30},{-120,20},{-80,20},{-80,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(sourceVoltage1.p, resistanceLoad.p) annotation (Line(points={{-120,-30},
{-120,40},{-130,40},{-130,60},{-120,60}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(sourceVoltage2.p, resistanceLoad.n) annotation (Line(points={{-100,-30},
{-100,40},{-90,40},{-90,60},{-100,60}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor3.n, resistanceInstrument.p) annotation (Line(points={{0,30},
{20,30},{20,0},{60,0},{60,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor3.n, voltageSensor.p) annotation (Line(points={{0,30},{20,
30},{20,0},{80,0},{80,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor3.n, opAmp.out)
annotation (Line(points={{0,30},{20,30},{20,0},{0,0}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor1.n, resistor3.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,30},{-20,30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor2.n, resistor4.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,-30},{-20,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor2.n, opAmp.in_p) annotation (Line(points={{-40,-30},{-30,
-30},{-30,-6},{-20,-6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(resistor1.n, opAmp.in_n) annotation (Line(points={{-40,30},{-30,30},
{-30,6},{-20,6}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (experiment(
StopTime=0.2,
Interval=0.0001,
Tolerance=1e-06),
Diagram(coordinateSystem(extent={{-140,-100},{140,100}})),
Icon(coordinateSystem(extent={{-100,-100},{100,100}})),
Documentation(info="<html>
<p>
This model demonstrates a differential amplifier to attenuate the input voltage to a level that can be handled by the measurement instrument.
</p>
<p>
Two sinusoidal source voltages with a phase shift of 120° (e.g., two phases of a three-phase system) feed a load resistor.
The voltage at the load resistor has to be measured but is too high for direct measurement.
</p>
<h4>Notes</h4>
<ul>
<li>The output of the amplifier is inverted with respect to the differential input, as well as attenuated by the factor 1/data.k.</li>
<li>The influence of the measurement instrument's input resistance on the measurement result is small.</li>
<li>The current consumption of the amplifier inputs at the source circuit is small (<code>resistor1.i</code> and <code>resistor2.i</code>).</li>
<li>The common of the source and the common of the amplifier are connected by a ground resistor.
In case this resistance is low, a small current is flowing between the amplifier's common and the source's common (<code>resistorGround.i</code>).
In case this resistance is high, the amplifier's common is floating with respect to the source's common with a high voltage (<code>resistorGround.v</code>).</li>
</ul>
</html>"));
end DifferentialAmplifier;
model Adder "Inverting adder"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Sources.SineVoltage vIn1(V=Vin, f=f) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-60,0})));
Sources.ConstantVoltage vIn2(V=Vin) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,-10})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Add add(p1_2(i(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(add.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn1.p, add.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-60,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn2.p, add.p1_2)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,0},{-10,0}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vIn2.n)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-20},{-40,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vIn1.n)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-20},{-60,-20},{-60,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(add.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(add.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is an inverting adder.</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end Adder;
model Subtracter "Inverting subtracter"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Sources.SineVoltage vIn1(V=Vin, f=f) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-60,0})));
Sources.ConstantVoltage vIn2(V=Vin) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,-10})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Feedback feedback(p1_2(i(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(feedback.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn1.p, feedback.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-60,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn2.p, feedback.p1_2)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,0},{-10,0}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vIn2.n)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-20},{-40,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vIn1.n)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-20},{-60,-20},{-60,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(feedback.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(feedback.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is an inverting subtracter.</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end Subtracter;
model Differentiator "Differentiating amplifier"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Sources.SineVoltage vIn(V=Vin,
f=f) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Der der_(f=f, v(fixed=true))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(vIn.p, der_.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.n, der_.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,-10},{-10,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(der_.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(der_.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(der_.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a (inverting) differentiating amplifier. Resistance R can be chosen, capacitance C is defined by the desired time constant resp. frequency.</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end Differentiator;
