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natbib.dtx
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natbib.dtx
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% \iffalse THIS IS A META-COMMENT
%<*dtx>
\ProvidesFile
%========================================================================
{NATBIB.DTX}
%========================================================================
%</dtx>
%% Copyright 1993-2009 Patrick W Daly
%% Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Sonnensystemforschung
%% Max-Planck-Str. 2
%% D-37191 Katlenburg-Lindau
%% Germany
%% E-mail: daly@mps.mpg.de
%
% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN
% archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either
% version 1 of the License, or any later version.
%
% This is a contributed file to the LaTeX system.
% -------------------------------------------------
% This is a LaTeX package to modify \cite and \thebibliography for author-year
% systems of bibliographic citation; will also work with
% numerical systems, allowing simplified style changes for them too.
% Installation:
% LaTeX this file: creates docstrip installation file natbib.ins
% AND the documentation
% (La)TeX natbib.ins: creates package file natbib.sty
% and optionally documentation driver natbib.ltx
% (natbib.ins may be edited as needed)
% Docstrip options available:
% package - to produce a package .sty file
% notes - to produce a reference sheet for natbib usage
% driver - to produce a driver file to print the documentation
% all - (with package) to include all author-year systems
% else individually with:
% apalike, newapa, chicago, harvard, authordate, astron
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%
% *** Identify the package file:-
%<package>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/06/01]
% (Need LaTeX2e release 3 for option definition with single #)
%<package>\ProvidesPackage{natbib}
%
% *** Provide command to identify reference sheet (notes)
%<notes>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
%<notes>\def\DescribesFile#1 [#2 #3 #4]
%<notes> {\def\filename{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}
%<notes>\DescribesFile{natbib}
%
% *** Identify the driver file:-
%<driver>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
%<driver>\ProvidesFile{natbib.ltx}
%
% *** The DATE, VERSION, and other INFO
%\fi
%\ProvidesFile{natbib}
[2009/11/07 8.31a (PWD, AO)]
% \changes{4.0}{1993 Aug 19}{First documented release}
% \changes{4.1}{1993 Oct 4}{Simplification of \cs{@citeapalk}}
% \changes{4.1a}{1993 Oct 14}{Add \texttt{rev} option for reversed comments
% in \cs{cite}}
% \changes{4.1b}{1993 Oct 18}{Add \cs{bibfont} to list definition =\cs{relax}}
% \changes{4.2}{1993 Oct 22}{Add coding for AGU, NLINPROC}
% \changes{4.2}{1993 Nov 20}{Add more coding for AGU}
% \changes{4.3a}{1994 Feb 24}{First additions for \LaTeXe}
% \changes{5.0}{1994 May 18}{Revised for \LaTeXe{} and 2.09}
% \changes{5.0}{1994 May 18}{Remove obsolete JGR, GRL coding}
% \changes{5.0}{1994 May 18}{Add \cs{citeauthor}, \cs{citeyear}}
% \changes{5.0}{1994 May 18}{Two optional texts for \cs{cite} so \texttt{rev}
% option obsolete}
% \changes{5.0}{1994 May 18}{\LaTeXe\ options to select punctuation}
% \changes{5.1}{1994 Jun 22}{Conform to first official release of \LaTeXe}
% \changes{5.1}{1994 Jun 22}{Separate \LaTeX\ and 2.09 files}
% \changes{5.1}{1994 Jun 22}{Put doc driver first}
% \changes{5.2}{1994 Aug 25}{Fix up 2.09 style to run in compatibility mode}
% \changes{5.2}{1994 Aug 25}{\cs{citeauthor}, \cs{citeyear} make BibTeX
% entry in aux file}
% \changes{5.2}{1994 Aug 25}{\cs{@citex} defined as in \LaTeXe}
% \changes{5.2}{1994 Aug 25}{Local config file \texttt{natbib.cfg} read in}
% \changes{5.3}{1994 Sep 13}{Add \cs{citefullauthor}, options \texttt{angle},
% \texttt{curly}}
% \changes{5.3}{1994 Sep 19}{Add star version of \cs{cite} for full authors}
% \changes{5.3}{1994 Sep 26}{Fix accents in citations with proper definition
% of \cs{protect}}
% \changes{5.4}{1994 Nov 24}{Add space in \cs{@citex} for text cites}
% \changes{5.4}{1994 Nov 24}{Replace \cs{if@tempswa} by \cs{ifNAT@swa}}
% \changes{5.4}{1994 Nov 24}{Add superscript citation type to \cs{bibpunct}}
% \changes{5.4}{1994 Nov 24}{Add \cs{@citesuper}, fix up bugs in superscripts}
% \changes{5.4}{1994 Nov 24}{Define \cs{@citexnum} as in \LaTeXe}
% \changes{5.4}{1995 Feb 03}{Add \cs{citestyle} same as \cs{bibstyle}}
% \changes{5.4}{1995 Feb 08}{For repeated years and authors, print just letter}
% \changes{5.5}{1995 Mar 13}{Add \cs{bibhang} and command space in
% \cs{@cite}}
% \changes{5.5}{1995 Mar 16}{Add \cs{citealt} for citation with no
