Marshal.cs

// System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.cs
//
// Sean MacIsaac (macisaac@ximian.com)
// Paolo Molaro (lupus@ximian.com)
// Dietmar Maurer (dietmar@ximian.com)
// Jonathan Chambers (joncham@gmail.com)
//
// (C) 2001-2002 Ximian, Inc.

//
// Copyright (C) 2004 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
// 
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
// 
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//

#if FULL_AOT_INTERP && DISABLE_COM
#define FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
#endif

using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System;
using System.Security;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Threading;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes;
using System.Text;

using System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution;
#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !DISABLE_REMOTING
using Mono.Interop;
#endif

namespace System.Runtime.InteropServices
{
	public static partial class Marshal
	{
		/* fields */
		public static readonly int SystemMaxDBCSCharSize = 2; // don't know what this is
		public static readonly int SystemDefaultCharSize = Environment.IsRunningOnWindows ? 2 : 1;

#if !MOBILE || WINAOT
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static int AddRefInternal (IntPtr pUnk);
#endif

		public static int AddRef (IntPtr pUnk)
		{
#if !MOBILE || WINAOT
			if (pUnk == IntPtr.Zero)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("pUnk");
			return AddRefInternal (pUnk);
#else
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#endif
		}


		public static bool AreComObjectsAvailableForCleanup ()
		{
			return false;
		}


		public static void CleanupUnusedObjectsInCurrentContext ()
		{
			if (Environment.IsRunningOnWindows)
				throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static IntPtr AllocCoTaskMem (int cb);
		
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		internal extern static IntPtr AllocCoTaskMemSize (UIntPtr sizet);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
		public extern static IntPtr AllocHGlobal (IntPtr cb);

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
		public static IntPtr AllocHGlobal (int cb)
		{
			return AllocHGlobal ((IntPtr)cb);
		}


		public static object BindToMoniker (string monikerName)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static void ChangeWrapperHandleStrength (object otp, bool fIsWeak)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		unsafe internal static void copy_to_unmanaged (Array source, int startIndex,
		       IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, null);
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		unsafe private extern static void copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (Array source, int startIndex,
		       IntPtr destination, int length, void* fixed_source_element);

		static private bool skip_fixed (System.Array array, int startIndex)
		{
			// In particular, we see length == 0 && startIndex == array.Length, and fixed fails.
			return startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= array.Length;
		}

		unsafe internal static void copy_to_unmanaged (byte[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			// This function is inconsistent with its surroundings.
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, null);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		unsafe internal static void copy_to_unmanaged (char[] source, int startIndex,
		       IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			// This function is inconsistent with its surroundings.
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, null);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (byte[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (char[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (short[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (int[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (long[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (float[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (double[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr[] source, int startIndex, IntPtr destination, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (source, startIndex))
				copy_to_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_source = &source [startIndex])
				copy_to_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_source);
		}

		unsafe internal static void copy_from_unmanaged (IntPtr source, int startIndex, Array destination, int length)
		{
			copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, null);
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		unsafe private extern static void copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (IntPtr source, int startIndex,
			Array destination, int length, void* fixed_destination_element);

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, byte[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, char[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, short[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, int[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, long[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, float[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, double[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public unsafe static void Copy (IntPtr source, IntPtr[] destination, int startIndex, int length)
		{
			if (skip_fixed (destination, startIndex))
				copy_from_unmanaged (source, startIndex, destination, length);
			else fixed (void* fixed_destination = &destination [startIndex])
				copy_from_unmanaged_fixed (source, startIndex, destination, length, fixed_destination);
		}

		public static IntPtr CreateAggregatedObject (IntPtr pOuter,
							     object o)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static IntPtr CreateAggregatedObject<T> (IntPtr pOuter, T o) {
			return CreateAggregatedObject (pOuter, (object)o);
		}

		public static object CreateWrapperOfType (object o, Type t)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME || DISABLE_REMOTING
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			__ComObject co = o as __ComObject;
			if (co == null)
				throw new ArgumentException ("o must derive from __ComObject", "o");
			if (t == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("t");

			Type[] itfs = o.GetType ().GetInterfaces ();
			foreach (Type itf in itfs) {
				if (itf.IsImport && co.GetInterface (itf) == IntPtr.Zero)
					throw new InvalidCastException ();
			}

			return ComInteropProxy.GetProxy (co.IUnknown, t).GetTransparentProxy ();
#endif
		}

		public static TWrapper CreateWrapperOfType<T, TWrapper> (T o) {
			return (TWrapper)CreateWrapperOfType ((object)o, typeof (TWrapper));
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		[ComVisible (true)]
		public extern static void DestroyStructure (IntPtr ptr, Type structuretype);

		public static void DestroyStructure<T> (IntPtr ptr) {
			DestroyStructure (ptr, typeof (T));
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static void FreeBSTR (IntPtr ptr);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static void FreeCoTaskMem (IntPtr ptr);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public extern static void FreeHGlobal (IntPtr hglobal);

		static void ClearBSTR (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			int len = ReadInt32 (ptr, -4);

			for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
				WriteByte (ptr, i, 0);
		}
		
		public static void ZeroFreeBSTR (IntPtr s)
		{
			ClearBSTR (s);
			FreeBSTR (s);
		}

		static void ClearAnsi (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			for (int i = 0; ReadByte (ptr, i) != 0; i++)
				WriteByte (ptr, i, 0);
		}

		static void ClearUnicode (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			for (int i = 0; ReadInt16 (ptr, i) != 0; i += 2)
				WriteInt16 (ptr, i, 0);
		}
		
		public static void ZeroFreeCoTaskMemAnsi (IntPtr s)
		{
			ClearAnsi (s);
			FreeCoTaskMem (s);
		}

		public static void ZeroFreeCoTaskMemUnicode (IntPtr s)
		{
			ClearUnicode (s);
			FreeCoTaskMem (s);
		}

		public static void ZeroFreeCoTaskMemUTF8 (IntPtr s)
		{
			ClearAnsi (s);
			FreeCoTaskMem (s);
		}
		
		public static void ZeroFreeGlobalAllocAnsi (IntPtr s)
		{
			ClearAnsi (s);
			FreeHGlobal (s);
		}

		public static void ZeroFreeGlobalAllocUnicode (IntPtr s)
		{
			ClearUnicode (s);
			FreeHGlobal (s);
		}

#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !MONOTOUCH
		public static Guid GenerateGuidForType (Type type)
		{
			return type.GUID;
		}

		public static string GenerateProgIdForType (Type type)
		{
			IList<CustomAttributeData> attrs = CustomAttributeData.GetCustomAttributes (type);

			foreach (var a in attrs)
			{
				var dt = a.Constructor.DeclaringType;
				string name = dt.Name;
				if (name == "ProgIdAttribute")
				{
					var args = a.ConstructorArguments;
					string text = a.ConstructorArguments[0].Value as string;
					if (text == null)
					{
						text = string.Empty;
					}
					return text;
				}
			}

			return type.FullName;
		}


		public static object GetActiveObject (string progID)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

