base_cache.rs

use super::{
    housekeeper::{Housekeeper, InnerSync},
    invalidator::{GetOrRemoveEntry, Invalidator, KeyDateLite, PredicateFun},
    key_lock::{KeyLock, KeyLockMap},
    notifier::RemovalNotifier,
    InterruptedOp, PredicateId,
};

use crate::{
    common::{
        self,
        concurrent::{
            atomic_time::AtomicInstant,
            constants::{
                READ_LOG_FLUSH_POINT, READ_LOG_SIZE, WRITE_LOG_FLUSH_POINT, WRITE_LOG_SIZE,
            },
            deques::Deques,
            entry_info::EntryInfo,
            AccessTime, KeyHash, KeyHashDate, KvEntry, OldEntryInfo, ReadOp, ValueEntry, Weigher,
            WriteOp,
        },
        deque::{DeqNode, Deque},
        frequency_sketch::FrequencySketch,
        time::{CheckedTimeOps, Clock, Instant},
        timer_wheel::{ReschedulingResult, TimerWheel},
        CacheRegion,
    },
    future::CancelGuard,
    notification::{AsyncEvictionListener, RemovalCause},
    policy::ExpirationPolicy,
    sync_base::iter::ScanningGet,
    Entry, Expiry, Policy, PredicateError,
};

#[cfg(feature = "unstable-debug-counters")]
use common::concurrent::debug_counters::CacheDebugStats;

use async_lock::{Mutex, MutexGuard, RwLock};
use async_trait::async_trait;
use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, Sender, TrySendError};
use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
use futures_util::future::BoxFuture;
use parking_lot::RwLock as SyncRwLock;
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use std::{
    borrow::Borrow,
    collections::hash_map::RandomState,
    hash::{BuildHasher, Hash, Hasher},
    sync::{
        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU8, Ordering},
        Arc,
    },
    time::{Duration, Instant as StdInstant},
};
use triomphe::Arc as TrioArc;

pub(crate) type HouseKeeperArc = Arc<Housekeeper>;

pub(crate) struct BaseCache<K, V, S = RandomState> {
    pub(crate) inner: Arc<Inner<K, V, S>>,
    read_op_ch: Sender<ReadOp<K, V>>,
    pub(crate) write_op_ch: Sender<WriteOp<K, V>>,
    pub(crate) interrupted_op_ch_snd: Sender<InterruptedOp<K, V>>,
    pub(crate) interrupted_op_ch_rcv: Receiver<InterruptedOp<K, V>>,
    pub(crate) housekeeper: Option<HouseKeeperArc>,
}

impl<K, V, S> Clone for BaseCache<K, V, S> {
    /// Makes a clone of this shared cache.
    ///
    /// This operation is cheap as it only creates thread-safe reference counted
    /// pointers to the shared internal data structures.
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
            read_op_ch: self.read_op_ch.clone(),
            write_op_ch: self.write_op_ch.clone(),
            interrupted_op_ch_snd: self.interrupted_op_ch_snd.clone(),
            interrupted_op_ch_rcv: self.interrupted_op_ch_rcv.clone(),
            housekeeper: self.housekeeper.as_ref().map(Arc::clone),
        }
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> Drop for BaseCache<K, V, S> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // The housekeeper needs to be dropped before the inner is dropped.
        std::mem::drop(self.housekeeper.take());
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> BaseCache<K, V, S> {
    pub(crate) fn name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.inner.name()
    }

    pub(crate) fn policy(&self) -> Policy {
        self.inner.policy()
    }

    pub(crate) fn entry_count(&self) -> u64 {
        self.inner.entry_count()
    }

    pub(crate) fn weighted_size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.inner.weighted_size()
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_map_disabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.max_capacity == Some(0)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn is_removal_notifier_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_removal_notifier_enabled()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn current_time_from_expiration_clock(&self) -> Instant {
        self.inner.current_time_from_expiration_clock()
    }

    pub(crate) fn notify_invalidate(
        &self,
        key: &Arc<K>,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
    ) -> BoxFuture<'static, ()>
    where
        K: Send + Sync + 'static,
        V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.inner.notify_invalidate(key, entry)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-debug-counters")]
    pub async fn debug_stats(&self) -> CacheDebugStats {
        self.inner.debug_stats().await
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> BaseCache<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq,
    S: BuildHasher,
{
    pub(crate) fn maybe_key_lock(&self, key: &Arc<K>) -> Option<KeyLock<'_, K, S>> {
        self.inner.maybe_key_lock(key)
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> BaseCache<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    // https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#too_many_arguments
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) fn new(
        name: Option<String>,
        max_capacity: Option<u64>,
        initial_capacity: Option<usize>,
        build_hasher: S,
        weigher: Option<Weigher<K, V>>,
        eviction_listener: Option<AsyncEvictionListener<K, V>>,
        expiration_policy: ExpirationPolicy<K, V>,
        invalidator_enabled: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        let (r_size, w_size) = if max_capacity == Some(0) {
            (0, 0)
        } else {
            (READ_LOG_SIZE, WRITE_LOG_SIZE)
        };

        let (r_snd, r_rcv) = crossbeam_channel::bounded(r_size);
        let (w_snd, w_rcv) = crossbeam_channel::bounded(w_size);
        let (i_snd, i_rcv) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();

        let inner = Arc::new(Inner::new(
            name,
            max_capacity,
            initial_capacity,
            build_hasher,
            weigher,
            eviction_listener,
            r_rcv,
            w_rcv,
            expiration_policy,
            invalidator_enabled,
        ));

        Self {
            inner,
            read_op_ch: r_snd,
            write_op_ch: w_snd,
            interrupted_op_ch_snd: i_snd,
            interrupted_op_ch_rcv: i_rcv,
            housekeeper: Some(Arc::new(Housekeeper::default())),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn hash<Q>(&self, key: &Q) -> u64
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
    {
        self.inner.hash(key)
    }

    pub(crate) fn contains_key_with_hash<Q>(&self, key: &Q, hash: u64) -> bool
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
    {
        self.inner
            .get_key_value_and(key, hash, |k, entry| {
                let i = &self.inner;
                let (ttl, tti, va) = (&i.time_to_live(), &i.time_to_idle(), &i.valid_after());
                let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();

                !is_expired_by_per_entry_ttl(entry.entry_info(), now)
                    && !is_expired_entry_wo(ttl, va, entry, now)
                    && !is_expired_entry_ao(tti, va, entry, now)
                    && !i.is_invalidated_entry(k, entry)
            })
            .unwrap_or_default() // `false` is the default for `bool` type.
    }

    pub(crate) async fn get_with_hash<Q, I>(
        &self,
        key: &Q,
        hash: u64,
        mut ignore_if: Option<&mut I>,
        need_key: bool,
        record_read: bool,
    ) -> Option<Entry<K, V>>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
        I: FnMut(&V) -> bool,
    {
        if self.is_map_disabled() {
            return None;
        }

        if record_read {
            self.retry_interrupted_ops().await;
        }

        let mut now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();

        let maybe_kv_and_op = self
            .inner
            .get_key_value_and_then(key, hash, move |k, entry| {
                if let Some(ignore_if) = &mut ignore_if {
                    if ignore_if(&entry.value) {
                        // Ignore the entry.
                        return None;
                    }
                }

                let i = &self.inner;
                let (ttl, tti, va) = (&i.time_to_live(), &i.time_to_idle(), &i.valid_after());

                if is_expired_by_per_entry_ttl(entry.entry_info(), now)
                    || is_expired_entry_wo(ttl, va, entry, now)
                    || is_expired_entry_ao(tti, va, entry, now)
                    || i.is_invalidated_entry(k, entry)
                {
                    // Expired or invalidated entry.
                    None
                } else {
                    // Valid entry.
                    let mut is_expiry_modified = false;

                    // Call the user supplied `expire_after_read` method if any.
                    if let Some(expiry) = &self.inner.expiration_policy.expiry() {
                        let lm = entry.last_modified().expect("Last modified is not set");
                        // Check if the `last_modified` of entry is earlier than or equals to
                        // `now`. If not, update the `now` to `last_modified`. This is needed
                        // because there is a small chance that other threads have inserted
                        // the entry _after_ we obtained `now`.
                        now = now.max(lm);

                        // Convert `last_modified` from `moka::common::time::Instant` to
                        // `std::time::Instant`.
                        let lm = self.inner.clocks().to_std_instant(lm);

                        // Call the user supplied `expire_after_read` method.
                        //
                        // We will put the return value (`is_expiry_modified: bool`) to a
                        // `ReadOp` so that `apply_reads` method can determine whether or not
                        // to reschedule the timer for the entry.
                        //
                        // NOTE: It is not guaranteed that the `ReadOp` is passed to
                        // `apply_reads`. Here are the corner cases that the `ReadOp` will
                        // not be passed to `apply_reads`:
                        //
                        // - If the bounded `read_op_ch` channel is full, the `ReadOp` will
                        //   be discarded.
                        // - If we were called by `get_with_hash_without_recording` method,
                        //   the `ReadOp` will not be recorded at all.
                        //
                        // These cases are okay because when the timer wheel tries to expire
                        // the entry, it will check if the entry is actually expired. If not,
                        // the timer wheel will reschedule the expiration timer for the
                        // entry.
                        is_expiry_modified = Self::expire_after_read_or_update(
                            |k, v, t, d| expiry.expire_after_read(k, v, t, d, lm),
                            &entry.entry_info().key_hash().key,
                            entry,
                            self.inner.expiration_policy.time_to_live(),
                            self.inner.expiration_policy.time_to_idle(),
                            now,
                            self.inner.clocks(),
                        );
                    }

                    let maybe_key = if need_key { Some(Arc::clone(k)) } else { None };
                    let ent = Entry::new(maybe_key, entry.value.clone(), false);
                    let maybe_op = if record_read {
                        Some(ReadOp::Hit {
                            value_entry: TrioArc::clone(entry),
                            timestamp: now,
                            is_expiry_modified,
                        })
                    } else {
                        None
                    };

                    Some((ent, maybe_op, now))
                }
            });

        match maybe_kv_and_op {
            Some((ent, maybe_op, now)) => {
                if let Some(op) = maybe_op {
                    self.record_read_op(op, now)
                        .await
                        .expect("Failed to record a get op");
                }
                Some(ent)
            }
            None => {
                if record_read {
                    self.record_read_op(ReadOp::Miss(hash), now)
                        .await
                        .expect("Failed to record a get op");
                }
                None
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn get_key_with_hash<Q>(&self, key: &Q, hash: u64) -> Option<Arc<K>>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
    {
        self.inner
            .get_key_value_and(key, hash, |k, _entry| Arc::clone(k))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn remove_entry<Q>(&self, key: &Q, hash: u64) -> Option<KvEntry<K, V>>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
    {
        self.inner.remove_entry(key, hash)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) async fn apply_reads_writes_if_needed(
        inner: Arc<impl InnerSync + Send + Sync + 'static>,
        ch: &Sender<WriteOp<K, V>>,
        now: Instant,
        housekeeper: Option<&HouseKeeperArc>,
    ) {
        let w_len = ch.len();

        if let Some(hk) = housekeeper {
            if Self::should_apply_writes(hk, w_len, now) {
                hk.try_run_pending_tasks(inner).await;
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn invalidate_all(&self) {
        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();
        self.inner.set_valid_after(now);
    }

    pub(crate) fn invalidate_entries_if(
        &self,
        predicate: PredicateFun<K, V>,
    ) -> Result<PredicateId, PredicateError> {
        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();
        self.inner.register_invalidation_predicate(predicate, now)
    }
}