model Integrator "Integrating amplifier"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Sources.SineVoltage vIn(V=Vin, f=f)
annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Integrator integrator(
v2(fixed=true, start=Vin), f=f,
opAmp(v_in(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(vIn.p, integrator.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.n, integrator.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,-10},{-10,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(integrator.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(integrator.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(integrator.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is an (inverting) integrating amplifier. Resistance R can be chosen, capacitance C is defined by the desired time constant resp. frequency.</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end Integrator;
model LowPass "Low-pass filter"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Sources.PulseVoltage vIn(
width=50,
period=1/f,
V=2*Vin,
offset=-Vin)
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.FirstOrder firstOrder(
v2(fixed=true),
T=0.1/f,
opAmp(v_in(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(vIn.n, firstOrder.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,-10},{-10,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.p, firstOrder.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(firstOrder.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(firstOrder.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(firstOrder.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a (inverting) low pass filter. Resistance R1 can be chosen, resistance R2 is defined by the desired amplification k, capacitance C is defined by the desired cut-off frequency.</p>
<p>The example is taken from: U. Tietze and C. Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik (German), 11th edition, Springer 1999, Chapter 13.3</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end LowPass;
model HighPass "High-pass filter"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-40},{0,-20}})));
Sources.PulseVoltage vIn(
width=50,
period=1/f,
V=2*Vin,
offset=-Vin)
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-40,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={40,0})));
OpAmpCircuits.Derivative derivative(T=0.1/f, v(fixed=true))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}})));
equation
connect(vIn.p, derivative.p1) annotation (Line(points={{-40,10},{-26,10},{-26,
10},{-10,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.n, derivative.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-40,-10},{-10,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(derivative.p2, vOut.n)
annotation (Line(points={{10,10},{40,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(derivative.n2, vOut.p)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-10},{40,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(derivative.n1, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-10,-10},{-10,-20},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a (inverting) high pass filter. Resistance R1 can be chosen, resistance R2 is defined by the desired amplification k, capacitance C is defined by the desired cut-off frequency.</p>
<p>The example is taken from: U. Tietze and C. Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik (German), 11th edition, Springer 1999, Chapter 13.3</p>
<p>Note: <code>vOut</code> measure the negative output voltage.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end HighPass;
model ControlCircuit "Control circuit"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time T1=0.01 "Small time constant";
parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time T2=0.01 "Large time constant";
parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time Ti=T2 "Integral time constant";
parameter Real kp=T2/(2*T1) "Proportional gain";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-100,-100},{-80,-80}})));
Sources.StepVoltage stepA(V=10, startTime=0.1) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-90,-62})));
OpAmpCircuits.Feedback feedbackA(p1(i(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-70,-40},{-50,-20}})));
OpAmpCircuits.PI PIA(
v2(fixed=true),
k=kp,
T=Ti,
opAmp(v_in(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-40,-40},{-20,-20}})));
OpAmpCircuits.FirstOrder firstOrder1A(
v2(fixed=true),
T=T1,
opAmp(v_in(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-40},{10,-20}})));
OpAmpCircuits.Add addA(i1_2(start=0), r(i(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{30,-40},{50,-20}})));
Sources.StepVoltage step1A(V=1, startTime=0.5) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={20,-60})));
OpAmpCircuits.FirstOrder firstOrder2A(
v2(fixed=true),
T=T2,
opAmp(v_in(start=0)))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{60,-40},{80,-20}})));
Blocks.Sources.Step stepB(height=10, startTime=0.1)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-100,60},{-80,80}})));
Blocks.Math.Feedback feedbackB
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-70,60},{-50,80}})));
Blocks.Continuous.PI PIB(
k=kp,
T=Ti,
initType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.Init.InitialOutput)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-40,60},{-20,80}})));
Blocks.Continuous.FirstOrder firstOrder1B(T=T1, initType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.Init.InitialOutput)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,60},{10,80}})));
Blocks.Math.Add addB
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{30,60},{50,80}})));
Blocks.Sources.Step step1B(height=1, startTime=0.5)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=90,