% parentheses}
% \changes{5.5}{1995 Mar 24}{Reorganize internal commands, using \cs{NAT@}
% prefixes}
% \changes{5.5}{1995 Mar 24}{Punctuation selection commands \cs{bibpunct},
% \cs{citestyle} are now preamble only, whereas previously they had to
% come after the preamble}
% \changes{5.5}{1995 May 14}{Change names of punctuation commands to
% \cs{NAT@...}}
% \changes{6.0}{1995 Sep 4}{Allow numerical styles with author-year
% \texttt{bst} files}
% \changes{6.0}{1995 Sep 21}{Add automatic indexing of citations}
% \changes{6.0}{1995 Sep 29}{Accommodate \texttt{index} package}
% \changes{6.1}{1995 Nov 22}{Fixed for \LaTeXe\ \texttt{1995/12/01}}
% \changes{6.1}{1995 Dec 4}{Make more robust against changes to internals}
% \changes{6.1a}{1995 Dec 19}{Fix test for changed citations}
% \changes{6.2}{1996 Jan 10}{Replace all \cs{uppercase}}
% \changes{6.2}{1996 Jan 11}{Add \cs{citet}}
% \changes{6.2}{1996 Feb 2}{Fix superscript size}
% \changes{6.2}{1996 Mar 05}{Add length \cs{bibsep} for linespacing between
% references}
% \changes{6.2}{1996 Apr 15}{Fix clash with \texttt{amsart} and
% \texttt{amsbook}}
% \changes{6.3}{1996 Jun 10}{Allow \texttt{showkeys} to be loaded first}
% \changes{6.3}{1996 Jun 17}{Fix punctuation for \texttt{plainnat}}
% \changes{6.3}{1996 Jun 17}{Suppress extra labels with numericals}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Jun 18}{Provide \cs{bibname} and \cs{refname}}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Jun 27}{Change \texttt{nlinproc} option to \texttt{egs}}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Sep 1}{Make compatible with \texttt{chapterbib.sty}}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Sep 12}{Fix spacing for superscripts}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Sep 12}{Extra letter printed with \cs{citeyear}}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Sep 13}{Add compression and sorting of numerical citations}
% \changes{6.4}{1996 Oct 2}{Make compatible with \texttt{hyperref.sty}}
% \changes{6.5}{1996 Dec 11}{KOMA script compatibility}
% \changes{6.5}{1997 Jan 10}{For EGS, no blank line between references}
% \changes{6.5}{1997 Jan 30}{Recode notes so they work with \cs{citet} and
% \cs{citep}; change documentation to stress these commands over \cs{cite}}
% \changes{6.5}{1997 Feb 5}{Fix KOMA script properly}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Apr 6}{Fix \cs{nocite} to work with \texttt{chapterbib}}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 May 26}{Let \cs{citealt} have full \cs{cite} syntax}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Jun 4}{Add \cs{citeyearpar}}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Jun 4}{Add sorting of author--year citations}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Jun 12}{Add \cs{citealp} like \cs{citep} without parentheses}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Jun 24}{Fix \texttt{showkeys} functionality}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Jun 25}{Improve \texttt{hyperref} functionality}
% \changes{6.6}{1997 Jun 30}{Fix bug in \cs{NAT@citex}}
% \changes{6.7}{1997 Jul 14}{Add \texttt{longnamesfirst} option}
% \changes{6.7}{1997 Sep 12}{Fix interface with \texttt{showkeys}}
% \changes{6.7}{1997 Nov 10}{Fix interface with \texttt{babel}}
% \changes{6.7}{1997 Nov 11}{Add reference sheet extraction}
% \changes{6.8}{1997 Dec 1}{Permit \cs{@biblabel} to be user modified}
% \changes{6.8}{1998 Feb 19}{Fix hyperref bug in \cs{citep}}
% \changes{6.8a}{1998 Mar 6}{Correct wrong name for \texttt{longnamesfirst}
% in the documentation}
% \changes{6.8a}{1998 May 14}{\cs{@biblabel} only redefinable for numerical
% mode}
% \changes{6.8b}{1998 July 6}{Hyperref: to work with \texttt{chapterbib} and
% breaks links in textual citations}
% \changes{6.8c}{1998 July 14}{Hyperref: remove opening brace and notes from
% link}
% \changes{6.8d}{1998 Nov 23}{Fix bug in \texttt{super} option; suppress brackets}
% \changes{6.9}{1999 Jan 22}{Fix bug with \cs{makeindex}}
% \changes{6.9}{1999 Feb 23}{Update copyright notice}
% \changes{6.9}{1999 Mar 26}{Babel test made more general}
% \changes{7.0}{1999 May 7}{With empty year, act like \cs{citeauthor}}
% \changes{7.0}{1999 May 21}{Correct \cs{bibsection} for \texttt{amsbook}}
% \changes{7.0a}{2000 Jul 24}{Argument of \cs{citenumfont} always in braces}
% \changes{7.0b}{2002 Feb 27}{Fix bug with superscripts}
% \changes{7.1}{2003 June 6}{Add test for missing extra letter in multi-cites}
% \changes{7.2}{2006 Jan 12}{Allow \texttt{hyperref} with compression}
% \changes{7.2}{2006 Jan 12}{Add compression without sorting}
% \changes{7.2}{2006 Jan 12}{Add compatibility with \texttt{citeref} package}