//
// Iterator support
//
impl<K, V, S> ScanningGet<K, V> for BaseCache<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    fn num_cht_segments(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.num_cht_segments()
    }

    fn scanning_get(&self, key: &Arc<K>) -> Option<V> {
        let hash = self.hash(key);
        self.inner.get_key_value_and_then(key, hash, |k, entry| {
            let i = &self.inner;
            let (ttl, tti, va) = (&i.time_to_live(), &i.time_to_idle(), &i.valid_after());
            let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();

            if is_expired_by_per_entry_ttl(entry.entry_info(), now)
                || is_expired_entry_wo(ttl, va, entry, now)
                || is_expired_entry_ao(tti, va, entry, now)
                || i.is_invalidated_entry(k, entry)
            {
                // Expired or invalidated entry.
                None
            } else {
                // Valid entry.
                Some(entry.value.clone())
            }
        })
    }

    fn keys(&self, cht_segment: usize) -> Option<Vec<Arc<K>>> {
        self.inner.keys(cht_segment)
    }
}

//
// private methods
//
impl<K, V, S> BaseCache<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    #[inline]
    async fn record_read_op(
        &self,
        op: ReadOp<K, V>,
        now: Instant,
    ) -> Result<(), TrySendError<ReadOp<K, V>>> {
        self.apply_reads_if_needed(Arc::clone(&self.inner), now)
            .await;
        let ch = &self.read_op_ch;
        match ch.try_send(op) {
            // Discard the ReadOp when the channel is full.
            Ok(()) | Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) => Ok(()),
            Err(e @ TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) async fn do_insert_with_hash(
        &self,
        key: Arc<K>,
        hash: u64,
        value: V,
    ) -> (WriteOp<K, V>, Instant) {
        self.retry_interrupted_ops().await;

        let ts = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();
        let weight = self.inner.weigh(&key, &value);
        let op_cnt1 = Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(0));
        let op_cnt2 = Arc::clone(&op_cnt1);
        let mut op1 = None;
        let mut op2 = None;

        // Lock the key for update if blocking removal notification is enabled.
        let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(&key);
        let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
            Some(lock.lock().await)
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Since the cache (cht::SegmentedHashMap) employs optimistic locking
        // strategy, insert_with_or_modify() may get an insert/modify operation
        // conflicted with other concurrent hash table operations. In that case, it
        // has to retry the insertion or modification, so on_insert and/or on_modify
        // closures can be executed more than once. In order to identify the last
        // call of these closures, we use a shared counter (op_cnt{1,2}) here to
        // record a serial number on a WriteOp, and consider the WriteOp with the
        // largest serial number is the one made by the last call of the closures.
        self.inner.cache.insert_with_or_modify(
            Arc::clone(&key),
            hash,
            // on_insert
            || {
                let entry = self.new_value_entry(&key, hash, value.clone(), ts, weight);
                let ins_op = WriteOp::Upsert {
                    key_hash: KeyHash::new(Arc::clone(&key), hash),
                    value_entry: TrioArc::clone(&entry),
                    old_weight: 0,
                    new_weight: weight,
                };
                let cnt = op_cnt1.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                op1 = Some((cnt, ins_op));
                entry
            },
            // on_modify
            |_k, old_entry| {
                let old_weight = old_entry.policy_weight();

                // Create this OldEntryInfo _before_ creating a new ValueEntry, so
                // that the OldEntryInfo can preserve the old EntryInfo's
                // last_accessed and last_modified timestamps.
                let old_info = OldEntryInfo::new(old_entry);
                let entry = self.new_value_entry_from(value.clone(), ts, weight, old_entry);
                let upd_op = WriteOp::Upsert {
                    key_hash: KeyHash::new(Arc::clone(&key), hash),
                    value_entry: TrioArc::clone(&entry),
                    old_weight,
                    new_weight: weight,
                };
                let cnt = op_cnt2.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                op2 = Some((cnt, old_info, upd_op));
                entry
            },
        );

        match (op1, op2) {
            (Some((_cnt, ins_op)), None) => self.do_post_insert_steps(ts, &key, ins_op),
            (Some((cnt1, ins_op)), Some((cnt2, ..))) if cnt1 > cnt2 => {
                self.do_post_insert_steps(ts, &key, ins_op)
            }
            (_, Some((_cnt, old_entry, upd_op))) => {
                self.do_post_update_steps(ts, key, old_entry, upd_op, &self.interrupted_op_ch_snd)
                    .await
            }
            (None, None) => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    fn do_post_insert_steps(
        &self,
        ts: Instant,
        key: &Arc<K>,
        ins_op: WriteOp<K, V>,
    ) -> (WriteOp<K, V>, Instant) {
        if let (Some(expiry), WriteOp::Upsert { value_entry, .. }) =
            (&self.inner.expiration_policy.expiry(), &ins_op)
        {
            Self::expire_after_create(expiry, key, value_entry, ts, self.inner.clocks());
        }
        (ins_op, ts)
    }

    async fn do_post_update_steps<'a>(
        &self,
        ts: Instant,
        key: Arc<K>,
        old_info: OldEntryInfo<K, V>,
        upd_op: WriteOp<K, V>,
        interrupted_op_ch: &'a Sender<InterruptedOp<K, V>>,
    ) -> (WriteOp<K, V>, Instant) {
        use futures_util::FutureExt;

        if let (Some(expiry), WriteOp::Upsert { value_entry, .. }) =
            (&self.inner.expiration_policy.expiry(), &upd_op)
        {
            Self::expire_after_read_or_update(
                |k, v, t, d| expiry.expire_after_update(k, v, t, d),
                &key,
                value_entry,
                self.inner.expiration_policy.time_to_live(),
                self.inner.expiration_policy.time_to_idle(),
                ts,
                self.inner.clocks(),
            );
        }

        if self.is_removal_notifier_enabled() {
            let future = self
                .inner
                .notify_upsert(
                    key,
                    &old_info.entry,
                    old_info.last_accessed,
                    old_info.last_modified,
                )
                .shared();
            // Async Cancellation Safety: To ensure the above future should be
            // executed even if our caller async task is cancelled, we create a
            // cancel guard for the future (and the upd_op). If our caller is
            // cancelled while we are awaiting for the future, the cancel guard will
            // save the future and the upd_op to the interrupted_op_ch channel, so
            // that we can resume/retry later.
            let mut cancel_guard = CancelGuard::new(interrupted_op_ch, ts);
            cancel_guard.set_future_and_op(future.clone(), upd_op.clone());

            // Notify the eviction listener.
            future.await;
            cancel_guard.clear();
        }

        crossbeam_epoch::pin().flush();
        (upd_op, ts)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) async fn schedule_write_op(
        inner: &Arc<impl InnerSync + Send + Sync + 'static>,
        ch: &Sender<WriteOp<K, V>>,
        op: WriteOp<K, V>,
        ts: Instant,
        housekeeper: Option<&HouseKeeperArc>,
        // Used only for testing.
        _should_block: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), TrySendError<WriteOp<K, V>>> {
        // Testing stuff.
        #[cfg(test)]
        if _should_block {
            // We are going to do a dead-lock here to simulate a full channel.
            let mutex = Mutex::new(());
            let _guard = mutex.lock().await;
            // This should dead-lock.
            mutex.lock().await;
        }

        let mut op = op;
        let mut spin_count = 0u8;
        loop {
            BaseCache::<K, V, S>::apply_reads_writes_if_needed(
                Arc::clone(inner),
                ch,
                ts,
                housekeeper,
            )
            .await;
            match ch.try_send(op) {
                Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
                Err(TrySendError::Full(op1)) => {
                    op = op1;
                }
                Err(e @ TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => return Err(e),
            }

            // We have got a `TrySendError::Full` above. Wait for a bit and try
            // again.
            if spin_count < 10 {
                spin_count += 1;
                // Wastes some CPU time with a hint to indicate to the CPU that we
                // are spinning
                for _ in 0..8 {
                    std::hint::spin_loop();
                }
            } else {
                spin_count = 0;
                // Try to yield to other tasks. We have to yield sometimes, otherwise
                // other task, which is draining the `ch`, will not make any
                // progress. If this happens, we will stuck in this loop forever.
                super::may_yield().await;
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) async fn retry_interrupted_ops(&self) {
        while let Ok(op) = self.interrupted_op_ch_rcv.try_recv() {
            // Async Cancellation Safety: Remember that we are in an async task here.
            // If our caller is cancelled while we are awaiting for the future, we
            // will be cancelled too at the await point. In that case, the cancel
            // guard below will save the future and the op to the interrupted_op_ch
            // channel, so that we can resume/retry later.
            let mut cancel_guard;

            // Resume an interrupted future if there is one.
            match op {
                InterruptedOp::CallEvictionListener { ts, future, op } => {
                    cancel_guard = CancelGuard::new(&self.interrupted_op_ch_snd, ts);
                    cancel_guard.set_future_and_op(future.clone(), op);
                    // Resume the interrupted future (which will notify an eviction
                    // to the eviction listener).
                    future.await;
                    // If we are here, it means the above future has been completed.
                    cancel_guard.unset_future();
                }
                InterruptedOp::SendWriteOp { ts, op } => {
                    cancel_guard = CancelGuard::new(&self.interrupted_op_ch_snd, ts);
                    cancel_guard.set_op(op);
                }
            }

            // Retry to schedule the write op.
            let ts = cancel_guard.ts;
            let op = cancel_guard.op.as_ref().cloned().unwrap();
            let hk = self.housekeeper.as_ref();
            Self::schedule_write_op(&self.inner, &self.write_op_ch, op, ts, hk, false)
                .await
                .expect("Failed to reschedule a write op");