origin={20,30})));
Blocks.Continuous.FirstOrder firstOrder2B(T=T2, initType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.Init.InitialOutput)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{60,60},{80,80}})));
equation
connect(stepA.n, ground.p)
annotation (Line(points={{-90,-72},{-90,-80}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(feedbackA.p2, PIA.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-50,-20},{-40,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(feedbackA.n2, PIA.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-50,-40},{-40,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(PIA.p2, firstOrder1A.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{-20,-20},{-10,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(PIA.n2, firstOrder1A.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-20,-40},{-10,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(stepB.y,feedbackB. u1)
annotation (Line(points={{-79,70},{-68,70}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(feedbackB.y,PIB. u)
annotation (Line(points={{-51,70},{-42,70}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(PIB.y,firstOrder1B. u)
annotation (Line(points={{-19,70},{-12,70}},
color={0,0,127}));
connect(firstOrder1B.y, addB.u1) annotation (Line(points={{11,70},{19.5,70},{19.5,
76},{28,76}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(addB.y, firstOrder2B.u)
annotation (Line(points={{51,70},{58,70}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(step1B.y, addB.u2)
annotation (Line(points={{20,41},{20,64},{28,64}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(firstOrder2B.y, feedbackB.u2) annotation (Line(points={{81,70},{90,70},
{90,50},{-60,50},{-60,62}}, color={0,0,127}));
connect(stepA.p, feedbackA.p1_2)
annotation (Line(points={{-90,-52},{-90,-30},{-70,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(firstOrder2A.p2, feedbackA.p1) annotation (Line(points={{80,-20},{80,-10},
{-70,-10},{-70,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, feedbackA.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{-90,-80},{-70,-80},{-70,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, step1A.n)
annotation (Line(points={{-90,-80},{20,-80},{20,-70}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(firstOrder1A.n2, addA.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-40},{30,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(firstOrder1A.p2, addA.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{10,-20},{30,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(step1A.p, addA.p1_2)
annotation (Line(points={{20,-50},{20,-30},{30,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(addA.p2, firstOrder2A.p1)
annotation (Line(points={{50,-20},{60,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(addA.n2, firstOrder2A.n1)
annotation (Line(points={{50,-40},{60,-40}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is an analog control circuit with operational amplifiers.</p>
<p>Compare the analog solution with the block circuit, e.g. <code>firstOrder2B.y</code> and <code>firstOrder2A.v2</code>.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end ControlCircuit;
model VoltageFollower "Reproduce input voltage"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vps=+15 "Positive supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vns=-15 "Negative supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
parameter SI.Resistance Ri=1
"Inner resistance of input voltage source";
parameter SI.Resistance Rl=1 "Load resistance";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited opAmp(
Vps=Vps,
Vns=Vns,
v_in(start=0))
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{0,-10},{20,10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-100},{0,-80}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.TrapezoidVoltage vIn(
V=2*Vin,
rising=0.2/f,
width=0.3/f,
falling=0.2/f,
period=1/f,
nperiod=-1,
offset=-Vin,
startTime=-(vIn.rising + vIn.width/2)) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-80,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={60,-20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor ri(R=Ri)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-60,0},{-40,20}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor rl(R=Rl) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={30,-18})));
equation
connect(ground.p, vIn.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{-80,-80},{-80,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, vOut.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{60,0},{60,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vOut.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{60,-80},{60,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, opAmp.in_n) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{30,0},{30,20},{-10,20},{-10,6},{0,6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.p, ri.p) annotation (Line(
points={{-80,10},{-60,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ri.n, opAmp.in_p) annotation (Line(
points={{-40,10},{-20,10},{-20,-6},{0,-6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, rl.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{30,0},{30,-8}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, rl.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{30,-80},{30,-28}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a voltage follower. It reproduces the input voltage at the output without loading the input voltage source with a stiff output.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end VoltageFollower;
model Comparator "Comparator"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vps=+15 "Positive supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vns=-15 "Negative supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