% \changes{7.3}{2006 Mar 22}{Revise and update the manual documentation}
% \changes{7.4}{2006 Aug 18}{Add \cs{NAT@nmfmt} to names in \cs{NAT@test}}
% \changes{7.4a}{2006 Sep 6}{Fix bug with compress option and hyperref with dvips}
% \changes{7.5}{2007 Feb 2}{Add \cs{citenum} to print (non-superscripted) number}
% \changes{7.5}{2007 Feb 2}{Superscripted braces raised in textual citation too}
% \changes{7.5}{2007 Feb 2}{Change notes for textual numerical citations to be outside}
% \changes{8.0}{2007 Feb 2}{Allow changes in cite style, for chapterbib; remove \texttt{nopreonly} option}
% \changes{8.0}{2007 Feb 5}{Remove 2.09 support}
% \changes{8.0}{2007 Feb 5}{Remove subpackage option (and agu, egs options)}
% \changes{8.1}{2007 Oct 30}{Replace some \cs{edef}s with \cs{protected@edef}}
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jan 10}{(AO)Introduce, for \texttt{merge} package option,
% \cs{NAT@bibitem@first@sw} and \cs{NAT@bibitem@label@sw}}
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jan 10}{(AO) The sort algorithm had not been stable; fixed.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jan 10}{(AO) Various changes to \texttt{NAT@sort@cites} and friends}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jun 26}{(AO) Employ \cs{NAT@ifcat@num} to make the test on \cs{NAT@num}}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jun 26}{(AO) Use \cs{NAT@space}, \cs{NAT@spacechar}, and \cs{NAT@penalty}
% instead of explicit space and primitive penalty in \cs{NAT@idxtxt},
% \cs{NAT@cite}, \cs{NAT@citenum}, \cs{NAT@citesuper}.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jun 28}{(AO) Introduce \cs{NAT@ifcat@num}, ensuring that the
% \cs{catcode} of the underscore is 8 at the time;
% use for tests on \cs{NAT@num} and \cs{NAT@last@num}.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 01}{(AO) Allow graceful transition away from the use of \texttt{natbib}}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 01}{(AO) Assign \cs{NAT@ctype} with \cs{let} \cs{z@}:
% allow for tighter \cs{ifnum} comparisons.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 01}{(AO) Give \cs{NAT@split} a good argument,
% even when \cs{NAT@temp} is poorly constructed.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 01}{(AO) Provide a layer of abstraction to assignments
% to \cs{@citea}, using \cs{NAT@def@citea} and \cs{NAT@reset@citea}.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 01}{(AO) With our abstraction of \cs{@citea};
% we use wrappers \cs{NAT@def@citea@box} and \cs{NAT@hyper@citea}. Also \cs{NAT@penalty} in place of an explicit \cs{penalty}.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 01}{(AO) Use \cs{NAT@hyper@} and \cs{NAT@hyper@citea}
% to wrap up the hyperlink calls in \cs{NAT@citexnum}, \cs{NAT@citex}, .}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 02}{(AO) Add \cs{@ifxundefined}, a tool for testing a \cs{TeX} macro,
% and \cs{@ifnum}, a tool for testing numbers, like \cs{ifnum}.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 02}{(AO) Employ \cs{@ifxundefined}, instead of \cs{@ifundefined},
% for use on \cs{@cprwrite}, \cs{@indexfile}, \cs{bbl@redefine}, \cs{chapter},
% \cs{NAT@sectionbib}, and \cs{bib@heading}: the \cs{csname} being tested ought not to be altered as a side effect.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 02}{(AO) The value of \cs{NAT@sort} and \cs{NAT@cmprs}
% will be \cs{z@} or \cs{@ne}: something created by \cs{chardef}. This works better in \cs{ifnum} tests.}%
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 12}{(AO) Do not write .aux file entries in \cs{NAT@citexnum}
% or \cs{NAT@citex}; do this in \cs{NAT@sort@cites} where the keys will be in the user's order.}
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 13}{(AO) Allow optional arguments preceding cite key.}
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 13}{(AO) Commented-out code has been made into a comment.}
% \changes{8.2}{2008 Jul 13}{(AO) Protect against case where \cs{NAT@num} is
% defined to be the same as \cs{@empty} (malformed \texttt{.aux} file).}
% \changes{8.3}{2008 Aug 28}{Refine the compatibility with babel}
% \changes{8.3}{2008 Sep 23}{Fix problem with spacing and raised commas for multiple superscripts}
% \changes{8.3}{2008 Nov 5}{Repair a number of bugs from AO's coding}
% \changes{8.3}{2008 Dec 8}{Put all comments inside braces with \cs{citet},
% even for numerical (previously only for author--year)}
% \changes{8.3}{2009 Feb 2}{Include AO's last delta corrections}
% \changes{8.31}{2009 Jul 16}{Fix so when merge is 0, old syntax valid; backward compatibility}