            // If we are here, it means the above write op has been scheduled.
            // We are all good now. Clear the cancel guard.
            cancel_guard.clear();
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    async fn apply_reads_if_needed(&self, inner: Arc<Inner<K, V, S>>, now: Instant) {
        let len = self.read_op_ch.len();

        if let Some(hk) = &self.housekeeper {
            if Self::should_apply_reads(hk, len, now) {
                hk.try_run_pending_tasks(inner).await;
            }
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn should_apply_reads(hk: &HouseKeeperArc, ch_len: usize, now: Instant) -> bool {
        hk.should_apply_reads(ch_len, now)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn should_apply_writes(hk: &HouseKeeperArc, ch_len: usize, now: Instant) -> bool {
        hk.should_apply_writes(ch_len, now)
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> BaseCache<K, V, S> {
    #[inline]
    fn new_value_entry(
        &self,
        key: &Arc<K>,
        hash: u64,
        value: V,
        timestamp: Instant,
        policy_weight: u32,
    ) -> TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>> {
        let key_hash = KeyHash::new(Arc::clone(key), hash);
        let info = TrioArc::new(EntryInfo::new(key_hash, timestamp, policy_weight));
        TrioArc::new(ValueEntry::new(value, info))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn new_value_entry_from(
        &self,
        value: V,
        timestamp: Instant,
        policy_weight: u32,
        other: &ValueEntry<K, V>,
    ) -> TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>> {
        let info = TrioArc::clone(other.entry_info());
        // To prevent this updated ValueEntry from being evicted by an expiration policy,
        // set the dirty flag to true. It will be reset to false when the write is applied.
        info.set_dirty(true);
        info.set_last_accessed(timestamp);
        info.set_last_modified(timestamp);
        info.set_policy_weight(policy_weight);
        TrioArc::new(ValueEntry::new_from(value, info, other))
    }

    fn expire_after_create(
        expiry: &Arc<dyn Expiry<K, V> + Send + Sync + 'static>,
        key: &K,
        value_entry: &ValueEntry<K, V>,
        ts: Instant,
        clocks: &Clocks,
    ) {
        let duration =
            expiry.expire_after_create(key, &value_entry.value, clocks.to_std_instant(ts));
        let expiration_time = duration.map(|duration| ts.checked_add(duration).expect("Overflow"));
        value_entry
            .entry_info()
            .set_expiration_time(expiration_time);
    }

    fn expire_after_read_or_update(
        expiry: impl FnOnce(&K, &V, StdInstant, Option<Duration>) -> Option<Duration>,
        key: &K,
        value_entry: &ValueEntry<K, V>,
        ttl: Option<Duration>,
        tti: Option<Duration>,
        ts: Instant,
        clocks: &Clocks,
    ) -> bool {
        let current_time = clocks.to_std_instant(ts);
        let ei = &value_entry.entry_info();

        let exp_time = IntoIterator::into_iter([
            ei.expiration_time(),
            ttl.and_then(|dur| ei.last_modified().and_then(|ts| ts.checked_add(dur))),
            tti.and_then(|dur| ei.last_accessed().and_then(|ts| ts.checked_add(dur))),
        ])
        .flatten()
        .min();

        let current_duration = exp_time.and_then(|time| {
            let std_time = clocks.to_std_instant(time);
            std_time.checked_duration_since(current_time)
        });

        let duration = expiry(key, &value_entry.value, current_time, current_duration);

        if duration != current_duration {
            let expiration_time =
                duration.map(|duration| ts.checked_add(duration).expect("Overflow"));
            value_entry
                .entry_info()
                .set_expiration_time(expiration_time);
            // The `expiration_time` has changed from `None` to `Some` or vice versa.
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }
}

//
// for testing
//
#[cfg(test)]
impl<K, V, S> BaseCache<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    pub(crate) fn invalidation_predicate_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.invalidation_predicate_count()
    }

    pub(crate) async fn reconfigure_for_testing(&mut self) {
        // Enable the frequency sketch.
        self.inner.enable_frequency_sketch_for_testing().await;
        // Disable auto clean up of pending tasks.
        if let Some(hk) = &self.housekeeper {
            hk.disable_auto_run();
        }
    }

    pub(crate) async fn set_expiration_clock(&self, clock: Option<Clock>) {
        self.inner.set_expiration_clock(clock).await;
        if let Some(hk) = &self.housekeeper {
            let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();
            hk.reset_run_after(now);
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn key_locks_map_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.key_locks_map_is_empty()
    }
}

struct EvictionState<'a, K, V> {
    counters: EvictionCounters,
    notifier: Option<&'a Arc<RemovalNotifier<K, V>>>,
}

impl<'a, K, V> EvictionState<'a, K, V> {
    fn new(
        entry_count: u64,
        weighted_size: u64,
        notifier: Option<&'a Arc<RemovalNotifier<K, V>>>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            counters: EvictionCounters::new(entry_count, weighted_size),
            notifier,
        }
    }

    fn is_notifier_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.notifier.is_some()
    }

    async fn add_removed_entry(
        &mut self,
        key: Arc<K>,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        cause: RemovalCause,
    ) where
        K: Send + Sync + 'static,
        V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        debug_assert!(self.is_notifier_enabled());

        if let Some(notifier) = self.notifier {
            notifier.notify(key, entry.value.clone(), cause).await;
        }
    }
}

struct EvictionCounters {
    entry_count: u64,
    weighted_size: u64,
}

impl EvictionCounters {
    #[inline]
    fn new(entry_count: u64, weighted_size: u64) -> Self {
        Self {
            entry_count,
            weighted_size,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn saturating_add(&mut self, entry_count: u64, weight: u32) {
        self.entry_count += entry_count;
        let total = &mut self.weighted_size;
        *total = total.saturating_add(weight as u64);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn saturating_sub(&mut self, entry_count: u64, weight: u32) {
        self.entry_count -= entry_count;
        let total = &mut self.weighted_size;
        *total = total.saturating_sub(weight as u64);
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct EntrySizeAndFrequency {
    policy_weight: u64,
    freq: u32,
}

impl EntrySizeAndFrequency {
    fn new(policy_weight: u32) -> Self {
        Self {
            policy_weight: policy_weight as u64,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    fn add_policy_weight(&mut self, weight: u32) {
        self.policy_weight += weight as u64;
    }

    fn add_frequency(&mut self, freq: &FrequencySketch, hash: u64) {
        self.freq += freq.frequency(hash) as u32;
    }
}

enum AdmissionResult<K> {
    Admitted {
        victim_keys: SmallVec<[KeyHash<K>; 8]>,
    },
    Rejected,
}

type CacheStore<K, V, S> = crate::cht::SegmentedHashMap<Arc<K>, TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>, S>;

struct Clocks {
    // Lock for this Clocks instance. Used when the `expiration_clock` is set.
    _lock: Mutex<()>,
    has_expiration_clock: AtomicBool,
    expiration_clock: SyncRwLock<Option<Clock>>,
    /// The time (`moka::common::time`) when this timer wheel was created.
    origin: Instant,
    /// The time (`StdInstant`) when this timer wheel was created.
    origin_std: StdInstant,
    /// Mutable version of `origin` and `origin_std`. Used when the
    /// `expiration_clock` is set.
    mutable_origin: SyncRwLock<Option<(Instant, StdInstant)>>,
}

impl Clocks {
    fn new(time: Instant, std_time: StdInstant) -> Self {
        Self {
            _lock: Default::default(),
            has_expiration_clock: Default::default(),
            expiration_clock: Default::default(),
            origin: time,
            origin_std: std_time,
            mutable_origin: Default::default(),
        }
    }

    fn to_std_instant(&self, time: Instant) -> StdInstant {
        let (origin, origin_std) = if self.has_expiration_clock.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
            self.mutable_origin
                .read()
                .expect("mutable_origin is not set")
        } else {
            (self.origin, self.origin_std)
        };
        origin_std + (time.checked_duration_since(origin).unwrap())
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    fn set_origin(&self, time: Instant, std_time: StdInstant) {
        *self.mutable_origin.write() = Some((time, std_time));
    }
}

pub(crate) struct Inner<K, V, S> {
    name: Option<String>,
    max_capacity: Option<u64>,
    entry_count: AtomicCell<u64>,
    weighted_size: AtomicCell<u64>,
    cache: CacheStore<K, V, S>,
    build_hasher: S,
    deques: Mutex<Deques<K>>,
    timer_wheel: Mutex<TimerWheel<K>>,
    frequency_sketch: RwLock<FrequencySketch>,
    frequency_sketch_enabled: AtomicBool,
    read_op_ch: Receiver<ReadOp<K, V>>,
    write_op_ch: Receiver<WriteOp<K, V>>,
    expiration_policy: ExpirationPolicy<K, V>,
    valid_after: AtomicInstant,
    weigher: Option<Weigher<K, V>>,
    removal_notifier: Option<Arc<RemovalNotifier<K, V>>>,
    key_locks: Option<KeyLockMap<K, S>>,
    invalidator: Option<Invalidator<K, V, S>>,
    clocks: Clocks,
}

//
// functions/methods used by BaseCache
//

impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S> {
    fn name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.name.as_deref()
    }

    fn policy(&self) -> Policy {
        let exp = &self.expiration_policy;
        Policy::new(self.max_capacity, 1, exp.time_to_live(), exp.time_to_idle())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn entry_count(&self) -> u64 {
        self.entry_count.load()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn weighted_size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.weighted_size.load()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_removal_notifier_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.removal_notifier.is_some()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-debug-counters")]
    pub async fn debug_stats(&self) -> CacheDebugStats {
        let ec = self.entry_count.load();
        let ws = self.weighted_size.load();

        CacheDebugStats::new(
            ec,
            ws,
            (self.cache.capacity() * 2) as u64,
            self.frequency_sketch.read().await.table_size(),
        )
    }

    #[inline]
    fn current_time_from_expiration_clock(&self) -> Instant {
        if self.clocks.has_expiration_clock.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
            Instant::new(
                self.clocks
                    .expiration_clock
                    .read()
                    .as_ref()
                    .expect("Cannot get the expiration clock")
                    .now(),
            )
        } else {
            Instant::now()
        }
    }

    fn clocks(&self) -> &Clocks {
        &self.clocks
    }

    fn num_cht_segments(&self) -> usize {
        self.cache.actual_num_segments()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn time_to_live(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.expiration_policy.time_to_live()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn time_to_idle(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.expiration_policy.time_to_idle()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_expiry(&self) -> bool {
        let exp = &self.expiration_policy;
        exp.time_to_live().is_some() || exp.time_to_idle().is_some()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_write_order_queue_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.expiration_policy.time_to_live().is_some() || self.invalidator.is_some()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn valid_after(&self) -> Option<Instant> {
        self.valid_after.instant()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_valid_after(&self, timestamp: Instant) {
        self.valid_after.set_instant(timestamp);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_valid_after(&self) -> bool {
        self.valid_after.is_set()
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq,
    S: BuildHasher,
{
    fn maybe_key_lock(&self, key: &Arc<K>) -> Option<KeyLock<'_, K, S>>
    where
        K: Hash + Eq,
        S: BuildHasher,
    {
        self.key_locks.as_ref().map(|kls| kls.key_lock(key))
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone,
{
    // Disable a Clippy warning for having more than seven arguments.
    // https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#too_many_arguments
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn new(
        name: Option<String>,
        max_capacity: Option<u64>,
        initial_capacity: Option<usize>,
        build_hasher: S,
        weigher: Option<Weigher<K, V>>,
        eviction_listener: Option<AsyncEvictionListener<K, V>>,
        read_op_ch: Receiver<ReadOp<K, V>>,
        write_op_ch: Receiver<WriteOp<K, V>>,
        expiration_policy: ExpirationPolicy<K, V>,
        invalidator_enabled: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        let (num_segments, initial_capacity) = if max_capacity == Some(0) {
            (1, 0)
        } else {
            let ic = initial_capacity
                .map(|cap| cap + WRITE_LOG_SIZE)
                .unwrap_or_default();
            (64, ic)
        };
        let cache = crate::cht::SegmentedHashMap::with_num_segments_capacity_and_hasher(
            num_segments,
            initial_capacity,
            build_hasher.clone(),
        );