#if !MOBILE
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static IntPtr GetCCW (object o, Type T);

		private static IntPtr GetComInterfaceForObjectInternal (object o, Type T)
		{
			if (IsComObject (o))
				return ((__ComObject)o).GetInterface (T);
			else
				return GetCCW (o, T);
		}
#endif
#endif // !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !MONOTOUCH

		public static IntPtr GetComInterfaceForObject (object o, Type T)
		{
#if MOBILE
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			IntPtr pItf = GetComInterfaceForObjectInternal (o, T);
			AddRef (pItf);
			return pItf;
#endif
		}


		public static IntPtr GetComInterfaceForObject (object o, Type T, CustomQueryInterfaceMode mode)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static IntPtr GetComInterfaceForObject<T, TInterface> (T o) {
			return GetComInterfaceForObject ((object)o, typeof (T));
		}

#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !MONOTOUCH

		public static IntPtr GetComInterfaceForObjectInContext (object o, Type t)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static object GetComObjectData (object obj, object key)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ("MSDN states user code should never need to call this method.");
		}

#if !MOBILE
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static int GetComSlotForMethodInfoInternal (MemberInfo m);
#endif

		public static int GetComSlotForMethodInfo (MemberInfo m)
		{
#if !MOBILE
			if (m == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("m");
			if (!(m is MethodInfo))
				throw new ArgumentException ("The MemberInfo must be an interface method.", "m");
			if (!m.DeclaringType.IsInterface)
				throw new ArgumentException ("The MemberInfo must be an interface method.", "m");
			return GetComSlotForMethodInfoInternal (m);
#else
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#endif
		}


		public static int GetEndComSlot (Type t)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		[ComVisible (true)]
		public static IntPtr GetExceptionPointers()
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static IntPtr GetHINSTANCE (Module m)
		{
			if (m == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("m");

			if (m is RuntimeModule rm)
				return RuntimeModule.GetHINSTANCE (rm.MonoModule);

			return (IntPtr)(-1);
		}
#else
		public static IntPtr GetHINSTANCE (Module m) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
		public static IntPtr GetIDispatchForObject (object o) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
		public static object GetTypedObjectForIUnknown (IntPtr pUnk, Type t) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
		public static bool SetComObjectData (object obj, object key, object data) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
		public static object GetComObjectData (object obj, object key) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
		public static string GenerateProgIdForType (Type type) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
		public static Guid GenerateGuidForType (Type type) => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
#endif // !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME

		public static int GetExceptionCode ()
		{
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
		}

		public static int GetHRForException (Exception e)
		{
			if (e == null) return 0;

#if FEATURE_COMINTEROP
			var errorInfo = new ManagedErrorInfo(e);
			SetErrorInfo (0, errorInfo);
#endif

			return e._HResult;
		}


		[ReliabilityContract (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public static int GetHRForLastWin32Error()
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#endif
		}

#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !MONOTOUCH
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static IntPtr GetIDispatchForObjectInternal (object o);

		public static IntPtr GetIDispatchForObject (object o)
		{
			IntPtr pUnk = GetIDispatchForObjectInternal (o);
			// Internal method does not AddRef
			AddRef (pUnk);
			return pUnk;
		}


		public static IntPtr GetIDispatchForObjectInContext (object o)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static IntPtr GetITypeInfoForType (Type t)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static IntPtr GetIUnknownForObjectInContext (object o)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		[Obsolete ("This method has been deprecated")]
		public static IntPtr GetManagedThunkForUnmanagedMethodPtr (IntPtr pfnMethodToWrap, IntPtr pbSignature, int cbSignature)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static MemberInfo GetMethodInfoForComSlot (Type t, int slot, ref ComMemberType memberType)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static IntPtr GetIUnknownForObjectInternal (object o);

#endif // !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME

		public static IntPtr GetIUnknownForObject (object o)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME || MONOTOUCH
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			IntPtr pUnk = GetIUnknownForObjectInternal (o);
			// Internal method does not AddRef
			AddRef (pUnk);
			return pUnk;
#endif
		}

		public static void GetNativeVariantForObject (object obj, IntPtr pDstNativeVariant)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			Variant vt = new Variant();
			vt.SetValue(obj);
			Marshal.StructureToPtr(vt, pDstNativeVariant, false);
#endif
		}

		public static void GetNativeVariantForObject<T> (T obj, IntPtr pDstNativeVariant) {
			GetNativeVariantForObject ((object)obj, pDstNativeVariant);
		}

#if !MOBILE && !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private static extern object GetObjectForCCW (IntPtr pUnk);
#endif

		public static object GetObjectForIUnknown (IntPtr pUnk)
		{
#if MOBILE || FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			object obj = GetObjectForCCW (pUnk);
			// was not a CCW
			if (obj == null) {
				ComInteropProxy proxy = ComInteropProxy.GetProxy (pUnk, typeof (__ComObject));
				obj = proxy.GetTransparentProxy ();
			}
			return obj;
#endif
		}

		public static object GetObjectForNativeVariant (IntPtr pSrcNativeVariant)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			Variant vt = (Variant)Marshal.PtrToStructure(pSrcNativeVariant, typeof(Variant));
			return vt.GetValue();
#endif
		}

		public static T GetObjectForNativeVariant<T> (IntPtr pSrcNativeVariant)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			Variant vt = (Variant)Marshal.PtrToStructure(pSrcNativeVariant, typeof(Variant));
			return (T)vt.GetValue();
#endif
		}

		public static object[] GetObjectsForNativeVariants (IntPtr aSrcNativeVariant, int cVars)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			if (cVars < 0)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("cVars", "cVars cannot be a negative number.");
			object[] objects = new object[cVars];
			for (int i = 0; i < cVars; i++)
				objects[i] = GetObjectForNativeVariant ((IntPtr)(aSrcNativeVariant.ToInt64 () +
					i * SizeOf (typeof(Variant))));
			return objects;
#endif
		}

		public static T[] GetObjectsForNativeVariants<T> (IntPtr aSrcNativeVariant, int cVars)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			if (cVars < 0)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("cVars", "cVars cannot be a negative number.");
			T[] objects = new T[cVars];
			for (int i = 0; i < cVars; i++)
				objects[i] = GetObjectForNativeVariant<T> ((IntPtr)(aSrcNativeVariant.ToInt64 () +
					i * SizeOf (typeof(Variant))));
			return objects;
#endif
		}


		public static int GetStartComSlot (Type t)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#endif
		}