% \changes{8.31a}{2009 Nov 07}{(AO) Fix punctuation bugs in merge code}
%
% \CheckSum{2858}
% \CharacterTable
% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
%
% \iffalse
%<*install>
%^^A =============================================
%^^A Here is the docstrip installation file
%^^A It is written on first LaTeX run if it
%^^A does not already exist
%^^A =============================================
\begin{filecontents*}{natbib.ins}
% File: natbib.ins
% Copyright 2009 Patrick W. Daly
%
% This is the natbib installation file for extracting package and driver
% files from the original source file. Simply process it under
% TeX or LaTeX.
%
% This installation works with docstrip 2.4 or later.
\def\batchfile{natbib.ins}
\input docstrip
\preamble
=============================================
IMPORTANT NOTICE:
This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN
archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either
version 1 of the License, or any later version.
This is a generated file.
It may not be distributed without the original source file \inFileName.
Full documentation can be obtained by LaTeXing that original file.
Only a few abbreviated comments remain here to describe the usage.
=============================================
\endpreamble
\postamble
<<<<< End of generated file <<<<<<
\endpostamble
\keepsilent
\declarepreamble\refsheet
=============================================
IMPORTANT NOTICE:
This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN
archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either
version 1 of the License, or any later version.
This is a generated file.
It may not be distributed without the original source file \inFileName.
This is a Reference Sheet for natbib. It consists of excerpts from the
original source file.
For more details, LaTeX the source \inFileName.
==============================================
\endpreamble
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End of Reference Sheet file
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\declarepreamble\driver
============================================
This is the driver file to produce the LaTeX documentation
from the original source file \inFileName.
Make changes to it as needed. (Never change the file \inFileName!)
============================================
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End of documentation driver file.
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%** To include the detailed explanation of the coding, comment out
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%** To produce a command index: add the following line for one run,
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%<*notes>
%^^A ***************************
%^^A Preamble to the Reference Sheet
%^^A ***************************
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%
% \hyphenation{par-en-the-ti-cal}
%
% \GetFileInfo{natbib}
%
% \title{{\bfseries Natural Sciences Citations and References}\\
% (Author--Year and Numerical Schemes)}
%
% \author{Patrick W. Daly\thanks{%
% The code for merged numerical bibliography entries, emulating the \texttt{mcite} package,
% has been commissioned by the American Physical Society and provided by Arthur Ogawa}}
%
% \date{This paper describes package \texttt{\filename}\\
% version \fileversion{} from \filedate.}
%
% \maketitle
%
% \pagestyle{myheadings}
% \markboth{P. W. Daly}{NATURAL SCIENCES CITATIONS AND REFERENCES}
%
% \iffalse % The following lines belong to both the documentation and notes
%<*notes>
% \fi
\newcommand{\btx}{\textsc{Bib}\TeX}
\newcommand{\thestyle}{\texttt{\filename}}
% \iffalse % These lines belong only to the notes
\begin{center}{\bfseries\Large
Reference sheet for \thestyle\ usage}\\
\large(Describing version \fileversion\ from \filedate)
\end{center}
\begin{quote}\slshape
For a more detailed description of the \thestyle\ package, \LaTeX\ the
source file \thestyle\texttt{.dtx}.
\end{quote}
%</notes>
% \fi
%
%^^A In order to keep all marginal notes on the one (left) side:
%^^A (otherwise they switch sides disasterously with twoside option)
% \makeatletter \@mparswitchfalse \makeatother
%
% \begin{abstract}
% \iffalse % First line is Reference Sheet only, rest for both doc and Ref. Sheet
%<*notes>
\head{Overview}
% \fi
The \thestyle\ package is a reimplementation of the \LaTeX\ |\cite| command,
to work with both author--year and numerical citations. It is compatible with
the standard bibliographic style files, such as \texttt{plain.bst}, as well as
with those for \texttt{harvard}, \texttt{apalike}, \texttt{chicago},
\texttt{astron}, \texttt{authordate}, and of course \thestyle.