        // Assume that getting `moka::common::Instant::now` has lower latency than
        // `StdInstant::now`.
        let now_std = StdInstant::now();
        let now = Instant::now();
        let clocks = Clocks::new(now, now_std);
        let timer_wheel = Mutex::new(TimerWheel::new(now));

        let (removal_notifier, key_locks) = if let Some(listener) = eviction_listener {
            let rn = Arc::new(RemovalNotifier::new(listener, name.clone()));
            let kl = KeyLockMap::with_hasher(build_hasher.clone());
            (Some(rn), Some(kl))
        } else {
            (None, None)
        };
        let invalidator = if invalidator_enabled {
            Some(Invalidator::new(build_hasher.clone()))
        } else {
            None
        };

        Self {
            name,
            max_capacity,
            entry_count: Default::default(),
            weighted_size: Default::default(),
            cache,
            build_hasher,
            deques: Default::default(),
            timer_wheel,
            frequency_sketch: RwLock::new(Default::default()),
            frequency_sketch_enabled: Default::default(),
            read_op_ch,
            write_op_ch,
            expiration_policy,
            valid_after: Default::default(),
            weigher,
            removal_notifier,
            key_locks,
            invalidator,
            clocks,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn hash<Q>(&self, key: &Q) -> u64
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
    {
        let mut hasher = self.build_hasher.build_hasher();
        key.hash(&mut hasher);
        hasher.finish()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn get_key_value_and<Q, F, T>(&self, key: &Q, hash: u64, with_entry: F) -> Option<T>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
        F: FnOnce(&Arc<K>, &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>) -> T,
    {
        self.cache
            .get_key_value_and(hash, |k| (k as &K).borrow() == key, with_entry)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn get_key_value_and_then<Q, F, T>(&self, key: &Q, hash: u64, with_entry: F) -> Option<T>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
        F: FnOnce(&Arc<K>, &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>) -> Option<T>,
    {
        self.cache
            .get_key_value_and_then(hash, |k| (k as &K).borrow() == key, with_entry)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn remove_entry<Q>(&self, key: &Q, hash: u64) -> Option<KvEntry<K, V>>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized,
    {
        self.cache
            .remove_entry(hash, |k| (k as &K).borrow() == key)
            .map(|(key, entry)| KvEntry::new(key, entry))
    }

    fn keys(&self, cht_segment: usize) -> Option<Vec<Arc<K>>> {
        // Do `Arc::clone` instead of `Arc::downgrade`. Updating existing entry
        // in the cht with a new value replaces the key in the cht even though the
        // old and new keys are equal. If we return `Weak<K>`, it will not be
        // upgraded later to `Arc<K> as the key may have been replaced with a new
        // key that equals to the old key.
        self.cache.keys(cht_segment, Arc::clone)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn register_invalidation_predicate(
        &self,
        predicate: PredicateFun<K, V>,
        registered_at: Instant,
    ) -> Result<PredicateId, PredicateError> {
        if let Some(inv) = &self.invalidator {
            inv.register_predicate(predicate, registered_at)
        } else {
            Err(PredicateError::InvalidationClosuresDisabled)
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the entry is invalidated by `invalidate_entries_if` method.
    #[inline]
    fn is_invalidated_entry(&self, key: &Arc<K>, entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>) -> bool
    where
        V: Clone,
    {
        if let Some(inv) = &self.invalidator {
            return inv.apply_predicates(key, entry);
        }
        false
    }

    #[inline]
    fn weigh(&self, key: &K, value: &V) -> u32 {
        self.weigher.as_ref().map(|w| w(key, value)).unwrap_or(1)
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl<K, V, S> GetOrRemoveEntry<K, V> for Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq,
    S: BuildHasher + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    fn get_value_entry(&self, key: &Arc<K>, hash: u64) -> Option<TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>> {
        self.cache.get(hash, |k| k == key)
    }

    async fn remove_key_value_if<F>(
        &self,
        key: &Arc<K>,
        hash: u64,
        condition: F,
    ) -> Option<TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>>
    where
        K: Send + Sync + 'static,
        V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: for<'a, 'b> FnMut(&'a Arc<K>, &'b TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>) -> bool + Send,
    {
        // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
        let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(key);
        let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
            Some(lock.lock().await)
        } else {
            None
        };

        let maybe_entry = self.cache.remove_if(hash, |k| k == key, condition);
        if let Some(entry) = &maybe_entry {
            if self.is_removal_notifier_enabled() {
                self.notify_single_removal(Arc::clone(key), entry, RemovalCause::Explicit)
                    .await;
            }
        }
        maybe_entry
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "unstable-debug-counters")]
mod batch_size {
    pub(crate) const EVICTION_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 10_000;
    pub(crate) const INVALIDATION_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 10_000;
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-debug-counters"))]
mod batch_size {
    pub(crate) const EVICTION_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 500;
    pub(crate) const INVALIDATION_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 500;
}

#[async_trait]
impl<K, V, S> InnerSync for Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    async fn run_pending_tasks(&self, max_repeats: usize) {
        self.do_run_pending_tasks(max_repeats).await;
    }

    fn now(&self) -> Instant {
        self.current_time_from_expiration_clock()
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    async fn do_run_pending_tasks(&self, max_repeats: usize) {
        if self.max_capacity == Some(0) {
            return;
        }

        let mut deqs = self.deques.lock().await;
        let mut timer_wheel = self.timer_wheel.lock().await;
        let mut calls = 0;
        let current_ec = self.entry_count.load();
        let current_ws = self.weighted_size.load();
        let mut eviction_state =
            EvictionState::new(current_ec, current_ws, self.removal_notifier.as_ref());

        let mut should_process_logs = true;

        while should_process_logs && calls <= max_repeats {
            let r_len = self.read_op_ch.len();
            if r_len > 0 {
                self.apply_reads(&mut deqs, &mut timer_wheel, r_len).await;
            }

            let w_len = self.write_op_ch.len();
            if w_len > 0 {
                self.apply_writes(&mut deqs, &mut timer_wheel, w_len, &mut eviction_state)
                    .await;
            }

            if self.should_enable_frequency_sketch(&eviction_state.counters) {
                self.enable_frequency_sketch(&eviction_state.counters).await;
            }

            calls += 1;
            should_process_logs = self.read_op_ch.len() >= READ_LOG_FLUSH_POINT
                || self.write_op_ch.len() >= WRITE_LOG_FLUSH_POINT;
        }

        if timer_wheel.is_enabled() {
            self.evict_expired_entries_using_timers(
                &mut timer_wheel,
                &mut deqs,
                &mut eviction_state,
            )
            .await;
        }

        if self.has_expiry() || self.has_valid_after() {
            self.evict_expired_entries_using_deqs(
                &mut deqs,
                &mut timer_wheel,
                batch_size::EVICTION_BATCH_SIZE,
                &mut eviction_state,
            )
            .await;
        }

        if let Some(invalidator) = &self.invalidator {
            if !invalidator.is_empty() {
                self.invalidate_entries(
                    invalidator,
                    &mut deqs,
                    &mut timer_wheel,
                    batch_size::INVALIDATION_BATCH_SIZE,
                    &mut eviction_state,
                )
                .await;
            }
        }

        // Evict if this cache has more entries than its capacity.
        let weights_to_evict = self.weights_to_evict(&eviction_state.counters);
        if weights_to_evict > 0 {
            self.evict_lru_entries(
                &mut deqs,
                &mut timer_wheel,
                batch_size::EVICTION_BATCH_SIZE,
                weights_to_evict,
                &mut eviction_state,
            )
            .await;
        }

        debug_assert_eq!(self.entry_count.load(), current_ec);
        debug_assert_eq!(self.weighted_size.load(), current_ws);
        self.entry_count.store(eviction_state.counters.entry_count);
        self.weighted_size
            .store(eviction_state.counters.weighted_size);

        crossbeam_epoch::pin().flush();
    }
}

//
// private methods
//
impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Send + Sync + 'static,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    fn has_enough_capacity(&self, candidate_weight: u32, counters: &EvictionCounters) -> bool {
        self.max_capacity
            .map(|limit| counters.weighted_size + candidate_weight as u64 <= limit)
            .unwrap_or(true)
    }

    fn weights_to_evict(&self, counters: &EvictionCounters) -> u64 {
        self.max_capacity
            .map(|limit| counters.weighted_size.saturating_sub(limit))
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn should_enable_frequency_sketch(&self, counters: &EvictionCounters) -> bool {
        match self.max_capacity {
            None | Some(0) => false,
            Some(max_cap) => {
                if self.frequency_sketch_enabled.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
                    false // The frequency sketch is already enabled.
                } else {
                    counters.weighted_size >= max_cap / 2
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    async fn enable_frequency_sketch(&self, counters: &EvictionCounters) {
        if let Some(max_cap) = self.max_capacity {
            let c = counters;
            let cap = if self.weigher.is_none() {
                max_cap
            } else {
                (c.entry_count as f64 * (c.weighted_size as f64 / max_cap as f64)) as u64
            };
            self.do_enable_frequency_sketch(cap).await;
        }
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    async fn enable_frequency_sketch_for_testing(&self) {
        if let Some(max_cap) = self.max_capacity {
            self.do_enable_frequency_sketch(max_cap).await;
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    async fn do_enable_frequency_sketch(&self, cache_capacity: u64) {
        let skt_capacity = common::sketch_capacity(cache_capacity);
        self.frequency_sketch
            .write()
            .await
            .ensure_capacity(skt_capacity);
        self.frequency_sketch_enabled.store(true, Ordering::Release);
    }

    async fn apply_reads(
        &self,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        count: usize,
    ) {
        use ReadOp::*;
        let mut freq = self.frequency_sketch.write().await;
        let ch = &self.read_op_ch;
        for _ in 0..count {
            match ch.try_recv() {
                Ok(Hit {
                    value_entry,
                    timestamp,
                    is_expiry_modified,
                }) => {
                    let kh = value_entry.entry_info().key_hash();
                    freq.increment(kh.hash);
                    value_entry.set_last_accessed(timestamp);
                    if is_expiry_modified {
                        self.update_timer_wheel(&value_entry, timer_wheel);
                    }
                    deqs.move_to_back_ao(&value_entry);
                }
                Ok(Miss(hash)) => freq.increment(hash),
                Err(_) => break,
            }
        }
    }

    async fn apply_writes(
        &self,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        count: usize,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        use WriteOp::*;
        let freq = self.frequency_sketch.read().await;
        let ch = &self.write_op_ch;

        for _ in 0..count {
            match ch.try_recv() {
                Ok(Upsert {
                    key_hash: kh,
                    value_entry: entry,
                    old_weight,
                    new_weight,
                }) => {
                    self.handle_upsert(
                        kh,
                        entry,
                        old_weight,
                        new_weight,
                        deqs,
                        timer_wheel,
                        &freq,
                        eviction_state,
                    )
                    .await
                }
                Ok(Remove(KvEntry { key: _key, entry })) => {
                    Self::handle_remove(deqs, timer_wheel, entry, &mut eviction_state.counters)
                }
                Err(_) => break,
            };
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    async fn handle_upsert(
        &self,
        kh: KeyHash<K>,
        entry: TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        old_weight: u32,
        new_weight: u32,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        freq: &FrequencySketch,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        entry.set_dirty(false);