#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !MONOTOUCH

		[Obsolete ("This method has been deprecated")]
		public static Thread GetThreadFromFiberCookie (int cookie)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static object GetTypedObjectForIUnknown (IntPtr pUnk, Type t)
		{
#if DISABLE_REMOTING
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#else
			ComInteropProxy proxy = new ComInteropProxy (pUnk, t);
			__ComObject co = (__ComObject)proxy.GetTransparentProxy ();
			foreach (Type itf in t.GetInterfaces ()) {
				if ((itf.Attributes & TypeAttributes.Import) == TypeAttributes.Import) {
					if (co.GetInterface (itf) == IntPtr.Zero)
						return null;
				}
			}
			return co;
#endif
		}


		public static Type GetTypeForITypeInfo (IntPtr piTypeInfo)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[Obsolete]

		public static string GetTypeInfoName (UCOMITypeInfo pTI)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[Obsolete]

		public static Guid GetTypeLibGuid (UCOMITypeLib pTLB)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static Guid GetTypeLibGuid (ITypeLib typelib)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static Guid GetTypeLibGuidForAssembly (Assembly asm)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[Obsolete]

		public static int GetTypeLibLcid (UCOMITypeLib pTLB)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static int GetTypeLibLcid (ITypeLib typelib)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[Obsolete]

		public static string GetTypeLibName (UCOMITypeLib pTLB)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static string GetTypeLibName (ITypeLib typelib)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static void GetTypeLibVersionForAssembly (Assembly inputAssembly, out int majorVersion, out int minorVersion)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		[Obsolete ("This method has been deprecated")]
		public static IntPtr GetUnmanagedThunkForManagedMethodPtr (IntPtr pfnMethodToWrap, IntPtr pbSignature, int cbSignature)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static bool IsTypeVisibleFromCom (Type t)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}


		public static int NumParamBytes (MethodInfo m)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}
#endif // !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME

		public static Type GetTypeFromCLSID (Guid clsid)
		{
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
		}

		public static string GetTypeInfoName (ITypeInfo typeInfo)
		{
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
		}

		public static object GetUniqueObjectForIUnknown (IntPtr unknown)
		{
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
		}

#if !MOBILE
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static bool IsComObject (object o);
#else
		public static bool IsComObject (object o)
		{
			return false;
		}
#endif

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public static extern int GetLastWin32Error();

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static IntPtr OffsetOf (Type t, string fieldName);

		public static IntPtr OffsetOf<T> (string fieldName) {
			return OffsetOf (typeof (T), fieldName);
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static void Prelink (MethodInfo m);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static void PrelinkAll (Type c);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static string PtrToStringAnsi (IntPtr ptr);
		
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static string PtrToStringAnsi (IntPtr ptr, int len);

		public static string PtrToStringUTF8 (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			return PtrToStringAnsi (ptr);
		}
		
		public static string PtrToStringUTF8 (IntPtr ptr, int byteLen)
		{
			return PtrToStringAnsi (ptr, byteLen);
		}
		
		public static string PtrToStringAuto (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			return SystemDefaultCharSize == 2
				? PtrToStringUni (ptr) : PtrToStringAnsi (ptr);
		}
		
		public static string PtrToStringAuto (IntPtr ptr, int len)
		{
			return SystemDefaultCharSize == 2
				? PtrToStringUni (ptr, len) : PtrToStringAnsi (ptr, len);
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static string PtrToStringUni (IntPtr ptr);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static string PtrToStringUni (IntPtr ptr, int len);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static string PtrToStringBSTR (IntPtr ptr);
		
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		[ComVisible (true)]
		public extern static void PtrToStructure (IntPtr ptr, object structure);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		[ComVisible (true)]
		public extern static object PtrToStructure (IntPtr ptr, Type structureType);

		public static void PtrToStructure<T> (IntPtr ptr, T structure) {
			PtrToStructure (ptr, (object)structure);
		}

		public static T PtrToStructure<T> (IntPtr ptr) {
			return (T) PtrToStructure (ptr, typeof (T));
		}

#if !MOBILE || WINAOT
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static int QueryInterfaceInternal (IntPtr pUnk, ref Guid iid, out IntPtr ppv);
#endif

		public static int QueryInterface (IntPtr pUnk, ref Guid iid, out IntPtr ppv)
		{
#if !MOBILE || WINAOT
			if (pUnk == IntPtr.Zero)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("pUnk");
			return QueryInterfaceInternal (pUnk, ref iid, out ppv);
#else
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#endif
		}

		public static byte ReadByte (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			unsafe {
				return *(byte*)ptr;
			}
		}

		public static byte ReadByte (IntPtr ptr, int ofs) {
			unsafe {
				return *((byte*)ptr + ofs);
			}
		}


		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static byte ReadByte ([In, MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public unsafe static short ReadInt16 (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			byte *addr = (byte *) ptr;
			
			// The mono JIT can't inline this due to the hight number of calls
			// return ReadInt16 (ptr, 0);
			
			if (((uint)addr & 1) == 0) 
				return *(short*)addr;

			short s;
			Buffer.Memcpy ((byte*)&s, (byte*)ptr, 2);
			return s;
		}

		public unsafe static short ReadInt16 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs)
		{
			byte *addr = ((byte *) ptr) + ofs;

			if (((uint) addr & 1) == 0)
				return *(short*)addr;

			short s;
			Buffer.Memcpy ((byte*)&s, addr, 2);
			return s;
		}


		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static short ReadInt16 ([In, MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public unsafe static int ReadInt32 (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			byte *addr = (byte *) ptr;
			
			if (((uint)addr & 3) == 0) 
				return *(int*)addr;

			int s;
			Buffer.Memcpy ((byte*)&s, addr, 4);
			return s;
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public unsafe static int ReadInt32 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs)
		{
			byte *addr = ((byte *) ptr) + ofs;
			
			if ((((int) addr) & 3) == 0)
				return *(int*)addr;
			else {
				int s;
				Buffer.Memcpy ((byte*)&s, addr, 4);
				return s;
			}
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]

		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static int ReadInt32 ([In, MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public unsafe static long ReadInt64 (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			byte *addr = (byte *) ptr;
				
			// The real alignment might be 4 on some platforms, but this is just an optimization,
			// so it doesn't matter.
			if (((uint) addr & 7) == 0)
				return *(long*)ptr;

			long s;
			Buffer.Memcpy ((byte*)&s, addr, 8);
			return s;
		}

		public unsafe static long ReadInt64 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs)
		{
			byte *addr = ((byte *) ptr) + ofs;

			if (((uint) addr & 7) == 0)
				return *(long*)addr;
			
			long s;
			Buffer.Memcpy ((byte*)&s, addr, 8);
			return s;
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]