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
% In contrast to the packages listed above, the \thestyle{} package supports not
% only the various author--year bibliography styles, but also those for standard
% numerical citations. In fact, it can also produce numerical citations even
% with an author--year bibliographic style, something that permits easy
% switching between the two citation modes. To this end, replacements for the
% standard \LaTeX\ \texttt{.bst} files are also provided.
%
% It is possible to define the citation \emph{style} (type of brackets and
% punctuation between citations) and even to associate it with the name of
% the bibliographic style so that it is automatically activated. Citation
% styles can be defined for local \texttt{.bst} files by means of a
% configuration file \thestyle\texttt{.cfg}.
%
% It is compatible with the packages: \texttt{babel}, \texttt{index}, \texttt{citeref},
% \texttt{showkeys}, \texttt{chapterbib}, \texttt{hyperref}, \texttt{koma} and
% with the classes \texttt{amsbook} and \texttt{amsart}.
% It can also emulate the sorting and compressing functions of the \texttt{cite} package
% as well as the multiple citation (and merging) functions of Thorsten Ohl's \texttt{mcite} package.
% (The \thestyle{} package, however, is not compatible with either \texttt{cite} or \texttt{mcite} themselves.)
%
% Note that the \texttt{citeref} package (for adding citation page numbers in the
% bibliography) must be loaded after \thestyle. (The \texttt{hyperref} package with
% the option \texttt{pagebackref} also provides this feature, but with hyperlinks.)
%
% The \thestyle\ package therefore acts as a single, flexible interface for
% most of the available bibliographic styles.
%
% \end{abstract}
%
% \newpage\tableofcontents\newpage
%
% \section{Introduction}
%
% The \thestyle{} package is an extension to \LaTeX\ to allow author--year
% citations along with numerical citations. Standard \LaTeX\ permits only
% numerical, whereas all extensions for author--year prior to the release of
% \thestyle{} in 1993 were limited to just that. Since they normally added new
% commands (as \thestyle{} does too), documents written with them could only be
% used with numerical citations after extensive editing.
%
% The \thestyle{} package has changed that; switching from author--year to
% numerical citations is a matter of an option, with no alterations to the
% source text. It has now become part of the standard \LaTeX\ installations,
% and is supported (demanded) by many journals. It is the citation package of
% choice by most of the \LaTeX\ community, mainly because of its flexibility
% and configurability.
%
% Like all packages, it is loaded in the document preamble, with possible options,
% with, e.g.\
% \begin{quote}
% |\usepackage[sectionbib,square]{natbib}|
% \end{quote}
% The option \texttt{sectionbib} specifies that, when used with the package
% \texttt{chapterbib}, the bibliography will appear as a section at the end of
% each chapter (Section~\ref{sec:chapbib}). The \texttt{square} option says
% that references are to be enclosed in square bracket rather than round
% parentheses. See Section~\ref{sec:opts} for a complete list of options.
%
% The document text itself begins with, e.g.
% \begin{quote}
% \begin{verbatim}
% \begin{document}
% \bibliographystyle{plainnat}
% \end{verbatim}
% \end{quote}
% which specifies \texttt{plainnat} to be the bibliography style used by the
% \btx\ program that generates the actual bibliography from a database. The
% style \texttt{plainnat} is the \thestyle{} version of the standard \texttt{plain}
% (numerical only) style. See Section~\ref{sec:plainnat} for other styles, or
% search the installation for \texttt{.bst} files.
%
% The |\bibliographystyle| command can be given anywhere in the document, but
% it makes sense to add it at the start where it can be easily identified (and
% modified).
%
% To make a citation in the text, use
% \begin{quote}
% |\citep{jon90}| for a \emph{parenthetical} citation (Jones et al.,
% 1990),\\
% |\citet{jon90}| for a \emph{textual} one, as Jones et al. (1990).
% \end{quote}
% Both |\citep| and |\citet| are defined by \thestyle{} and are thus not
% standard. The standard \LaTeX\ command |\cite| should be avoided, because it
% behaves like |\citet| for author--year citations, but like |\citep| for
% numerical ones. There are many other commands for other special effects
% (Section~\ref{sec:excite}).
%
% In the above examples, \texttt{jon90} is the identifying key for the
% reference, as found in the \btx\ database, or in the \texttt{thebibliography}
% environment, Section~\ref{sec:bibitem}:
% \begin{quote}
% \begin{verbatim}
% \begin{thebibliography}{1}
% \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{jon90}
% . . . . .
% \end{thebibliography}
% \end{verbatim}
% \end{quote}
% This environment prints the actual bibliography, and the |\bibitem| commands
% link the entries to the citations via the key, here \texttt{jon90}. The key
% may be perfectly arbitrary as long as it is unique. The text in square
% brackets contains the pieces of citation information, the authors \texttt{Jones et
% al.} and the year \texttt{1990}. Note that these are two pieces of text that
% may be packaged together in several different ways, depending on the citation
% command. In fact, if numerical citations are selected, they are (almost)
% ignored and only the sequence number is used as citation.