        {
            let counters = &mut eviction_state.counters;

            if entry.is_admitted() {
                // The entry has been already admitted, so treat this as an update.
                counters.saturating_sub(0, old_weight);
                counters.saturating_add(0, new_weight);
                self.update_timer_wheel(&entry, timer_wheel);
                deqs.move_to_back_ao(&entry);
                deqs.move_to_back_wo(&entry);
                return;
            }

            if self.has_enough_capacity(new_weight, counters) {
                // There are enough room in the cache (or the cache is unbounded).
                // Add the candidate to the deques.
                self.handle_admit(&entry, new_weight, deqs, timer_wheel, counters);
                return;
            }
        }

        if let Some(max) = self.max_capacity {
            if new_weight as u64 > max {
                // The candidate is too big to fit in the cache. Reject it.

                // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
                let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(&kh.key);
                let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                    Some(lock.lock().await)
                } else {
                    None
                };

                let removed = self.cache.remove(kh.hash, |k| k == &kh.key);
                if let Some(entry) = removed {
                    if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                        let key = Arc::clone(&kh.key);
                        eviction_state
                            .add_removed_entry(key, &entry, RemovalCause::Size)
                            .await;
                    }
                }
                return;
            }
        }

        let mut candidate = EntrySizeAndFrequency::new(new_weight);
        candidate.add_frequency(freq, kh.hash);

        // Try to admit the candidate.
        //
        // NOTE: We need to call `admit` here, instead of a part of the `match`
        // expression. Otherwise the future returned from this `handle_upsert` method
        // will not be `Send`.
        let admission_result = Self::admit(&candidate, &self.cache, deqs, freq);
        match admission_result {
            AdmissionResult::Admitted { victim_keys } => {
                // Try to remove the victims from the hash map.
                for victim in victim_keys {
                    let vic_key = victim.key;
                    let vic_hash = victim.hash;

                    // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
                    let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(&vic_key);
                    let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                        Some(lock.lock().await)
                    } else {
                        None
                    };

                    if let Some((vic_key, vic_entry)) =
                        self.cache.remove_entry(vic_hash, |k| k == &vic_key)
                    {
                        if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                            eviction_state
                                .add_removed_entry(vic_key, &vic_entry, RemovalCause::Size)
                                .await;
                        }
                        // And then remove the victim from the deques.
                        Self::handle_remove(
                            deqs,
                            timer_wheel,
                            vic_entry,
                            &mut eviction_state.counters,
                        );
                    } else {
                        // Could not remove the victim from the cache. Skip it as its
                        // ValueEntry might have been invalidated.
                        if let Some(node) = deqs.probation.peek_front() {
                            if node.element.key() == &vic_key && node.element.hash() == vic_hash {
                                deqs.probation.move_front_to_back();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                // Add the candidate to the deques.
                self.handle_admit(
                    &entry,
                    new_weight,
                    deqs,
                    timer_wheel,
                    &mut eviction_state.counters,
                );
            }
            AdmissionResult::Rejected => {
                // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
                let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(&kh.key);
                let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                    Some(lock.lock().await)
                } else {
                    None
                };

                // Remove the candidate from the cache (hash map).
                let key = Arc::clone(&kh.key);
                self.cache.remove(kh.hash, |k| k == &key);
                if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                    eviction_state
                        .add_removed_entry(key, &entry, RemovalCause::Size)
                        .await;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Performs size-aware admission explained in the paper:
    /// [Lightweight Robust Size Aware Cache Management][size-aware-cache-paper]
    /// by Gil Einziger, Ohad Eytan, Roy Friedman, Ben Manes.
    ///
    /// [size-aware-cache-paper]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.08770
    ///
    /// There are some modifications in this implementation:
    /// - To admit to the main space, candidate's frequency must be higher than
    ///   the aggregated frequencies of the potential victims. (In the paper,
    ///   `>=` operator is used rather than `>`)  The `>` operator will do a better
    ///   job to prevent the main space from polluting.
    /// - When a candidate is rejected, the potential victims will stay at the LRU
    ///   position of the probation access-order queue. (In the paper, they will be
    ///   promoted (to the MRU position?) to force the eviction policy to select a
    ///   different set of victims for the next candidate). We may implement the
    ///   paper's behavior later?
    ///
    #[inline]
    fn admit(
        candidate: &EntrySizeAndFrequency,
        cache: &CacheStore<K, V, S>,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        freq: &FrequencySketch,
    ) -> AdmissionResult<K> {
        const MAX_CONSECUTIVE_RETRIES: usize = 5;
        let mut retries = 0;

        let mut victims = EntrySizeAndFrequency::default();
        let mut victim_keys = SmallVec::default();

        let deq = &mut deqs.probation;

        // Get first potential victim at the LRU position.
        let mut next_victim = deq.peek_front_ptr();

        // Aggregate potential victims.
        while victims.policy_weight < candidate.policy_weight {
            if candidate.freq < victims.freq {
                break;
            }
            if let Some(victim) = next_victim.take() {
                next_victim = DeqNode::next_node_ptr(victim);

                let vic_elem = &unsafe { victim.as_ref() }.element;
                let key = vic_elem.key();
                let hash = vic_elem.hash();

                if let Some(vic_entry) = cache.get(hash, |k| k == key) {
                    victims.add_policy_weight(vic_entry.policy_weight());
                    victims.add_frequency(freq, hash);
                    victim_keys.push(KeyHash::new(Arc::clone(key), hash));
                    retries = 0;
                } else {
                    // Could not get the victim from the cache (hash map). Skip this node
                    // as its ValueEntry might have been invalidated.
                    unsafe { deq.move_to_back(victim) };
                    retries += 1;
                }
            } else {
                // No more potential victims.
                break;
            }

            if retries > MAX_CONSECUTIVE_RETRIES {
                break;
            }
        }

        // Admit or reject the candidate.

        // TODO: Implement some randomness to mitigate hash DoS attack.
        // See Caffeine's implementation.

        if victims.policy_weight >= candidate.policy_weight && candidate.freq > victims.freq {
            AdmissionResult::Admitted { victim_keys }
        } else {
            AdmissionResult::Rejected
        }
    }

    fn handle_admit(
        &self,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        policy_weight: u32,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        counters: &mut EvictionCounters,
    ) {
        counters.saturating_add(1, policy_weight);

        self.update_timer_wheel(entry, timer_wheel);

        // Update the deques.
        deqs.push_back_ao(
            CacheRegion::MainProbation,
            KeyHashDate::new(entry.entry_info()),
            entry,
        );
        if self.is_write_order_queue_enabled() {
            deqs.push_back_wo(KeyHashDate::new(entry.entry_info()), entry);
        }
        entry.set_admitted(true);
    }

    /// NOTE: This method may enable the timer wheel.
    fn update_timer_wheel(
        &self,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
    ) {
        // Enable the timer wheel if needed.
        if entry.entry_info().expiration_time().is_some() && !timer_wheel.is_enabled() {
            timer_wheel.enable();
        }

        // Update the timer wheel.
        match (
            entry.entry_info().expiration_time().is_some(),
            entry.timer_node(),
        ) {
            // Do nothing; the cache entry has no expiration time and not registered
            // to the timer wheel.
            (false, None) => (),
            // Register the cache entry to the timer wheel; the cache entry has an
            // expiration time and not registered to the timer wheel.
            (true, None) => {
                let timer = timer_wheel.schedule(
                    TrioArc::clone(entry.entry_info()),
                    TrioArc::clone(entry.deq_nodes()),
                );
                entry.set_timer_node(timer);
            }
            // Reschedule the cache entry in the timer wheel; the cache entry has an
            // expiration time and already registered to the timer wheel.
            (true, Some(tn)) => {
                let result = timer_wheel.reschedule(tn);
                if let ReschedulingResult::Removed(removed_tn) = result {
                    // The timer node was removed from the timer wheel because the
                    // expiration time has been unset by other thread after we
                    // checked.
                    entry.set_timer_node(None);
                    drop(removed_tn);
                }
            }
            // Unregister the cache entry from the timer wheel; the cache entry has
            // no expiration time but registered to the timer wheel.
            (false, Some(tn)) => {
                entry.set_timer_node(None);
                timer_wheel.deschedule(tn);
            }
        }
    }

    fn handle_remove(
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        entry: TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        counters: &mut EvictionCounters,
    ) {
        if let Some(timer_node) = entry.take_timer_node() {
            timer_wheel.deschedule(timer_node);
        }
        Self::handle_remove_without_timer_wheel(deqs, entry, counters);
    }

    fn handle_remove_without_timer_wheel(
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        entry: TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        counters: &mut EvictionCounters,
    ) {
        if entry.is_admitted() {
            entry.set_admitted(false);
            counters.saturating_sub(1, entry.policy_weight());
            // The following two unlink_* functions will unset the deq nodes.
            deqs.unlink_ao(&entry);
            Deques::unlink_wo(&mut deqs.write_order, &entry);
        } else {
            entry.unset_q_nodes();
        }
    }

    fn handle_remove_with_deques(
        ao_deq_name: &str,
        ao_deq: &mut Deque<KeyHashDate<K>>,
        wo_deq: &mut Deque<KeyHashDate<K>>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        entry: TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        counters: &mut EvictionCounters,
    ) {
        if let Some(timer) = entry.take_timer_node() {
            timer_wheel.deschedule(timer);
        }
        if entry.is_admitted() {
            entry.set_admitted(false);
            counters.saturating_sub(1, entry.policy_weight());
            // The following two unlink_* functions will unset the deq nodes.
            Deques::unlink_ao_from_deque(ao_deq_name, ao_deq, &entry);
            Deques::unlink_wo(wo_deq, &entry);
        } else {
            entry.unset_q_nodes();
        }
    }

    async fn evict_expired_entries_using_timers(
        &self,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        use crate::common::timer_wheel::TimerEvent;

        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();