parameter SI.Voltage Vref=0 "Reference voltage";
parameter Real k=(Vref - Vns)/(Vps - Vns) "Calculated potentiometer ratio to reach Vref";
parameter SI.Resistance R=1000 "Resistance of potentiometer";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited opAmp(Vps=Vps, Vns=
Vns) annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{0,10},{20,-10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-100},{0,-80}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.TrapezoidVoltage vIn(
rising=0.2/f,
width=0.3/f,
falling=0.2/f,
period=1/f,
nperiod=-1,
startTime=-(vIn.rising + vIn.width/2),
V=2*Vin,
offset=-Vin) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-80,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={50,-20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Potentiometer potentiometer(R=R, rConstant=
k) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
origin={-10,-30})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.SupplyVoltage supplyVoltage(Vps=Vps, Vns=
Vns) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
origin={-10,-50})));
equation
connect(vIn.p, opAmp.in_p) annotation (Line(
points={{-80,10},{-10,10},{-10,6},{0,6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, vOut.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{50,0},{50,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vOut.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{50,-80},{50,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vIn.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{-80,-80},{-80,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(potentiometer.contact, opAmp.in_n) annotation (Line(
points={{0,-20},{0,-6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(potentiometer.pin_p, supplyVoltage.pin_p) annotation (Line(
points={{-20,-30},{-20,-50}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(potentiometer.pin_n, supplyVoltage.pin_n) annotation (Line(
points={{0,-30},{0,-50}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, supplyVoltage.ground) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{-10,-50}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a comparator. Resistance R1 can be chosen, resistance R2 is defined by the desired reference voltage Vref (between Vn and Vp). The output switches between Vn for input voltage < Vref and Vp for input voltage > Vref.</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end Comparator;
model InvertingSchmittTrigger "Inverting Schmitt trigger with hysteresis"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vps=+15 "Positive supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vns=-15 "Negative supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
parameter SI.Voltage vHys=1 "(Positive) hysteresis voltage";
parameter Real k=vHys/Vps "Auxiliary calculated parameter to be used in R2 calculation";
parameter SI.Resistance R1=1000 "Arbitrary resistance";
parameter SI.Resistance R2=(1 - k)/k*R1 "Calculated resistance to reach hysteresis voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited opAmp(
Vps=Vps,
Vns=Vns,
out(i(start=0)),
homotopyType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.LimiterHomotopy.LowerLimit)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{0,-10},{20,10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-100},{0,-80}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.TrapezoidVoltage vIn(
rising=0.2/f,
width=0.3/f,
falling=0.2/f,
period=1/f,
nperiod=-1,
startTime=-(vIn.rising + vIn.width/2),
V=2*Vin,
offset=-Vin) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-80,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={50,-20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r1(R=R1) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={30,-60})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r2(R=R2) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=90,
origin={30,-20})));
equation
connect(r2.n, r1.p) annotation (Line(
points={{30,-30},{30,-50}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, r1.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{30,-80},{30,-80},{30,-80},{30,-70},{30,-70}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, r2.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{30,0},{30,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r2.n, opAmp.in_p) annotation (Line(
points={{30,-30},{30,-40},{-10,-40},{-10,-6},{0,-6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(vIn.p, opAmp.in_n) annotation (Line(
points={{-80,10},{-20,10},{-20,6},{0,6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vIn.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{-80,-80},{-80,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vOut.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{50,-80},{50,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, vOut.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{50,0},{50,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a (inverting) Schmitt trigger. Resistance R1 can be chosen, resistance R2 is defined by the desired hysteresis. The output gets Vn for input voltage > 0 + vHys and Vp for input voltage < vHys*Vns/Vps.</p>
<p>The example is taken from: U. Tietze and C. Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik (German), 11th edition, Springer 1999, Chapter 6.5.2</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end InvertingSchmittTrigger;
model SchmittTrigger "Schmitt trigger with hysteresis"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vps=+15 "Positive supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vns=-15 "Negative supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vin=5 "Amplitude of input voltage";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Frequency of input voltage";
parameter SI.Voltage vHys=1 "(Positive) hysteresis voltage";
parameter Real k=vHys/Vps "Auxiliary calculated parameter to be used in R2 calculation";