%
% The \texttt{thebibliography} environment can be made by hand, but it is
% better and safer to let \btx\ do it. For this, one needs the
% |\bibliographystyle| command already mentioned, and near the end of the
% document:
% \begin{quote}
% \begin{verbatim}
% \bibliography{mybib}
% \end{document}
% \end{verbatim}
% \end{quote}
% Here \texttt{mybib} is the root name of the \btx\ database file
% (\texttt{mybib.bib}) containing the data for the references needed in the
% document.
%
% The rest of this document presents all the gorey details about everything
% possible with \thestyle.
%
% \section{Using this Package}\label{sec:usage}
%
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Loading}
Load with |\usepackage[|\emph{options}|]{|\thestyle|}|. See list of
\emph{options} at the end.
%</notes>
% \fi
% In this paper, I distinguish between the citation \emph{mode} (author--year
% or numerical) and citation \emph{style} (the type of punctuation used for
% citations). The citation style is something that is independent of the
% bibliography style and is not programmed in the \texttt{.bst} files.
%
% \subsection{New Bibliography Styles}\label{sec:plainnat}
%
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Replacement bibliography styles}
% \fi
I provide three new \texttt{.bst} files to replace the standard \LaTeX\
numerical ones:
\begin{quote}\ttfamily
plainnat.bst \qquad abbrvnat.bst \qquad unsrtnat.bst
\end{quote}
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
% These produce reference lists in the same style as the corresponding
% standard \texttt{.bst} file, but work with \thestyle{}. The
% advantage is that they can be used in both numerical and author--year
% mode.
%
% These \texttt{.bst} files are not meant to be exhaustive by any means. Other
% style files conforming to the \thestyle{} format exist, or may be generated
% with my \texttt{custom-bib} (also known as \texttt{makebst}) program.
%
%
% \subsection{The Syntax of the \texttt{thebibliography}}
% \label{sec:bibitem}
%
% The information on the cited author names and year are given as part of the
% |\bibitem| commands within the \texttt{thebibliography} environment. The
% \thestyle{} package expects that information to be in a certain format, which
% is maintained by the above bibliography styles. (It will also be able to
% interpret formats used by some earlier packages, such as \texttt{harvard} and
% \texttt{chicago}.) If one wishes to bypass \btx, one must make up the
% \texttt{thebibliography} oneself, such that it conforms to \thestyle.
%
% This syntax looks as follows:
% \begin{quote}
% |\bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{jon90}...|\\[1ex]
% or alternatively\\[1ex]
% |\bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, |\\
% \hspace*{2em}|and Williams]{jon90}...|
% \end{quote}
% The text in square brackets contains the pieces of citation texts, the short
% author list, \texttt{Jones et al.}, the year \texttt{1990}, and the optional long
% author list \texttt{Jones, Baker and Williams}. If the long list is missing,
% the short list will be used instead. The parentheses around the year are
% \emph{not} part of the text, but merely delimit the year from the author
% lists. Round parentheses must always be used, even if square brackets are
% wanted for the citations. And there must be no space before or after the year
% parentheses, else it will become part of the author list.
%
% \medskip\noindent
% \textbf{Note:} if any single |\bibitem| entry does not conform to a syntax that
% \thestyle{} understands, it switches stubbornly to numerical mode, since it
% otherwise has no idea what the author and year texts could be.
%
% \subsection{Basic Citation Commands}
%
% The \thestyle{} package can be used with bibliography styles that were
% intended for other, older packages, like \texttt{harvard}. However,
% the commands described in this and the next sections are defined by
% \thestyle{} and must be used even with those other bibliography styles.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\citet}
% \DescribeMacro{\citep}
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Basic commands}
% \fi
The \thestyle\ package has two basic citation commands, |\citet| and
|\citep| for \emph{textual} and \emph{parenthetical} citations, respectively.
There also exist the starred versions |\citet*| and |\citep*| that print
the full author list, and not just the abbreviated one.
All of these may take one or two optional arguments to add some text before
and after the citation.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
|\citet{jon90}| & Jones et al. (1990)\\
|\citet[chap.~2]{jon90}| & Jones et al. (1990, chap.~2)\\[0.5ex]
|\citep{jon90}| & (Jones et al., 1990)\\
|\citep[chap.~2]{jon90}| & (Jones et al., 1990, chap.~2)\\
|\citep[see][]{jon90}| & (see Jones et al., 1990)\\
|\citep[see][chap.~2]{jon90}| & (see Jones et al., 1990, chap.~2)\\[0.5ex]
|\citet*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams (1990)\\
|\citep*{jon90}| & (Jones, Baker, and Williams, 1990)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
% The starred versions can only list the full authors if the \texttt{.bst}
% file supports this feature; otherwise, the abbreviated list is printed.