        // NOTE: When necessary, the iterator returned from advance() will unset the
        // timer node pointer in the `ValueEntry`, so we do not have to do it here.
        let expired_keys = timer_wheel
            .advance(now)
            .filter_map(|event| {
                // We do not have to do anything if event is `TimerEvent::Descheduled(_)`
                // or `TimerEvent::Rescheduled(_)`.
                if let TimerEvent::Expired(node) = event {
                    let entry_info = node.element.entry_info();
                    let kh = entry_info.key_hash();
                    Some((Arc::clone(&kh.key), kh.hash))
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        for (key, hash) in expired_keys {
            // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is
            // enabled.
            let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(&key);
            let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                Some(lock.lock().await)
            } else {
                None
            };

            // Remove the key from the map only when the entry is really
            // expired.
            let maybe_entry = self.cache.remove_if(
                hash,
                |k| k == &key,
                |_, v| is_expired_by_per_entry_ttl(v.entry_info(), now),
            );

            if let Some(entry) = maybe_entry {
                if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                    eviction_state
                        .add_removed_entry(key, &entry, RemovalCause::Expired)
                        .await;
                }
                Self::handle_remove_without_timer_wheel(deqs, entry, &mut eviction_state.counters);
            } else {
                // Other thread might have updated or invalidated the entry
                // already. We have nothing to do here as the `advance()`
                // iterator has unset the timer node pointer in the old
                // `ValueEntry`. (In the case of update, the timer node will be
                // recreated for the new `ValueEntry` when it is processed by the
                // `handle_upsert` method.)
            }
        }
    }

    async fn evict_expired_entries_using_deqs(
        &self,
        deqs: &mut MutexGuard<'_, Deques<K>>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        batch_size: usize,
        state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        use CacheRegion::{MainProbation as Probation, MainProtected as Protected, Window};

        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();

        if self.is_write_order_queue_enabled() {
            self.remove_expired_wo(deqs, timer_wheel, batch_size, now, state)
                .await;
        }

        self.remove_expired_ao(Window, deqs, timer_wheel, batch_size, now, state)
            .await;
        self.remove_expired_ao(Probation, deqs, timer_wheel, batch_size, now, state)
            .await;
        self.remove_expired_ao(Protected, deqs, timer_wheel, batch_size, now, state)
            .await;
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    #[inline]
    async fn remove_expired_ao(
        &self,
        cache_region: CacheRegion,
        deqs: &mut MutexGuard<'_, Deques<K>>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        batch_size: usize,
        now: Instant,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        let tti = &self.expiration_policy.time_to_idle();
        let va = &self.valid_after();
        let deq_name = cache_region.name();
        for _ in 0..batch_size {
            // Peek the front node of the deque and check if it is expired.
            let key_hash_cause = deqs
                .select_mut(cache_region)
                .0
                .peek_front()
                .and_then(|node| {
                    // TODO: Skip the entry if it is dirty. See `evict_lru_entries` method as an example.
                    match is_entry_expired_ao_or_invalid(tti, va, node, now) {
                        (true, _) => Some((
                            Arc::clone(node.element.key()),
                            node.element.hash(),
                            RemovalCause::Expired,
                        )),
                        (false, true) => Some((
                            Arc::clone(node.element.key()),
                            node.element.hash(),
                            RemovalCause::Explicit,
                        )),
                        (false, false) => None,
                    }
                });

            if key_hash_cause.is_none() {
                break;
            }

            let (key, hash, cause) = key_hash_cause
                .as_ref()
                .map(|(k, h, c)| (k, *h, *c))
                .unwrap();

            // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
            let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(key);
            let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                Some(lock.lock().await)
            } else {
                None
            };

            // Remove the key from the map only when the entry is really
            // expired. This check is needed because it is possible that the entry in
            // the map has been updated or deleted but its deque node we checked
            // above has not been updated yet.
            let maybe_entry = self.cache.remove_if(
                hash,
                |k| k == key,
                |_, v| is_expired_entry_ao(tti, va, v, now),
            );

            if let Some(entry) = maybe_entry {
                if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                    let key = Arc::clone(key);
                    eviction_state.add_removed_entry(key, &entry, cause).await;
                }
                let (ao_deq, wo_deq) = deqs.select_mut(cache_region);
                Self::handle_remove_with_deques(
                    cache_region.name(),
                    ao_deq,
                    wo_deq,
                    timer_wheel,
                    entry,
                    &mut eviction_state.counters,
                );
            } else {
                let (ao_deq, wo_deq) = deqs.select_mut(cache_region);
                if !self.try_skip_updated_entry(key, hash, deq_name, ao_deq, wo_deq) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn try_skip_updated_entry(
        &self,
        key: &K,
        hash: u64,
        deq_name: &str,
        deq: &mut Deque<KeyHashDate<K>>,
        write_order_deq: &mut Deque<KeyHashDate<K>>,
    ) -> bool {
        if let Some(entry) = self.cache.get(hash, |k| (k.borrow() as &K) == key) {
            if entry.is_dirty() {
                // The key exists and the entry has been updated.
                Deques::move_to_back_ao_in_deque(deq_name, deq, &entry);
                Deques::move_to_back_wo_in_deque(write_order_deq, &entry);
                true
            } else {
                // The key exists but something unexpected.
                false
            }
        } else {
            // Skip this entry as the key might have been invalidated. Since the
            // invalidated ValueEntry (which should be still in the write op queue)
            // has a pointer to this node, move the node to the back of the deque
            // instead of popping (dropping) it.
            deq.move_front_to_back();
            true
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    async fn remove_expired_wo(
        &self,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        batch_size: usize,
        now: Instant,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        let ttl = &self.expiration_policy.time_to_live();
        let va = &self.valid_after();
        for _ in 0..batch_size {
            let key_cause = deqs.write_order.peek_front().and_then(
                // TODO: Skip the entry if it is dirty. See `evict_lru_entries` method as an example.
                |node| match is_entry_expired_wo_or_invalid(ttl, va, node, now) {
                    (true, _) => Some((Arc::clone(node.element.key()), RemovalCause::Expired)),
                    (false, true) => Some((Arc::clone(node.element.key()), RemovalCause::Explicit)),
                    (false, false) => None,
                },
            );

            if key_cause.is_none() {
                break;
            }

            let (key, cause) = key_cause.as_ref().unwrap();
            let hash = self.hash(key);

            // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
            let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(key);
            let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                Some(lock.lock().await)
            } else {
                None
            };

            let maybe_entry = self.cache.remove_if(
                hash,
                |k| k == key,
                |_, v| is_expired_entry_wo(ttl, va, v, now),
            );

            if let Some(entry) = maybe_entry {
                if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                    let key = Arc::clone(key);
                    eviction_state.add_removed_entry(key, &entry, *cause).await;
                }
                Self::handle_remove(deqs, timer_wheel, entry, &mut eviction_state.counters);
            } else if let Some(entry) = self.cache.get(hash, |k| k == key) {
                if entry.is_dirty() {
                    deqs.move_to_back_ao(&entry);
                    deqs.move_to_back_wo(&entry);
                } else {
                    // The key exists but something unexpected. Break.
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                // Skip this entry as the key might have been invalidated. Since the
                // invalidated ValueEntry (which should be still in the write op
                // queue) has a pointer to this node, move the node to the back of
                // the deque instead of popping (dropping) it.
                deqs.write_order.move_front_to_back();
            }
        }
    }

    async fn invalidate_entries(
        &self,
        invalidator: &Invalidator<K, V, S>,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        batch_size: usize,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();

        // If the write order queue is empty, we are done and can remove the predicates
        // that have been registered by now.
        if deqs.write_order.len() == 0 {
            invalidator.remove_predicates_registered_before(now).await;
            return;
        }

        let mut candidates = Vec::with_capacity(batch_size);
        let mut len = 0;
        let has_next;
        {
            let iter = &mut deqs.write_order.peekable();

            while len < batch_size {
                if let Some(kd) = iter.next() {
                    if !kd.is_dirty() {
                        if let Some(ts) = kd.last_modified() {
                            let key = kd.key();
                            let hash = self.hash(key);
                            candidates.push(KeyDateLite::new(key, hash, ts));
                            len += 1;
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            }

            has_next = iter.peek().is_some();
        }

        if len == 0 {
            return;
        }

        let is_truncated = len == batch_size && has_next;
        let (invalidated, is_done) = invalidator
            .scan_and_invalidate(self, candidates, is_truncated)
            .await;

        for KvEntry { key: _key, entry } in invalidated {
            Self::handle_remove(deqs, timer_wheel, entry, &mut eviction_state.counters);
        }
        if is_done {
            deqs.write_order.reset_cursor();
        }
    }

    async fn evict_lru_entries(
        &self,
        deqs: &mut Deques<K>,
        timer_wheel: &mut TimerWheel<K>,
        batch_size: usize,
        weights_to_evict: u64,
        eviction_state: &mut EvictionState<'_, K, V>,
    ) where
        V: Clone,
    {
        const DEQ_NAME: &str = "probation";
        let mut evicted = 0u64;

        for _ in 0..batch_size {
            if evicted >= weights_to_evict {
                break;
            }

            let maybe_key_hash_ts = deqs
                .select_mut(CacheRegion::MainProbation)
                .0
                .peek_front()
                .map(|node| {
                    let entry_info = node.element.entry_info();
                    (
                        Arc::clone(node.element.key()),
                        node.element.hash(),
                        entry_info.is_dirty(),
                        entry_info.last_modified(),
                    )
                });

            let (key, hash, ts) = match maybe_key_hash_ts {
                Some((key, hash, false, Some(ts))) => (key, hash, ts),
                // TODO: Remove the second pattern `Some((_key, false, None))` once we change
                // `last_modified` and `last_accessed` in `EntryInfo` from `Option<Instant>` to
                // `Instant`.
                Some((key, hash, true, _)) | Some((key, hash, false, None)) => {
                    let (deq, write_order_deq) = deqs.select_mut(CacheRegion::MainProbation);
                    if self.try_skip_updated_entry(&key, hash, DEQ_NAME, deq, write_order_deq) {
                        continue;
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                None => break,
            };

            // Lock the key for removal if blocking removal notification is enabled.
            let kl = self.maybe_key_lock(&key);
            let _klg = if let Some(lock) = &kl {
                Some(lock.lock().await)
            } else {
                None
            };

            let maybe_entry = self.cache.remove_if(
                hash,
                |k| k == &key,
                |_, v| {
                    if let Some(lm) = v.last_modified() {
                        lm == ts
                    } else {
                        false
                    }
                },
            );

            if let Some(entry) = maybe_entry {
                if eviction_state.is_notifier_enabled() {
                    eviction_state
                        .add_removed_entry(key, &entry, RemovalCause::Size)
                        .await;
                }
                let weight = entry.policy_weight();
                let (deq, write_order_deq) = deqs.select_mut(CacheRegion::MainProbation);
                Self::handle_remove_with_deques(
                    DEQ_NAME,
                    deq,
                    write_order_deq,
                    timer_wheel,
                    entry,
                    &mut eviction_state.counters,
                );
                evicted = evicted.saturating_add(weight as u64);
            } else {
                let (deq, write_order_deq) = deqs.select_mut(CacheRegion::MainProbation);
                if !self.try_skip_updated_entry(&key, hash, DEQ_NAME, deq, write_order_deq) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Send + Sync + 'static,
    V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    async fn notify_single_removal(
        &self,
        key: Arc<K>,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        cause: RemovalCause,
    ) {
        if let Some(notifier) = &self.removal_notifier {
            notifier.notify(key, entry.value.clone(), cause).await
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn notify_upsert(
        &self,
        key: Arc<K>,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
        last_accessed: Option<Instant>,
        last_modified: Option<Instant>,
    ) -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> {
        use futures_util::future::FutureExt;