		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static long ReadInt64 ([In, MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public static IntPtr ReadIntPtr (IntPtr ptr)
		{
			if (IntPtr.Size == 4)
				return (IntPtr)ReadInt32 (ptr);
			else
				return (IntPtr)ReadInt64 (ptr);
		}
		
		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public static IntPtr ReadIntPtr (IntPtr ptr, int ofs)
		{
			if (IntPtr.Size == 4)
				return (IntPtr)ReadInt32 (ptr, ofs);
			else
				return (IntPtr)ReadInt64 (ptr, ofs);
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]

		public static IntPtr ReadIntPtr ([In, MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static IntPtr ReAllocCoTaskMem (IntPtr pv, int cb);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static IntPtr ReAllocHGlobal (IntPtr pv, IntPtr cb);

#if !MOBILE || WINAOT
		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static int ReleaseInternal (IntPtr pUnk);
#endif

		[ReliabilityContract (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
		public static int Release (IntPtr pUnk)
		{
#if !MOBILE || WINAOT
			if (pUnk == IntPtr.Zero)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("pUnk");

			return ReleaseInternal (pUnk);
#else
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
#endif
		}

#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
		[MethodImplAttribute (MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private extern static int ReleaseComObjectInternal (object co);
#endif

		public static int ReleaseComObject (object o)
		{
#if FULL_AOT_RUNTIME
			throw new PlatformNotSupportedException ();
#else
			if (o == null)
				throw new ArgumentException ("Value cannot be null.", "o");
			if (!IsComObject (o))
				throw new ArgumentException ("Value must be a Com object.", "o");
			return ReleaseComObjectInternal (o);
#endif
		}

#if !FULL_AOT_RUNTIME && !MONOTOUCH
		[Obsolete]

		public static void ReleaseThreadCache()
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static bool SetComObjectData (object obj, object key, object data)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ("MSDN states user code should never need to call this method.");
		}
#endif

		[ComVisible (true)]
		public static int SizeOf (object structure)
		{
			return SizeOf (structure.GetType ());
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static int SizeOf (Type t);

		public static int SizeOf<T> () {
			return SizeOf (typeof (T));
		}

		public static int SizeOf<T> (T structure) {
			return SizeOf (structure.GetType ());
		}

		internal static uint SizeOfType (Type type)
		{
			return (uint) SizeOf (type);
		}

		internal static uint AlignedSizeOf<T> () where T : struct
		{
			uint size = SizeOfType (typeof (T));
			if (size == 1 || size == 2)
				return size;
			if (IntPtr.Size == 8 && size == 4)
				return size;
			return (size + 3) & (~((uint)3));
		}

		public unsafe static IntPtr StringToBSTR (string s)
		{
			if (s == null)
				return IntPtr.Zero;
			fixed (char* fixed_s = s)
				return BufferToBSTR (fixed_s, s.Length);
		}

		public static IntPtr StringToCoTaskMemAnsi (string s)
		{
			return StringToAllocatedMemoryUTF8 (s);
		}

		public static IntPtr StringToCoTaskMemAuto (string s)
		{
			return SystemDefaultCharSize == 2
				? StringToCoTaskMemUni (s) : StringToCoTaskMemAnsi (s);
		}

		public static IntPtr StringToCoTaskMemUni (string s)
		{
			int length = s.Length + 1;
			IntPtr ctm = AllocCoTaskMem (length * 2);
			
			char[] asChars = new char[length];
			s.CopyTo (0, asChars, 0, s.Length);
			asChars[s.Length] = '\0';

			copy_to_unmanaged (asChars, 0, ctm, length);
			return ctm;
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		unsafe extern static IntPtr StringToHGlobalAnsi (char* s, int length);

		public unsafe static IntPtr StringToHGlobalAnsi (string s)
		{
			fixed (char* fixed_s = s)
				return StringToHGlobalAnsi (fixed_s, (s != null) ? s.Length : 0);
		}

		unsafe public static IntPtr StringToAllocatedMemoryUTF8(String s)
		{
			const int MAX_UTF8_CHAR_SIZE = 3;
			if (s == null)
				return IntPtr.Zero;

			int nb = (s.Length + 1) * MAX_UTF8_CHAR_SIZE;

			// Overflow checking
			if (nb < s.Length)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("s");
			
			IntPtr pMem = AllocCoTaskMemSize(new UIntPtr((uint)nb +1));
			
			if (pMem == IntPtr.Zero)
				throw new OutOfMemoryException();

			byte* pbMem = (byte*)pMem;

            fixed (char* pwzChar = s)
            {
                int nbWritten = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(pwzChar, s.Length, pbMem, nb);
				pbMem[nbWritten] = 0;
            }
			return pMem;
		}
		
		public static IntPtr StringToHGlobalAuto (string s)
		{
			return SystemDefaultCharSize == 2
				? StringToHGlobalUni (s) : StringToHGlobalAnsi (s);
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		unsafe extern static IntPtr StringToHGlobalUni (char* s, int length);

		public unsafe static IntPtr StringToHGlobalUni (string s)
		{
			fixed (char* fixed_s = s)
				return StringToHGlobalUni (fixed_s, (s != null) ? s.Length : 0);
		}

		public unsafe static IntPtr SecureStringToBSTR (SecureString s)
		{
			if (s == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("s");

			byte[] buffer = s.GetBuffer ();
			int len = s.Length;
			
			// SecureString doesn't take endian-ness into account. 
			// Therefore swap bytes here before we send it to c-side if little-endian.
			if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian) {
				for (int i = 0; i < buffer.Length; i += 2) {
					byte b = buffer[i];
					buffer[i] = buffer[i + 1];
					buffer[i + 1] = b;
				}
			}
			fixed (byte* fixed_buffer = buffer)
				return BufferToBSTR ((char*)fixed_buffer, len);
		}

		internal delegate IntPtr SecureStringAllocator(int len);

		internal static IntPtr SecureStringCoTaskMemAllocator (int len)
		{
			return AllocCoTaskMem (len);
		}

		internal static IntPtr SecureStringGlobalAllocator (int len)
		{
			return AllocHGlobal (len);
		}

		internal static IntPtr SecureStringToAnsi (SecureString s, SecureStringAllocator allocator)
		{
			if (s == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("s");

			int len = s.Length;
			IntPtr ctm = allocator (len + 1);
			byte [] copy = new byte [len+1];

			try {
				byte [] buffer = s.GetBuffer ();
				int i = 0, j = 0;
				for (; i < len; i++, j += 2){
					copy [i] = buffer [j+1];
					buffer [j] = 0;
					buffer [j+1] = 0;
				}
				copy [i] = 0;
				copy_to_unmanaged (copy, 0, ctm, len+1);
			} finally {
				// Ensure that we clear the buffer.
				for (int i = len; i > 0; ){
					i--;
					copy [i] = 0;
				}
			}
			return ctm;
		}