%
% In standard \LaTeX, the |\cite| command can only take a single optional
% text for a note after the citation; here, a single optional text is a
% post-note, while two are the pre- and post-notes. To have only a pre-note, it
% is necessary to provide an empty post-note text, as shown above.
%
% More complex mixtures of text and citations can be generated with the
% all-purpose |\citetext| command in Section~\ref{sec:excite}.
%
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Multiple citations}
% \fi
Multiple citations may be made by including more than one
citation key in the |\cite| command argument.
% \textsl{If adjacent citations
% have the same author designation but different years, then the author
% names are not reprinted.}
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
|\citet{jon90,jam91}| & Jones et al. (1990); James et al. (1991)\\
|\citep{jon90,jam91}| & (Jones et al., 1990; James et al. 1991)\\
|\citep{jon90,jon91}| & (Jones et al., 1990, 1991)\\
|\citep{jon90a,jon90b}| & (Jones et al., 1990a,b)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
% \iffalse
\head{Numerical mode}
% \fi
These examples are for author--year citation mode. In numerical mode, the
results are different.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
|\citet{jon90}| & Jones et al. [21]\\
|\citet[chap.~2]{jon90}| & Jones et al. [21, chap.~2]\\[0.5ex]
|\citep{jon90}| & [21]\\
|\citep[chap.~2]{jon90}| & [21, chap.~2]\\
|\citep[see][]{jon90}| & [see 21]\\
|\citep[see][chap.~2]{jon90}| & [see 21, chap.~2]\\[0.5ex]
|\citep{jon90a,jon90b}| & [21, 32]
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
% The authors can only be listed if the \texttt{.bst} file supports
% author--year citations. The standard \texttt{.bst} files, such as
% \texttt{plain.bst} are numerical only and transfer no author--year
% information to \LaTeX. In this case, |\citet| prints ``\textbf{(author?)}
% [21].''
%
% \DescribeMacro{\cite}
% In the original versions of \thestyle, the traditional |\cite| command was
% used for both textual and parenthetical citations. The presence of an empty
% optional text in square brackets signalled parenthetical. This syntax has been
% retained for compatibility, but is no longer encouraged.
%
% This means that |\cite| (without notes) is the same as |\citet| in
% author--year mode, whereas in numerical mode, it is the same as |\citep|.
% The starred version, as well as the one or two optional notes, may also be
% used.
%
% It is possible to have multiple citations sorted into the same sequence as
% they appear in the list of references, regardless of their order as
% arguments to the |\cite| commands. The option \texttt{sort} is required for
% this feature. See Section~\ref{sec:sort}.
%
% Some publishers require that the first citation of any given reference be
% given with the full author list, but that all subsequent ones with the
% abbreviated list. Include the option \texttt{longnamesfirst} to enable this for
% \thestyle. See Section~\ref{sec:long}.
%
% \subsection{Extended Citation Commands}
% \label{sec:excite}
%
% \DescribeMacro{\citealt}
% \DescribeMacro{\citealp}
% \DescribeMacro{\citetext}
% \DescribeMacro{\citenum}
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Suppressed parentheses}
% \fi
As an alternative form of citation, |\citealt| is the same as |\citet| but
\emph{without parentheses}. Similarly, |\citealp| is |\citep| without
parentheses.
The |\citenum| command prints the citation number, without parentheses, even
in author--year mode, and without raising it in superscript mode. This is
intended to be able to refer to citation numbers without superscripting them.
% Multiple references, notes, and the starred variants
% also exist for these, except for |\citenum|.
%
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
|\citealt{jon90}| & Jones et al.\ 1990\\
|\citealt*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams 1990\\
|\citealp{jon90}| & Jones et al., 1990\\
|\citealp*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams, 1990\\
|\citealp{jon90,jam91}| & Jones et al., 1990; James et al., 1991\\
|\citealp[pg.~32]{jon90}| & Jones et al., 1990, pg.~32\\
|\citenum{jon90}| & 11\\
|\citetext{priv.\ comm.}| & (priv.\ comm.)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
The |\citetext| command
allows arbitrary text to be placed in the current citation parentheses.
This may be used in combination with |\citealp|.
% For example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \citetext{see \citealp{jon90}, or even better \citealp{jam91}}
% \end{verbatim}
% to produce (see Jones et al., 1990, or even better James et al., 1991).
%
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
%
% \DescribeMacro{\citeauthor}
% \DescribeMacro{\citeyear}
% \DescribeMacro{\citeyearpar}
% \DescribeMacro{\citefullauthor}
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Partial citations}
% \fi
In author--year schemes, it is sometimes desirable to be able to refer to
the authors without the year, or vice versa. This is provided with the
extra commands
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
|\citeauthor{jon90}| & Jones et al.\\
|\citeauthor*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams\\
|\citeyear{jon90}| & 1990\\
|\citeyearpar{jon90}| & (1990)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
% There also exists a command |\citefullauthor| which is equivalent to
% |\citeauthor*|.