        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();
        let exp = &self.expiration_policy;

        let mut cause = RemovalCause::Replaced;

        if let Some(last_accessed) = last_accessed {
            if is_expired_by_tti(&exp.time_to_idle(), last_accessed, now) {
                cause = RemovalCause::Expired;
            }
        }

        if let Some(last_modified) = last_modified {
            if is_expired_by_ttl(&exp.time_to_live(), last_modified, now) {
                cause = RemovalCause::Expired;
            } else if is_invalid_entry(&self.valid_after(), last_modified) {
                cause = RemovalCause::Explicit;
            }
        }

        if let Some(notifier) = &self.removal_notifier {
            let notifier = Arc::clone(notifier);
            let value = entry.value.clone();
            async move {
                notifier.notify(key, value, cause).await;
            }
            .boxed()
        } else {
            std::future::ready(()).boxed()
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn notify_invalidate(
        &self,
        key: &Arc<K>,
        entry: &TrioArc<ValueEntry<K, V>>,
    ) -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> {
        use futures_util::future::FutureExt;

        let now = self.current_time_from_expiration_clock();
        let exp = &self.expiration_policy;

        let mut cause = RemovalCause::Explicit;

        if let Some(last_accessed) = entry.last_accessed() {
            if is_expired_by_tti(&exp.time_to_idle(), last_accessed, now) {
                cause = RemovalCause::Expired;
            }
        }

        if let Some(last_modified) = entry.last_modified() {
            if is_expired_by_ttl(&exp.time_to_live(), last_modified, now) {
                cause = RemovalCause::Expired;
            }
        }

        if let Some(notifier) = &self.removal_notifier {
            let notifier = Arc::clone(notifier);
            let key = Arc::clone(key);
            let value = entry.value.clone();
            async move { notifier.notify(key, value, cause).await }.boxed()
        } else {
            std::future::ready(()).boxed()
        }
    }
}

//
// for testing
//
#[cfg(test)]
impl<K, V, S> Inner<K, V, S>
where
    K: Hash + Eq,
    S: BuildHasher + Clone,
{
    fn invalidation_predicate_count(&self) -> usize {
        if let Some(inv) = &self.invalidator {
            inv.predicate_count()
        } else {
            0
        }
    }

    async fn set_expiration_clock(&self, clock: Option<Clock>) {
        // Acquire the lock for the clocks to prevent other threads from
        // updating the expiration clock while we are setting it.
        let _clocks_lock = self.clocks._lock.lock();

        if let Some(clock) = clock {
            let std_now = StdInstant::now();
            let now = Instant::new(clock.now());
            *(self.clocks.expiration_clock.write()) = Some(clock);
            self.clocks
                .has_expiration_clock
                .store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            self.clocks.set_origin(now, std_now);
            self.timer_wheel.lock().await.set_origin(now);
        } else {
            self.clocks
                .has_expiration_clock
                .store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
            *(self.clocks.expiration_clock.write()) = None;
        }
    }

    fn key_locks_map_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.key_locks
            .as_ref()
            .map(|m| m.is_empty())
            // If key_locks is None, consider it is empty.
            .unwrap_or(true)
    }
}

//
// private free-standing functions
//

/// Returns `true` if this entry is expired by its per-entry TTL.
#[inline]
fn is_expired_by_per_entry_ttl<K>(entry_info: &TrioArc<EntryInfo<K>>, now: Instant) -> bool {
    if let Some(ts) = entry_info.expiration_time() {
        return ts <= now;
    }
    false
}

/// Returns `true` when one of the followings conditions is met:
///
/// - This entry is expired by the time-to-idle config of this cache instance.
/// - Or, it is invalidated by the `invalidate_all` method.
#[inline]
fn is_expired_entry_ao(
    time_to_idle: &Option<Duration>,
    valid_after: &Option<Instant>,
    entry: &impl AccessTime,
    now: Instant,
) -> bool {
    if let Some(ts) = entry.last_accessed() {
        if is_invalid_entry(valid_after, ts) || is_expired_by_tti(time_to_idle, ts, now) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    false
}

/// Returns `true` when one of the following conditions is met:
///
/// - This entry is expired by the time-to-live (TTL) config of this cache instance.
/// - Or, it is invalidated by the `invalidate_all` method.
#[inline]
fn is_expired_entry_wo(
    time_to_live: &Option<Duration>,
    valid_after: &Option<Instant>,
    entry: &impl AccessTime,
    now: Instant,
) -> bool {
    if let Some(ts) = entry.last_modified() {
        if is_invalid_entry(valid_after, ts) || is_expired_by_ttl(time_to_live, ts, now) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    false
}

#[inline]
fn is_entry_expired_ao_or_invalid(
    time_to_idle: &Option<Duration>,
    valid_after: &Option<Instant>,
    entry: &impl AccessTime,
    now: Instant,
) -> (bool, bool) {
    if let Some(ts) = entry.last_accessed() {
        let expired = is_expired_by_tti(time_to_idle, ts, now);
        let invalid = is_invalid_entry(valid_after, ts);
        return (expired, invalid);
    }
    (false, false)
}

#[inline]
fn is_entry_expired_wo_or_invalid(
    time_to_live: &Option<Duration>,
    valid_after: &Option<Instant>,
    entry: &impl AccessTime,
    now: Instant,
) -> (bool, bool) {
    if let Some(ts) = entry.last_modified() {
        let expired = is_expired_by_ttl(time_to_live, ts, now);
        let invalid = is_invalid_entry(valid_after, ts);
        return (expired, invalid);
    }
    (false, false)
}

#[inline]
fn is_invalid_entry(valid_after: &Option<Instant>, entry_ts: Instant) -> bool {
    if let Some(va) = valid_after {
        if entry_ts < *va {
            return true;
        }
    }
    false
}

#[inline]
fn is_expired_by_tti(
    time_to_idle: &Option<Duration>,
    entry_last_accessed: Instant,
    now: Instant,
) -> bool {
    if let Some(tti) = time_to_idle {
        let checked_add = entry_last_accessed.checked_add(*tti);
        if checked_add.is_none() {
            panic!("tti overflow")
        }
        return checked_add.unwrap() <= now;
    }
    false
}

#[inline]
fn is_expired_by_ttl(
    time_to_live: &Option<Duration>,
    entry_last_modified: Instant,
    now: Instant,
) -> bool {
    if let Some(ttl) = time_to_live {
        let checked_add = entry_last_modified.checked_add(*ttl);
        if checked_add.is_none() {
            panic!("ttl overflow");
        }
        return checked_add.unwrap() <= now;
    }
    false
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use crate::policy::ExpirationPolicy;

    use super::BaseCache;

    #[cfg_attr(target_pointer_width = "16", ignore)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_skt_capacity_will_not_overflow() {
        use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;

        // power of two
        let pot = |exp| 2u64.pow(exp);

        async fn ensure_sketch_len(max_capacity: u64, len: u64, name: &str) {
            let cache = BaseCache::<u8, u8>::new(
                None,
                Some(max_capacity),
                None,
                RandomState::default(),
                None,
                None,
                Default::default(),
                false,
            );
            cache.inner.enable_frequency_sketch_for_testing().await;
            assert_eq!(
                cache.inner.frequency_sketch.read().await.table_len(),
                len as usize,
                "{}",
                name
            );
        }

        if cfg!(target_pointer_width = "32") {
            let pot24 = pot(24);
            let pot16 = pot(16);
            ensure_sketch_len(0, 128, "0").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(128, 128, "128").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(pot16, pot16, "pot16").await;
            // due to ceiling to next_power_of_two
            ensure_sketch_len(pot16 + 1, pot(17), "pot16 + 1").await;
            // due to ceiling to next_power_of_two
            ensure_sketch_len(pot24 - 1, pot24, "pot24 - 1").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(pot24, pot24, "pot24").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(pot(27), pot24, "pot(27)").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(u32::MAX as u64, pot24, "u32::MAX").await;
        } else {
            // target_pointer_width: 64 or larger.
            let pot30 = pot(30);
            let pot16 = pot(16);
            ensure_sketch_len(0, 128, "0").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(128, 128, "128").await;
            ensure_sketch_len(pot16, pot16, "pot16").await;
            // due to ceiling to next_power_of_two
            ensure_sketch_len(pot16 + 1, pot(17), "pot16 + 1").await;

            // The following tests will allocate large memory (~8GiB).
            // Skip when running on Circle CI.
            if !cfg!(circleci) {
                // due to ceiling to next_power_of_two
                ensure_sketch_len(pot30 - 1, pot30, "pot30- 1").await;
                ensure_sketch_len(pot30, pot30, "pot30").await;
                ensure_sketch_len(u64::MAX, pot30, "u64::MAX").await;
            }
        };
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_per_entry_expiration() {
        use crate::{common::time::Clock, Entry, Expiry};

        use std::{
            collections::hash_map::RandomState,
            sync::{Arc, Mutex},
            time::{Duration, Instant as StdInstant},
        };

        type Key = u32;
        type Value = char;

        fn current_time(cache: &BaseCache<Key, Value>) -> StdInstant {
            cache
                .inner
                .clocks()
                .to_std_instant(cache.current_time_from_expiration_clock())
        }

        async fn insert(cache: &BaseCache<Key, Value>, key: Key, hash: u64, value: Value) {
            let (op, _now) = cache.do_insert_with_hash(Arc::new(key), hash, value).await;
            cache.write_op_ch.send(op).expect("Failed to send");
        }

        fn never_ignore<'a, V>() -> Option<&'a mut fn(&V) -> bool> {
            None
        }

        macro_rules! assert_params_eq {
            ($left:expr, $right:expr, $param_name:expr, $line:expr) => {
                assert_eq!(
                    $left, $right,
                    "Mismatched `{}`s. line: {}",
                    $param_name, $line
                );
            };
        }

        macro_rules! assert_expiry {
            ($cache:ident, $key:ident, $hash:ident, $mock:ident, $duration_secs:expr) => {
                // Increment the time.
                $mock.increment(Duration::from_millis($duration_secs * 1000 - 1));
                $cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
                assert!($cache.contains_key_with_hash(&$key, $hash));
                assert_eq!($cache.entry_count(), 1);

                // Increment the time by 1ms (3). The entry should be expired.
                $mock.increment(Duration::from_millis(1));
                $cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
                assert!(!$cache.contains_key_with_hash(&$key, $hash));

