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title document date audience author toc
Consistent Metafunction Aliases
N3887
2013-12-26
Library Evolution Group
name email
Michael Park
<mcypark@gmail.com>
false

Introduction

This paper is inspired by [@N3655], section 3 of which was adopted at WG21's 2013 Bristol meeting. That section provided (as did its predecessor [@N3546]) template aliases for the result of metafunctions in <type_traits>. However, the broader question of analogous template aliases throughout the remainder of the standard library was not addressed.

This paper recommends a systematic guideline to steer future WG21 decisions in deciding when a metafunction-name_t template alias should accompany a standard library metafunction. After applying this recommended guideline to the entire C++14 standard library, we conclude that tuple_element_t is the only missing alias. We then propose wording (a) to remedy this lack and (b) to take advantage of the proposed remedy. Finally, we also present an alternative guideline and its implications, and provide justifications for favoring the recommended guideline.

Motivation and Scope

[@N3655] provided the motivation for the existence of the _t template aliases. The goal of this paper is to introduce a guideline for WG21 to systematically decide when a metafunction in the standard library should be accompanied by a metafunction-name_t template alias. Specifically, we want to ensure that future standard library metafunctions stay consistent with those we currently have.

The proposed guideline is the following:

A class template should be accompanied by a metafunction-name_t template alias if it provides a public member type named type and no other accessible members.

An exhaustive search through the text of [@N3797] reveals that the only class templates that meet the above guideline are the following:

  • TransformationTraits from section 3 of [@N3655].
  • tuple_element

Since tuple_element_t is the only missing template alias, we propose to add it.

Impact on the Standard

This proposal is a pure library extension. It does not require any new language features, it is merely an extension of an existing practice adopted from [@N3655].

Proposed Wording

Add to <tuple> synopsis of [@N3797]:

// 20.4.2.5: tuple helper classes:
+template <size_t I, class T>
+using tuple_element_t = typename tuple_element <I, T>::type;

The definition of get functions in §20.3.4, and §20.4.2.6 of [@N3797] can be simplified as follows1:

// 20.3.4: tuple-like access to pair:
template <size_t I, class T1, class T2>
-  constexpr typename tuple_element<I, std::pair<T1, T2> >::type&
+  constexpr tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2> >&
-    get(std::pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;
+    get(pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;

template <size_t I, class T1, class T2>
-  constexpr typename tuple_element<I, std::pair<T1, T2> >::type&&
+  constexpr tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2> >&&
-    get(std::pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept;
+    get(pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept;

template <size_t I, class T1, class T2>
-  constexpr const typename tuple_element<I, std::pair<T1, T2> >::type&
+  constexpr const tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2> >&
-    get(const std::pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;
+    get(const pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;

// 20.4.2.6, element access :
template <size_t I, class ... Types>
-  constexpr typename tuple_element<I, tuple<Types...> >::type&
+  constexpr tuple_element_t<I, tuple<Types...> >&
    get(tuple<Types...>&) noexcept;

template <size_t I, class ... Types>
-  constexpr typename tuple_element<I, tuple<Types...> >::type&&
+  constexpr tuple_element_t<I, tuple<Types...> >&&
    get(tuple<Types...>&&) noexcept;

template <size_t I, class ... Types>
-  constexpr typename tuple_element<I, tuple<Types...> >::type const&
+  constexpr const tuple_element_t<I, tuple<Types...> >&
    get(const tuple<Types...>&) noexcept;

\pagebreak

Design Decisions

We considered an alternative guideline:

A class template should be accompanied by a metafunction-name_t template alias if it provides a public member type named type and possibly other accessible members.

An exhaustive search through the text of [@N3797] reveals that the class templates that meet this alternative guideline are the following:

  • integral_constant
    • TransformationTraits from section 4 of [@N3655]
    • is_bind_expression
    • is_error_code_enum
    • is_error_condition_enum
    • is_placeholder
    • ratio_equal
    • ratio_greater
    • ratio_greater_equal
    • ratio_less
    • ratio_less_equal
    • ratio_not_equal
    • tuple_size
    • uses_allocator
  • ratio
  • ratio_add
  • ratio_divide
  • ratio_multiply
  • ratio_subtract
  • reference_wrapper

This guideline is overly accepting, because we are rarely interested in the type member of these class templates. Consider integral_constant along with all of the class templates listed under it which inherit from integral_constant. The class member we are far more interested in for these class templates is the value member. For ratio, and ratio_operations, the type member is simply a type alias for itself, and reference_wrapper’s type member is nothing but an identity type alias for T.

Also consider their intended use cases. All of is_property, ratio_compare, and uses_allocator are intended for compile-time boolean tests. tuple_size is intended to acquire the size of a tuple. integral_constant is intended to capture a compile-time value and is sometimes used for tagged dispatch. ratio_operations are used for compile-time rational arithmetic. reference_wrapper is simply intended for containing references in our containers. The intended use cases make it clear that these are not metafunctions that yield a type as a result.

On the contrary, the proposed guideline captures the correct intended use of the class templates. If the only member provided for a class template is type, it is most likely a metafunction which yields a type as a result. This categorization holds true for all of TransformationTraits from section 3 of [@N3655] and tuple_element. For example, add_const is a metafunction which yields a const-qualified version of the type as a result, and tuple_element is a metafunction which yields the type that lies at a specified index within a list of types as a result. Therefore providing a template alias for such class templates will be useful for convenient access to the type member.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Walter E. Brown for encouraging me to write this paper.

references:

Footnotes

  1. Note the removal of explicit std:: namespace qualifiers and a standardized placement of const as a drive-by-fix. ↩