		internal static IntPtr SecureStringToUnicode (SecureString s, SecureStringAllocator allocator)
		{
			if (s == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("s");
			int len = s.Length;
			IntPtr ctm = allocator (len * 2 + 2);
			byte [] buffer = null;
			try {
				buffer = s.GetBuffer ();
				for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
					WriteInt16 (ctm, i * 2, (short) ((buffer [(i*2)] << 8) | (buffer [i*2+1])));
				WriteInt16 (ctm, buffer.Length, 0);
			} finally {
				if (buffer != null)
					for (int i = buffer.Length; i > 0; ){
						i--;
						buffer [i] = 0;
					}
			}
			return ctm;
		}

		public static IntPtr SecureStringToCoTaskMemAnsi (SecureString s)
		{
			return SecureStringToAnsi (s, SecureStringCoTaskMemAllocator);
		}

		public static IntPtr SecureStringToCoTaskMemUnicode (SecureString s)
		{
			return SecureStringToUnicode (s, SecureStringCoTaskMemAllocator);
		}

		public static IntPtr SecureStringToGlobalAllocAnsi (SecureString s)
		{
			if (s == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("s");
			return SecureStringToAnsi (s, SecureStringGlobalAllocator);
		}

		public static IntPtr SecureStringToGlobalAllocUnicode (SecureString s)
		{
			if (s == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("s");
			return SecureStringToUnicode (s, SecureStringGlobalAllocator);
		}

		[ReliabilityContractAttribute (Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
		[ComVisible (true)]
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static void StructureToPtr (object structure, IntPtr ptr, bool fDeleteOld);

		public static void StructureToPtr<T> (T structure, IntPtr ptr, bool fDeleteOld) {
			StructureToPtr ((object)structure, ptr, fDeleteOld);
		}

		public static void ThrowExceptionForHR (int errorCode) {
			Exception ex = GetExceptionForHR (errorCode);
			if (ex != null)
				throw ex;
		}

		public static void ThrowExceptionForHR (int errorCode, IntPtr errorInfo) {
			Exception ex = GetExceptionForHR (errorCode, errorInfo);
			if (ex != null)
				throw ex;
		}


		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		extern unsafe static IntPtr BufferToBSTR (char* ptr, int slen);

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		public extern static IntPtr UnsafeAddrOfPinnedArrayElement (Array arr, int index);

		public static IntPtr UnsafeAddrOfPinnedArrayElement<T> (T[] arr, int index) {
			return UnsafeAddrOfPinnedArrayElement ((Array)arr, index);
		}

		public static void WriteByte (IntPtr ptr, byte val)
		{
			unsafe {
				*(byte*)ptr = val;
			}
		}

		public static void WriteByte (IntPtr ptr, int ofs, byte val) {
			unsafe {
				*(byte*)(IntPtr.Add (ptr, ofs)) = val;
			}
		}


		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static void WriteByte ([In, Out, MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs, byte val)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static unsafe void WriteInt16 (IntPtr ptr, short val)
		{
			byte *addr = (byte *) ptr;
			
			if (((uint)addr & 1) == 0)
				*(short*)addr = val;
			else
				Buffer.Memcpy (addr, (byte*)&val, 2);
		}

		public static unsafe void WriteInt16 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs, short val)
		{
			byte *addr = ((byte *) ptr) + ofs;

			if (((uint)addr & 1) == 0)
				*(short*)addr = val;
			else {
				Buffer.Memcpy (addr, (byte*)&val, 2);
			}
		}


		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static void WriteInt16 ([In, Out, MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs, short val)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static void WriteInt16 (IntPtr ptr, char val)
		{
			WriteInt16 (ptr, 0, (short)val);
		}

		public static void WriteInt16 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs, char val)
		{
			WriteInt16 (ptr, ofs, (short)val);
		}


		public static void WriteInt16([In, Out] object ptr, int ofs, char val)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static unsafe void WriteInt32 (IntPtr ptr, int val)
		{
			byte *addr = (byte *) ptr;
			
			if (((uint)addr & 3) == 0) 
				*(int*)addr = val;
			else {
				Buffer.Memcpy (addr, (byte*)&val, 4);
			}
		}

		public unsafe static void WriteInt32 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs, int val)
		{
			byte *addr = ((byte *) ptr) + ofs;

			if (((uint)addr & 3) == 0) 
				*(int*)addr = val;
			else {
				Buffer.Memcpy (addr, (byte*)&val, 4);
			}
		}


		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static void WriteInt32([In, Out, MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs, int val)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static unsafe void WriteInt64 (IntPtr ptr, long val)
		{
			byte *addr = (byte *) ptr;
			
			// The real alignment might be 4 on some platforms, but this is just an optimization,
			// so it doesn't matter.
			if (((uint)addr & 7) == 0) 
				*(long*)addr = val;
			else 
				Buffer.Memcpy (addr, (byte*)&val, 8);
		}

		public static unsafe void WriteInt64 (IntPtr ptr, int ofs, long val)
		{
			byte *addr = ((byte *) ptr) + ofs;

			// The real alignment might be 4 on some platforms, but this is just an optimization,
			// so it doesn't matter.
			if (((uint)addr & 7) == 0) 
				*(long*)addr = val;
			else 
				Buffer.Memcpy (addr, (byte*)&val, 8);
		}


		[SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity]
		public static void WriteInt64 ([In, Out, MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs, long val)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public static void WriteIntPtr (IntPtr ptr, IntPtr val)
		{
			if (IntPtr.Size == 4)
				WriteInt32 (ptr, (int)val);
			else
				WriteInt64 (ptr, (long)val);
		}

		public static void WriteIntPtr (IntPtr ptr, int ofs, IntPtr val)
		{
			if (IntPtr.Size == 4)
				WriteInt32 (ptr, ofs, (int)val);
			else
				WriteInt64 (ptr, ofs, (long)val);
		}