                // Increment the time again to ensure the entry has been evicted from the
                // cache.
                $mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(1));
                $cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
                assert_eq!($cache.entry_count(), 0);
            };
        }

        /// Contains expected call parameters and also a return value.
        #[derive(Debug)]
        enum ExpiryExpectation {
            NoCall,
            AfterCreate {
                caller_line: u32,
                key: Key,
                value: Value,
                current_time: StdInstant,
                new_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
            },
            AfterRead {
                caller_line: u32,
                key: Key,
                value: Value,
                current_time: StdInstant,
                current_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
                last_modified_at: StdInstant,
                new_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
            },
            AfterUpdate {
                caller_line: u32,
                key: Key,
                value: Value,
                current_time: StdInstant,
                current_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
                new_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
            },
        }

        impl ExpiryExpectation {
            fn after_create(
                caller_line: u32,
                key: Key,
                value: Value,
                current_time: StdInstant,
                new_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
            ) -> Self {
                Self::AfterCreate {
                    caller_line,
                    key,
                    value,
                    current_time,
                    new_duration_secs,
                }
            }

            fn after_read(
                caller_line: u32,
                key: Key,
                value: Value,
                current_time: StdInstant,
                current_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
                last_modified_at: StdInstant,
                new_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
            ) -> Self {
                Self::AfterRead {
                    caller_line,
                    key,
                    value,
                    current_time,
                    current_duration_secs,
                    last_modified_at,
                    new_duration_secs,
                }
            }

            fn after_update(
                caller_line: u32,
                key: Key,
                value: Value,
                current_time: StdInstant,
                current_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
                new_duration_secs: Option<u64>,
            ) -> Self {
                Self::AfterUpdate {
                    caller_line,
                    key,
                    value,
                    current_time,
                    current_duration_secs,
                    new_duration_secs,
                }
            }
        }

        let expectation = Arc::new(Mutex::new(ExpiryExpectation::NoCall));

        struct MyExpiry {
            expectation: Arc<Mutex<ExpiryExpectation>>,
        }

        impl Expiry<u32, char> for MyExpiry {
            fn expire_after_create(
                &self,
                actual_key: &u32,
                actual_value: &char,
                actual_current_time: StdInstant,
            ) -> Option<Duration> {
                use ExpiryExpectation::*;

                let lock = &mut *self.expectation.lock().unwrap();
                let expected = std::mem::replace(lock, NoCall);
                match expected {
                    AfterCreate {
                        caller_line,
                        key,
                        value,
                        current_time,
                        new_duration_secs: new_duration,
                    } => {
                        assert_params_eq!(*actual_key, key, "key", caller_line);
                        assert_params_eq!(*actual_value, value, "value", caller_line);
                        assert_params_eq!(
                            actual_current_time,
                            current_time,
                            "current_time",
                            caller_line
                        );
                        new_duration.map(Duration::from_secs)
                    }
                    expected => {
                        panic!("Unexpected call to expire_after_create: caller_line {}, expected: {:?}",
                            line!(), expected
                        );
                    }
                }
            }

            fn expire_after_read(
                &self,
                actual_key: &u32,
                actual_value: &char,
                actual_current_time: StdInstant,
                actual_current_duration: Option<Duration>,
                actual_last_modified_at: StdInstant,
            ) -> Option<Duration> {
                use ExpiryExpectation::*;

                let lock = &mut *self.expectation.lock().unwrap();
                let expected = std::mem::replace(lock, NoCall);
                match expected {
                    AfterRead {
                        caller_line,
                        key,
                        value,
                        current_time,
                        current_duration_secs,
                        last_modified_at,
                        new_duration_secs,
                    } => {
                        assert_params_eq!(*actual_key, key, "key", caller_line);
                        assert_params_eq!(*actual_value, value, "value", caller_line);
                        assert_params_eq!(
                            actual_current_time,
                            current_time,
                            "current_time",
                            caller_line
                        );
                        assert_params_eq!(
                            actual_current_duration,
                            current_duration_secs.map(Duration::from_secs),
                            "current_duration",
                            caller_line
                        );
                        assert_params_eq!(
                            actual_last_modified_at,
                            last_modified_at,
                            "last_modified_at",
                            caller_line
                        );
                        new_duration_secs.map(Duration::from_secs)
                    }
                    expected => {
                        panic!(
                            "Unexpected call to expire_after_read: caller_line {}, expected: {:?}",
                            line!(),
                            expected
                        );
                    }
                }
            }

            fn expire_after_update(
                &self,
                actual_key: &u32,
                actual_value: &char,
                actual_current_time: StdInstant,
                actual_current_duration: Option<Duration>,
            ) -> Option<Duration> {
                use ExpiryExpectation::*;

                let lock = &mut *self.expectation.lock().unwrap();
                let expected = std::mem::replace(lock, NoCall);
                match expected {
                    AfterUpdate {
                        caller_line,
                        key,
                        value,
                        current_time,
                        current_duration_secs,
                        new_duration_secs,
                    } => {
                        assert_params_eq!(*actual_key, key, "key", caller_line);
                        assert_params_eq!(*actual_value, value, "value", caller_line);
                        assert_params_eq!(
                            actual_current_time,
                            current_time,
                            "current_time",
                            caller_line
                        );
                        assert_params_eq!(
                            actual_current_duration,
                            current_duration_secs.map(Duration::from_secs),
                            "current_duration",
                            caller_line
                        );
                        new_duration_secs.map(Duration::from_secs)
                    }
                    expected => {
                        panic!("Unexpected call to expire_after_update: caller_line {}, expected: {:?}",
                            line!(), expected
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        const TTL: u64 = 16;
        const TTI: u64 = 7;
        let expiry: Option<Arc<dyn Expiry<_, _> + Send + Sync + 'static>> =
            Some(Arc::new(MyExpiry {
                expectation: Arc::clone(&expectation),
            }));

        let mut cache = BaseCache::<Key, Value>::new(
            None,
            None,
            None,
            RandomState::default(),
            None,
            None,
            ExpirationPolicy::new(
                Some(Duration::from_secs(TTL)),
                Some(Duration::from_secs(TTI)),
                expiry,
            ),
            false,
        );
        cache.reconfigure_for_testing().await;

        let (clock, mock) = Clock::mock();
        cache.set_expiration_clock(Some(clock)).await;

        // Make the cache exterior immutable.
        let cache = cache;

        mock.increment(Duration::from_millis(10));

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 1
        //
        // 1.  0s: Insert with per-entry TTL 1s.
        // 2. +1s: Expires.
        // ----------------------------------------------------

        // Insert an entry (1). It will have a per-entry TTL of 1 second.
        let key = 1;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'a';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), Some(1));

        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        // Run a sync to register the entry to the internal data structures including
        // the timer wheel.
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 1);

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 2
        //
        // 1.  0s: Insert with no per-entry TTL.
        // 2. +1s: Get with per-entry TTL 3s.
        // 3. +3s: Expires.
        // ----------------------------------------------------

        // Insert an entry (1).
        let key = 2;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'b';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), None);
        let inserted_at = current_time(&cache);
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(1));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));

        // Read the entry (2).
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 1),
            inserted_at,
            Some(3),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 3);

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 3
        //
        // 1.  0s: Insert with no per-entry TTL.
        // 2. +1s: Get with no per-entry TTL.
        // 3. +2s: Update with per-entry TTL 3s.
        // 4. +3s: Expires.
        // ----------------------------------------------------

        // Insert an entry (1).
        let key = 3;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'c';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), None);
        let inserted_at = current_time(&cache);
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(1));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));

        // Read the entry (2).
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 1),
            inserted_at,
            None,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(2));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Update the entry (3).
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_update(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            // TTI should be reset by this update.
            Some(TTI),
            Some(3),
        );
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 3);

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 4
        //
        // 1.  0s: Insert with no per-entry TTL.
        // 2. +1s: Get with no per-entry TTL.
        // 3. +2s: Update with no per-entry TTL.
        // 4. +7s: Expires by TTI (7s from step 3).
        // ----------------------------------------------------

        // Insert an entry (1).
        let key = 4;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'd';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), None);
        let inserted_at = current_time(&cache);
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(1));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Read the entry (2).
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 1),
            inserted_at,
            None,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(2));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Update the entry (3).
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_update(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            // TTI should be reset by this update.
            Some(TTI),
            None,
        );
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 7);

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 5
        //
        // 1.  0s: Insert with per-entry TTL 8s.
        // 2. +5s: Get with per-entry TTL 8s.
        // 3. +7s: Expires by TTI (7s).
        // ----------------------------------------------------

        // Insert an entry.
        let key = 5;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'e';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), Some(8));
        let inserted_at = current_time(&cache);
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(5));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Read the entry.
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 5),
            inserted_at,
            Some(8),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 7);

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 6
        //
        // 1.  0s: Insert with per-entry TTL 8s.
        // 2. +5s: Get with per-entry TTL 9s.
        // 3. +6s: Get with per-entry TTL 10s.
        // 4. +5s: Expires by TTL (16s).
        // ----------------------------------------------------

        // Insert an entry.
        let key = 6;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'f';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), Some(8));
        let inserted_at = current_time(&cache);
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(5));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Read the entry.
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 5),
            inserted_at,
            Some(9),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(6));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Read the entry.
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 6),
            inserted_at,
            Some(10),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 5);

        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Case 7
        //
        // 1.   0s: Insert with per-entry TTL 9s.
        // 2.  +6s: Update with per-entry TTL 8s.
        // 3.  +6s: Get with per-entry TTL 9s
        // 4.  +6s: Get with per-entry TTL 5s.
        // 5.  +4s: Expires by TTL (16s from step 2).
        // ----------------------------------------------------
        // Insert an entry.
        let key = 7;
        let hash = cache.hash(&key);
        let value = 'g';

        *expectation.lock().unwrap() =
            ExpiryExpectation::after_create(line!(), key, value, current_time(&cache), Some(9));
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(6));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Update the entry (3).
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_update(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            // From the per-entry TTL.
            Some(9 - 6),
            Some(8),
        );
        let updated_at = current_time(&cache);
        insert(&cache, key, hash, value).await;
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(6));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Read the entry.
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 6),
            updated_at,
            Some(9),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        // Increment the time.
        mock.increment(Duration::from_secs(6));
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;
        assert!(cache.contains_key_with_hash(&key, hash));
        assert_eq!(cache.entry_count(), 1);

        // Read the entry.
        *expectation.lock().unwrap() = ExpiryExpectation::after_read(
            line!(),
            key,
            value,
            current_time(&cache),
            Some(TTI - 6),
            updated_at,
            Some(5),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cache
                .get_with_hash(&key, hash, never_ignore(), false, true)
                .await
                .map(Entry::into_value),
            Some(value)
        );
        cache.inner.do_run_pending_tasks(1).await;

        assert_expiry!(cache, key, hash, mock, 4);
    }
}