parameter SI.Resistance R1=1000 "Arbitrary resistance";
parameter SI.Resistance R2=R1/k "Calculated resistance to reach hysteresis voltage";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited opAmp(
Vps=Vps,
Vns=Vns,
out(i(start=0)),
homotopyType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.LimiterHomotopy.UpperLimit)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{0,10},{20,-10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-100},{0,-80}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.TrapezoidVoltage vIn(
rising=0.2/f,
width=0.3/f,
falling=0.2/f,
period=1/f,
nperiod=-1,
startTime=-(vIn.rising + vIn.width/2),
V=2*Vin,
offset=-Vin) annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-80,0})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={50,-20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r1(R=R1) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
origin={-30,20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r2(R=R2) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
rotation=180,
origin={10,20})));
equation
connect(ground.p, vIn.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{-80,-80},{-80,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vOut.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-80},{50,-80},{50,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, vOut.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{50,0},{50,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.in_n, ground.p) annotation (Line(
points={{0,-6},{-10,-6},{-10,-80}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, r2.n) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{30,0},{30,20},{20,20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r2.p, opAmp.in_p) annotation (Line(
points={{0,20},{-10,20},{-10,6},{0,6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r2.p, r1.n) annotation (Line(
points={{0,20},{-20,20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r1.p, vIn.p) annotation (Line(
points={{-40,20},{-80,20},{-80,10}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a (non-inverting) Schmitt trigger. Resistance R1 can be chosen, resistance R2 is defined by the desired hysteresis. The output gets Vp for input voltage > vHys and Vn for input voltage < vHys*Vns/Vps.</p>
<p>The example is taken from: U. Tietze and C. Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik (German), 11th edition, Springer 1999, Chapter 6.5.2</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end SchmittTrigger;
model Multivibrator "Multivibrator with Schmitt trigger"
extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
parameter SI.Voltage Vps=+15 "Positive supply";
parameter SI.Voltage Vns=-15 "Negative supply";
parameter SI.Frequency f=10 "Desired frequency";
parameter SI.Resistance R1=1000 "Resistance 1 for adjusting the Schmitt trigger voltage level";
parameter SI.Resistance R2=1000 "Resistance 2 for adjusting the Schmitt trigger voltage level";
parameter SI.Resistance R=1000 "Arbitrary resistance";
parameter SI.Capacitance C=1/f/(2*R*log(1 + 2*R1/R2)) "Calculated capacitance to reach the desired frequency f";
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited opAmp(
Vps=Vps,
Vns=Vns,
homotopyType = Modelica.Blocks.Types.LimiterHomotopy.LowerLimit, strict = true) annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{0,-10},{20,10}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-20,-80},{0,-60}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor vOut annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{-10,10},{10,-10}},
rotation=270,
origin={50,-20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r1(R=R1, i(start=0)) annotation (
Placement(transformation(
extent={{-10,-10},{10,10}},
rotation=270,
origin={-10,-40})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r2(R=R2) annotation (Placement(
transformation(
extent={{10,10},{-10,-10}},
origin={10,-20})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Resistor r(R=R)
annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{20,20},{0,40}})));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Capacitor c(C=C, v(start=1, fixed=true))
annotation (Placement(transformation(
extent={{10,-10},{-10,10}},
rotation=90,
origin={-30,-40})));
equation
connect(ground.p, r1.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-60},{-10,-50}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, vOut.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-60},{50,-60},{50,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, vOut.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{50,0},{50,-10}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(ground.p, c.n) annotation (Line(
points={{-10,-60},{-30,-60},{-30,-50}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, r.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{30,0},{30,30},{20,30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r.n, opAmp.in_n) annotation (Line(
points={{0,30},{-10,30},{-10,6},{0,6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.out, r2.p) annotation (Line(
points={{20,0},{30,0},{30,-20},{20,-20}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r2.n, opAmp.in_p) annotation (Line(
points={{0,-20},{-10,-20},{-10,-6},{0,-6}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(opAmp.in_p, r1.p) annotation (Line(
points={{0,-6},{-10,-6},{-10,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
connect(r.n, c.p) annotation (Line(
points={{0,30},{-30,30},{-30,-30}}, color={0,0,255}));
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<p>This is a Multivibrator with Schmitt trigger according to:</p>
<p>U. Tietze and C. Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik (German), 11th edition, Springer 1999, Chapter 6.5.3</p>
</html>"),
experiment(
StartTime=0,
StopTime=1,
Tolerance=1e-006,
Interval=0.001));
end Multivibrator;