		public static void WriteIntPtr([In, Out, MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.AsAny)] object ptr, int ofs, IntPtr val)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		private static Exception ConvertHrToException (int errorCode)
		{
			const int MSEE_E_APPDOMAINUNLOADED = unchecked ((int)0x80131014L);
			const int COR_E_APPLICATION = unchecked ((int)0x80131600L);
			const int E_INVALIDARG = unchecked ((int)0x80070057);
			const int COR_E_ARGUMENTOUTOFRANGE = unchecked ((int)0x80131502L);
			const int COR_E_ARITHMETIC = unchecked ((int)0x80070216);
			const int COR_E_ARRAYTYPEMISMATCH = unchecked ((int)0x80131503L);
			const int COR_E_BADIMAGEFORMAT = unchecked ((int)0x8007000BL);
			const int ERROR_BAD_FORMAT = unchecked ((int)0x0B);
			//const int COR_E_COMEMULATE_ERROR = unchecked ((int)?);
			const int COR_E_CONTEXTMARSHAL = unchecked ((int)0x80131504L);
			//const int COR_E_CORE = unchecked ((int)?);
			const int NTE_FAIL = unchecked ((int)0x80090020L);
			const int COR_E_DIRECTORYNOTFOUND = unchecked ((int)0x80070003L);
			const int ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND = unchecked ((int)0x03);
			const int COR_E_DIVIDEBYZERO = unchecked ((int)0x80020012L);
			const int COR_E_DUPLICATEWAITOBJECT = unchecked ((int)0x80131529L);
			const int COR_E_ENDOFSTREAM = unchecked ((int)0x80070026L);
			const int COR_E_TYPELOAD = unchecked ((int)0x80131522L);
			const int COR_E_EXCEPTION = unchecked ((int)0x80131500L);
			const int COR_E_EXECUTIONENGINE = unchecked ((int)0x80131506L);
			const int COR_E_FIELDACCESS = unchecked ((int)0x80131507L);
			const int COR_E_FILENOTFOUND = unchecked ((int)0x80070002L);
			const int ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND = unchecked ((int)0x02);
			const int COR_E_FORMAT = unchecked ((int)0x80131537L);
			const int COR_E_INDEXOUTOFRANGE = unchecked ((int)0x80131508L);
			const int COR_E_INVALIDCAST = unchecked ((int)0x80004002L);
			const int COR_E_INVALIDCOMOBJECT = unchecked ((int)0x80131527L);
			const int COR_E_INVALIDFILTERCRITERIA = unchecked ((int)0x80131601L);
			const int COR_E_INVALIDOLEVARIANTTYPE = unchecked ((int)0x80131531L);
			const int COR_E_INVALIDOPERATION = unchecked ((int)0x80131509L);
			const int COR_E_IO = unchecked ((int)0x80131620L);
			const int COR_E_MEMBERACCESS = unchecked ((int)0x8013151AL);
			const int COR_E_METHODACCESS = unchecked ((int)0x80131510L);
			const int COR_E_MISSINGFIELD = unchecked ((int)0x80131511L);
			const int COR_E_MISSINGMANIFESTRESOURCE = unchecked ((int)0x80131532L);
			const int COR_E_MISSINGMEMBER = unchecked ((int)0x80131512L);
			const int COR_E_MISSINGMETHOD = unchecked ((int)0x80131513L);
			const int COR_E_MULTICASTNOTSUPPORTED = unchecked ((int)0x80131514L);
			const int COR_E_NOTFINITENUMBER = unchecked ((int)0x80131528L);
			const int E_NOTIMPL = unchecked ((int)0x80004001L);
			const int COR_E_NOTSUPPORTED = unchecked ((int)0x80131515L);
			const int COR_E_NULLREFERENCE = unchecked ((int)0x80004003L);
			const int E_OUTOFMEMORY = unchecked ((int)0x8007000EL);
			const int COR_E_OVERFLOW = unchecked ((int)0x80131516L);
			const int COR_E_PATHTOOLONG = unchecked ((int)0x800700CEL);
			const int ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE = unchecked ((int)0xCE);
			const int COR_E_RANK = unchecked ((int)0x80131517L);
			const int COR_E_REFLECTIONTYPELOAD = unchecked ((int)0x80131602L);
#if !DISABLE_REMOTING
			const int COR_E_REMOTING = unchecked ((int)0x8013150BL);
#endif
			const int COR_E_SAFEARRAYTYPEMISMATCH = unchecked ((int)0x80131533L);
			const int COR_E_SECURITY = unchecked ((int)0x8013150AL);
			const int COR_E_SERIALIZATION = unchecked ((int)0x8013150CL);
			const int COR_E_STACKOVERFLOW = unchecked ((int)0x800703E9L);
			const int ERROR_STACK_OVERFLOW = unchecked ((int)0x03E9);
			const int COR_E_SYNCHRONIZATIONLOCK = unchecked ((int)0x80131518L);
			const int COR_E_SYSTEM = unchecked ((int)0x80131501L);
			const int COR_E_TARGET = unchecked ((int)0x80131603L);
			const int COR_E_TARGETINVOCATION = unchecked ((int)0x80131604L);
			const int COR_E_TARGETPARAMCOUNT = unchecked ((int)0x8002000EL);
			//const int COR_E_THREADABORTED = unchecked ((int)0x80131530L);
			const int COR_E_THREADINTERRUPTED = unchecked ((int)0x80131519L);
			const int COR_E_THREADSTATE = unchecked ((int)0x80131520L);
			//const int COR_E_THREADSTOP = unchecked ((int)0x80131521L);
			const int COR_E_TYPEINITIALIZATION = unchecked ((int)0x80131534L);
			const int COR_E_VERIFICATION = unchecked ((int)0x8013150DL);
			//const int COR_E_WEAKREFERENCE = unchecked ((int)?);
			//const int COR_E_VTABLECALLSNOTSUPPORTED = unchecked ((int));