%
% If the full author information is missing, then |\citeauthor*| is
% the same as |\citeauthor|, printing only the abbreviated list.
% This also applies to the starred versions of |\citet| and |\citep|.
%
% If the author or year information is missing (as is the case with the
% standard \LaTeX{} \texttt{.bst} files), these commands issue a warning.
%
% \medskip\noindent
% \textbf{Note:}
% these commands may also be used with numerical
% citations, provided an author--year \texttt{.bst} file is being employed.
%
% \medskip\noindent
% \textbf{Note:} all |\cite..| commands have the same
% syntax, allowing multiple citations and up to two notes (there are, however,
% no starred |\citeyear| or |\citenum| variants). It does not really make much sense to add
% notes to |\citeyear| and |\citeauthor|, especially with multiple citations;
% however, this can be done, there will be no error message, but the results
% are sometimes strange. For example, in numerical mode, the notes are fully
% ignored, while in author--year mode, only the post-note is accepted.
% Multiple citations in |\citet| are also not recommended (nor are they in my
% opinion meaningful), but if they are used with notes, the pre-note will
% appear before each year, and the post-note only after the last year. These
% are admittedly bugs, but the effort to remove them is not justified by the
% questionable usefulness of these features.
%
% In summary, notes are only intended for |\citep| but they may also be used
% with |\citet| in author--year mode, with single citations. In any other
% situation, the results are unpredictable.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\Citet}
% \DescribeMacro{\Citep}
% \DescribeMacro{\Citealt}
% \DescribeMacro{\Citealp}
% \DescribeMacro{\Citeauthor}
% \subsection{Forcing Upper Cased Name}
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Forcing upper cased names}
% \fi
If the first author's name contains a \textsl{von} part, such as ``della
Robbia'', then |\citet{dRob98}| produces ``della Robbia (1998)'', even at the
beginning of a sentence. One can force the first letter to be in upper case
with the command |\Citet| instead. Other upper case commands also exist.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{rl@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
when & |\citet{dRob98}| & della Robbia (1998) \\
then & |\Citet{dRob98}| & Della Robbia (1998) \\
& |\Citep{dRob98}| & (Della Robbia, 1998) \\
& |\Citealt{dRob98}| & Della Robbia 1998 \\
& |\Citealp{dRob98}| & Della Robbia, 1998 \\
& |\Citeauthor{dRob98}| & Della Robbia
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
These commands also exist in starred versions for full author names.
% \medskip\noindent
% \textbf{Note:} the coding for the upper casing commands is tricky and likely
% buggy. It operates on the names that are stored in the |\bibitem| entry, and
% works even if old style font commands are used; however, \LaTeXe\ commands will
% cause it to crash. Thus\\
% \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
% |\bibitem[{\it della Robbia}(1998)]{dRob98}| & is okay, but \\
% |\bibitem[\textit{della Robbia}(1998)]{dRob98}| & crashes.
% \end{tabular}
% ^^A I hope to improve this situation in future.
%
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
%
% \subsection{Citation Aliasing}
% \DescribeMacro{\defcitealias}
% \DescribeMacro{\citetalias}
% \DescribeMacro{\citepalias}
% \iffalse
%<*notes>
\head{Citation aliasing}
% \fi
Sometimes one wants to refer to a reference with a special designation,
rather than by the authors, i.e. as Paper~I, Paper~II. Such aliases can be
defined and used, textual and/or parenthetical with:
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{lcl}
|\defcitealias{jon90}{Paper~I}|\\
|\citetalias{jon90}| & $\Rightarrow$ & Paper~I\\
|\citepalias{jon90}| & $\Rightarrow$ & (Paper~I)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
These citation commands function much like |\citet| and |\citep|: they may
take multiple keys in the argument, may contain notes, and are marked as
hyperlinks.
% \iffalse
%</notes>
% \fi
%
% A warning is issued if the alias is used before it is defined, or if an alias
% is redefined for a given citation. No warning is issued if an alias is
% defined for a citation key that does not exist; the warning comes when it is
% used!
%
% See Section~\ref{sec:yearless} for an alternative means of citing with
% a code name.
%
% \subsection{Authorless and Yearless References}\label{sec:yearless}
% What does one do about references that do not have authors? This has long
% bothered me but I do have a suggestion. Standard \btx\ styles make use of a
% \texttt{KEY} field in the entries to be used for alphabetizing when the
% authors or editors are missing. The author--year styles go even further and
% insert the \texttt{KEY} field in place of the authors. One can imagine giving
% a code designation for the work at this point. For example,
% \begin{quote}
% \begin{verbatim}
% @MANUAL{handbk98,