			switch (errorCode) {
				case MSEE_E_APPDOMAINUNLOADED:
					return new AppDomainUnloadedException ();
				case COR_E_APPLICATION:
					return new ApplicationException ();
				case E_INVALIDARG:
					return new ArgumentException ();
				case COR_E_ARGUMENTOUTOFRANGE:
					return new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
				case COR_E_ARITHMETIC:
					return new ArithmeticException ();
				case COR_E_ARRAYTYPEMISMATCH:
					return new ArrayTypeMismatchException ();
				case COR_E_BADIMAGEFORMAT:
				case ERROR_BAD_FORMAT:
					return new BadImageFormatException ();
//				case COR_E_COMEMULATE_ERROR:
//					return new COMEmulateException ();
				case COR_E_CONTEXTMARSHAL:
					return new ContextMarshalException ();
//				case COR_E_CORE:
//					return new CoreException ();
				case NTE_FAIL:
					return new System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException ();
				case COR_E_DIRECTORYNOTFOUND:
				case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
					return new System.IO.DirectoryNotFoundException ();
				case COR_E_DIVIDEBYZERO:
					return new DivideByZeroException ();
				case COR_E_DUPLICATEWAITOBJECT:
					return new DuplicateWaitObjectException ();
				case COR_E_ENDOFSTREAM:
					return new System.IO.EndOfStreamException ();
				case COR_E_EXCEPTION:
					return new Exception ();
				case COR_E_EXECUTIONENGINE:
					return new ExecutionEngineException ();
				case COR_E_FIELDACCESS:
					return new FieldAccessException ();
				case COR_E_FILENOTFOUND:
				case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
					return new System.IO.FileNotFoundException ();
				case COR_E_FORMAT:
					return new FormatException ();
				case COR_E_INDEXOUTOFRANGE:
					return new IndexOutOfRangeException ();
				case COR_E_INVALIDCAST:
				// E_NOINTERFACE has same value as COR_E_INVALIDCAST
					return new InvalidCastException ();
				case COR_E_INVALIDCOMOBJECT:
					return new InvalidComObjectException ();
				case COR_E_INVALIDFILTERCRITERIA:
					return new InvalidFilterCriteriaException ();
				case COR_E_INVALIDOLEVARIANTTYPE:
					return new InvalidOleVariantTypeException ();
				case COR_E_INVALIDOPERATION:
					return new InvalidOperationException ();
				case COR_E_IO:
					return new System.IO.IOException ();
				case COR_E_MEMBERACCESS:
					return new MemberAccessException ();
				case COR_E_METHODACCESS:
					return new MethodAccessException ();
				case COR_E_MISSINGFIELD:
					return new MissingFieldException ();
				case COR_E_MISSINGMANIFESTRESOURCE:
					return new System.Resources.MissingManifestResourceException ();
				case COR_E_MISSINGMEMBER:
					return new MissingMemberException ();
				case COR_E_MISSINGMETHOD:
					return new MissingMethodException ();
				case COR_E_MULTICASTNOTSUPPORTED:
					return new MulticastNotSupportedException ();
				case COR_E_NOTFINITENUMBER:
					return new NotFiniteNumberException ();
				case E_NOTIMPL:
					return new NotImplementedException ();
				case COR_E_NOTSUPPORTED:
					return new NotSupportedException ();
				case COR_E_NULLREFERENCE:
				// E_POINTER has the same value as COR_E_NULLREFERENCE
					return new NullReferenceException ();
				case E_OUTOFMEMORY:
				// COR_E_OUTOFMEMORY has the same value as E_OUTOFMEMORY
					return new OutOfMemoryException ();
				case COR_E_OVERFLOW:
					return new OverflowException ();
				case COR_E_PATHTOOLONG:
				case ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE:
					return new System.IO.PathTooLongException ();
				case COR_E_RANK:
					return new RankException ();
				case COR_E_REFLECTIONTYPELOAD:
					return new System.Reflection.ReflectionTypeLoadException (new Type[] { }, new Exception[] { });
#if !DISABLE_REMOTING
				case COR_E_REMOTING:
					return new System.Runtime.Remoting.RemotingException ();
#endif
				case COR_E_SAFEARRAYTYPEMISMATCH:
					return new SafeArrayTypeMismatchException ();
				case COR_E_SECURITY:
					return new SecurityException ();
				case COR_E_SERIALIZATION:
					return new System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationException ();
				case COR_E_STACKOVERFLOW:
				case ERROR_STACK_OVERFLOW:
					return new StackOverflowException ();
				case COR_E_SYNCHRONIZATIONLOCK:
					return new SynchronizationLockException ();
				case COR_E_SYSTEM:
					return new SystemException ();
				case COR_E_TARGET:
					return new TargetException ();
				case COR_E_TARGETINVOCATION:
					return new System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException (null);
				case COR_E_TARGETPARAMCOUNT:
					return new TargetParameterCountException ();
//				case COR_E_THREADABORTED:
//					ThreadAbortException c'tor is inaccessible
//					return new System.Threading.ThreadAbortException ();
				case COR_E_THREADINTERRUPTED:
					return new ThreadInterruptedException ();
				case COR_E_THREADSTATE:
					return new ThreadStateException ();
//				case COR_E_THREADSTOP:
//					ThreadStopException does not exist
//					return new System.Threading.ThreadStopException ();
				case COR_E_TYPELOAD:
					return new TypeLoadException ();
				// MSDN lists COR_E_TYPELOAD twice with different exceptions.
				// return new EntryPointNotFoundException ();
				case COR_E_TYPEINITIALIZATION:
					return new TypeInitializationException("", null);
				case COR_E_VERIFICATION:
					return new VerificationException ();
//				case COR_E_WEAKREFERENCE:
//					return new WeakReferenceException ();
//				case COR_E_VTABLECALLSNOTSUPPORTED:
//					return new VTableCallsNotSupportedException ();
			}
			if (errorCode < 0)
				return new COMException ("", errorCode);
			return null;
		}

#if FEATURE_COMINTEROP
		[DllImport ("oleaut32.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Unicode, EntryPoint = "SetErrorInfo")]
		static extern int _SetErrorInfo (int dwReserved,
			[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Interface)] IErrorInfo pIErrorInfo);

		[DllImport ("oleaut32.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Unicode, EntryPoint = "GetErrorInfo")]
		static extern int _GetErrorInfo (int dwReserved,
			[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Interface)] out IErrorInfo ppIErrorInfo);

		static bool SetErrorInfoNotAvailable;
		static bool GetErrorInfoNotAvailable;

		internal static int SetErrorInfo (int dwReserved, IErrorInfo errorInfo)
		{
			int retVal = 0;
			errorInfo = null;

			if (SetErrorInfoNotAvailable)
				return -1;

			try {
				retVal = _SetErrorInfo (dwReserved, errorInfo);
			}
			catch (Exception) {
				// ignore any exception - probably there's no suitable SetErrorInfo
				// method available.
				SetErrorInfoNotAvailable = true;
			}
			return retVal;
		}

		internal static int GetErrorInfo (int dwReserved, out IErrorInfo errorInfo)
		{
			int retVal = 0;
			errorInfo = null;

			if (GetErrorInfoNotAvailable)
				return -1;

			try {
				retVal = _GetErrorInfo (dwReserved, out errorInfo);
			}
			catch (Exception) {
				// ignore any exception - probably there's no suitable GetErrorInfo
				// method available.
				GetErrorInfoNotAvailable = true;
			}
			return retVal;
		}
#endif
		public static Exception GetExceptionForHR (int errorCode)
		{
			return GetExceptionForHR (errorCode, IntPtr.Zero);
		}

		public static Exception GetExceptionForHR (int errorCode, IntPtr errorInfo)
		{
#if FEATURE_COMINTEROP
			IErrorInfo info = null;
			if (errorInfo != (IntPtr)(-1)) {
				if (errorInfo == IntPtr.Zero) {
					if (GetErrorInfo (0, out info) != 0) {
						info  = null;
					}
				} else {
					info  = Marshal.GetObjectForIUnknown (errorInfo) as IErrorInfo;
				}
			}

			if (info is ManagedErrorInfo && ((ManagedErrorInfo) info).Exception._HResult == errorCode) {
				return ((ManagedErrorInfo) info).Exception;
			}

			Exception e = ConvertHrToException (errorCode);
			if (info != null && e != null) {
				uint helpContext;
				info.GetHelpContext (out helpContext);
				string str;
				info.GetSource (out str);
				e.Source = str;
				info.GetDescription (out str);
				e.SetMessage (str);
				info.GetHelpFile (out str);

				if (helpContext == 0) {
					e.HelpLink = str;
				} else {
					e.HelpLink = string.Format ("{0}#{1}", str, helpContext);
				}
			}
			return e;
#else
			return ConvertHrToException (errorCode);
#endif
		}

		public static int FinalReleaseComObject (object o)
		{
			while (ReleaseComObject (o) != 0);
			return 0;
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private static extern Delegate GetDelegateForFunctionPointerInternal (IntPtr ptr, Type t);

		public static Delegate GetDelegateForFunctionPointer (IntPtr ptr, Type t)
		{
			if (t == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("t");
			if (!t.IsSubclassOf (typeof (MulticastDelegate)) || (t == typeof (MulticastDelegate)))
				throw new ArgumentException ("Type is not a delegate", "t");
			if (t.IsGenericType)
				throw new ArgumentException ("The specified Type must not be a generic type definition.");
			if (ptr == IntPtr.Zero)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("ptr");

			return GetDelegateForFunctionPointerInternal (ptr, t);
		}

		public static TDelegate GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<TDelegate> (IntPtr ptr) {
			return (TDelegate) (object) GetDelegateForFunctionPointer (ptr, typeof (TDelegate));
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		private static extern IntPtr GetFunctionPointerForDelegateInternal (Delegate d);
		
		public static IntPtr GetFunctionPointerForDelegate (Delegate d)
		{
			if (d == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("d");
			
			return GetFunctionPointerForDelegateInternal (d);
		}

		public static IntPtr GetFunctionPointerForDelegate<TDelegate> (TDelegate d) {
			if (d == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("d");
			
			return GetFunctionPointerForDelegateInternal ((Delegate)(object)d);
		}

		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		internal static extern void SetLastWin32Error (int error);

#if FEATURE_COMINTEROP || MONO_COM
		// Copied from referencesource/mscorlib/system/runtime/interopservices/marshal.cs
		//====================================================================
		// return the raw IUnknown* for a COM Object not related to current 
		// context
		// Does not call AddRef
		//====================================================================
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		internal static extern IntPtr /* IUnknown* */ GetRawIUnknownForComObjectNoAddRef(Object o);
		
		// Copied from referencesource/mscorlib/system/runtime/interopservices/marshal.cs
		//====================================================================
		// Converts the CLR exception to an HRESULT. This function also sets
		// up an IErrorInfo for the exception.
		// This function is only used in WinRT and converts ObjectDisposedException
		// to RO_E_CLOSED
		//====================================================================
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		internal static extern int GetHRForException_WinRT(Exception e);

		// Copied from referencesource/mscorlib/system/runtime/interopservices/marshal.cs
		//========================================================================
		// Create activation factory and wraps it with a unique RCW
		//========================================================================
		[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
		internal static extern object GetNativeActivationFactory(Type type);
#else
		internal static IntPtr /* IUnknown* */ GetRawIUnknownForComObjectNoAddRef(Object o) {
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		internal static int GetHRForException_WinRT(Exception e) {
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		internal static object GetNativeActivationFactory(Type type) {
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}
#endif

		internal class MarshalerInstanceKeyComparer : IEqualityComparer<(Type, string)> {
			public bool Equals ((Type, string) lhs, (Type, string) rhs) {
				return lhs.CompareTo(rhs) == 0;
			}

			public int GetHashCode ((Type, string) key) {
				return key.GetHashCode ();
			}
		}

		internal static Dictionary<(Type, string), ICustomMarshaler> MarshalerInstanceCache;
		internal static readonly object MarshalerInstanceCacheLock = new object ();

		internal static ICustomMarshaler GetCustomMarshalerInstance (Type type, string cookie) {
			var key = (type, cookie);

			LazyInitializer.EnsureInitialized (
				ref MarshalerInstanceCache, 
				() => new Dictionary<(Type, string), ICustomMarshaler> (new MarshalerInstanceKeyComparer ())
			);

			ICustomMarshaler result;
			bool gotExistingInstance;
			lock (MarshalerInstanceCacheLock)
				gotExistingInstance = MarshalerInstanceCache.TryGetValue (key, out result);

			if (!gotExistingInstance) {
				RuntimeMethodInfo getInstanceMethod;
				try {
					getInstanceMethod = (RuntimeMethodInfo)type.GetMethod (
						"GetInstance", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.InvokeMethod,
						null, new Type[] { typeof(string) }, null
					);
				} catch (AmbiguousMatchException) {
					throw new ApplicationException ($"Custom marshaler '{type.FullName}' implements multiple static GetInstance methods that take a single string parameter.");
				}

				if ((getInstanceMethod == null) || 
					(getInstanceMethod.ReturnType != typeof (ICustomMarshaler))) {
					throw new ApplicationException ($"Custom marshaler '{type.FullName}' does not implement a static GetInstance method that takes a single string parameter and returns an ICustomMarshaler.");
				}

				Exception exc;
				try {
					result = (ICustomMarshaler)getInstanceMethod.InternalInvoke (null, new object[] { cookie }, out exc);
				} catch (Exception e) {
					// FIXME: mscorlib's legacyUnhandledExceptionPolicy is apparently 1, 
					//  so exceptions are thrown instead of being passed through the outparam
					exc = e;
					result = null;
				}

				if (exc != null) {
					var edi = System.Runtime.ExceptionServices.ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture (exc);
					edi.Throw ();
				}

				if (result == null)
					throw new ApplicationException ($"A call to GetInstance() for custom marshaler '{type.FullName}' returned null, which is not allowed.");

				lock (MarshalerInstanceCacheLock)
					MarshalerInstanceCache[key] = result;
			}

			return result;
		}

		public static unsafe IntPtr StringToCoTaskMemUTF8(string s)
		{
			if (s == null)
			{
				return IntPtr.Zero;
			}

			int nb = Encoding.UTF8.GetMaxByteCount(s.Length);

			IntPtr pMem = AllocCoTaskMem(nb + 1);

			int nbWritten;
			byte* pbMem = (byte*)pMem;

			fixed (char* firstChar = s)
			{
				nbWritten = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(firstChar, s.Length, pbMem, nb);
			}

			pbMem[nbWritten] = 0;

			return pMem;
		}
	}
}