Learn `Next.js`

Dive into Next.js, the de facto React web framework
to build scalable web apps with server-side rendering,
static site generation and much more!

Learn Next.js
Why?
- What are the benefits of Next.js?
  - Ok, so what's the takeaway?
Who?
What?
How?

Why?

Since its' inception, there has been a lot of hype around Next.js.
It has gained critical mass amongst developers and even the React team recommends using Next.js!

Founded by Guillermo Rauch, creator of many popular Node modules including socket.io and mongoose, knowing how to develop with Next.js will put you in a great position for job prospects and it's a valuable skill to learn if you're already seasoned with React.

One may ask how Next.js differs (or even extends) React?

In simple words, Next.js simplifies your development process and it automatically optimizes your web app for deployment, so you only have to focus on the development of core features, instead of meddling with configuration files to package and bundle your app.

That seems like a blanket statement, right? It's because it is! We'll delve deeper into the "what?" later!

What are the benefits of `Next.js`?

Next.js simplifies the development process and, on top of that, it optimizes your web applications. It does this through its primary features.

A primary distinction is rendering, as it's handled differently between React and Next.js. You may already know that React renders the user interface on the client side, while Next.js performs server-side rendering. However, Next.js offers flexibility in rendering options. You can choose to render the UI on the client side or the server side much easier in Next.js than the default React way.

Note

It is important to know the difference between server-side and client-side rendering.

As the name suggests, client-side rendering, happens on the client's device or the browser. The HTML and JS files are downloaded and executed on your browser.

On the other hand, server-side rendering involves rendering the web page on the server before transmitting it to the client's device. The server processes a client's request and renders the components on the server side. It then sends back the fully rendered HTML to the client's browser, enabling immediate display.

For more information, visit https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/serverless/glossary/client-side-vs-server-side/.

Knowing the distinction between server and client-side rendering highlights an essential aspect of web development: SEO. Search engine crawlers face difficulties indexing pages dynamically rendered on the client side. As a result, the SEO performance of such pages may suffer as search engines may not fully comprehend their content and rank them appropriately. By utilizing Next.js, this issue is resolved by sending pre-rendered code directly to the client. This enables easy crawling and indexing by search engines, leading to improved SEO.

The second great Next.js feature is routing. Unlike normal React, Next.js uses a file-based routing system, which means that the routing is handled by the file system. Each folder in the app directory becomes a route, and the folder name becomes the route's path. This eliminates the need for external packages or complex configurations typically found in standard React projects.

With Next.js, you can inclusively create full-stack applications! After introducing API routes, you can easily create a public API within Next.js through serverless functions to handle.

Ok, so what's the takeaway?

When you develop in Next.js, you just let it take care of processes like linting, formatting, compiling, bundling, minifying, etc.. This lets us focus on building the essential business logic of the app which is a huge time-saver.

And the best part is that, at the end, it's still just React. Next.js is not an entirely new technology; it is still fundamentally built on top of React. To put it simply, Next.js is an extension of React that streamlines the development process by automating several functions, allowing developers to focus on what they do best: writing React code.

If you're looking for a quick tl;dr, here are 10 reasons why you should consider learning Next.js, especially if you're wanting a career in front-end development.

supports server-side Rendering (SSR) and static site generation (SSG) out of the box.
automatic code splitting, improving load times and performance.
easy to set up, with sensible defaults.
file-based-routing, where each file in the pages directory corresponds to a route in the application, making it intuitive and straightforward to manage routes
with API Routes, you can create API endpoints directly, allowing you to handle serverless functions and backend logic without setting up a separate server.
built-in CSS and Sass Support
several optimizations handled automatically.
has support for TypeScript, enabling you to use static type checking.
active community and Vercel support.

Who?

This guide are personal notes and our little "journey" into learning more about Next.js. So it's meant as both an internal reference document for us at dwyl, but also a fully open source resource that anyone can read and learn from!

If you find it useful, give the repo a star! ⭐️

If you get stuck, have questions/suggestions or just want to discuss this further, do open an issue!

What?

Tip

Next.js's documentation is really good. This guide, although making some references to it, is meant to be our own personal view on the framework and how it works.

If you just want to see the docs, please visit https://nextjs.org/docs. You will learn a lot from it!

Note

We assume prior basic knowledge of CSS, HTML and React. If you need to brush up on these skills, we recommend you check out https://github.com/dwyl/learn-react.

Note

At the time of writing, the stable version of Next.js is version 14. Although there's a release candidate for version 15, it's still yet to be released. Therefore, this guide will be based on the 14 version.

In this section, we'll give you a basic rundown of how a typical Next.js project will look like and some of framework-specific features you'll have to take into account while developing your application in Next.js.

We'll go from fundamental concepts and dive a bit as we go. So strap in and let's start!

Routing

The heart of every web application starts with routing. When React introduced Server Components (components that can be cached in the server), Next.js introduced App Router, which supports these components.

Your project will have an app directory, where all children are React Server Components by default. In contrast, the project may also have a pages directory, where normal, file-system based routing occurs in Next.js - this is Page Router.

There's a difference between these two. App Router is recommended and it's seen as "the next step" for Next.js. You will still be able to use normal Page Router features under the page directory, but you won't be able to use more recent advancements.

Page Router will suffice for small projects. Both routing options allow for SSR, though pages in the app directory are SSR by default, alongside other performance benefits.

Feature	App Router	Page Router
File-based routing	Uses nested folders to define routes	Files directly represent routes
Components	Server Components by default	Client Components by default
Data fetching	`fetch` function for data fetching	`getServerSideProps`, `getStaticProps`, `getInitialProps`
Layouts	Layouts can be nested and dynamic	Layouts are static
Dynamic routes	Supported, but syntax differs	Supported
Client-side navigation	Supported with `router.push`	Supported with `Link` component
Priority	Takes precedence over Page Router	Fallback if no matching route in App Router

taken from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76570208/what-is-different-between-app-router-and-pages-router-in-next-js.

In this document, we will **focus on App Router. Nonetheless, expect your typical Next.js project structure to look like so.

- app
| - dashboard
| - home
  | - layout.tsx              // Layout
  | - page.tsx                // Page UI unique to the route
  | - loading.tsx             // Loading UI
  | - not-found.tsx           // Not found UI
  | - error.tsx               // Error UI
  | - global-error.tsx        // Global error UI
  | - route.tsx               // API endpoint
  | - template.tsx            // Re-rendered layout
  | - default.tsx             // Parallel route fallback page
- pages
- public
- ...

package.json

next.config.js            // Config file for Next.js
instrumentation.ts        // OpenTelemetry and Instrumentation file
middleware.ts             // Next.js request middleware

.env                      // Env variables
.env.local
.env.production
.env.development

.eslintrc.json            // Config file for Eslint
.gitignore

next-env.d.ts             // Typescript declaration file for Next.js
tsconfig.json             // Config file for Typescript
jsconfig.json             // Config file for Javascript

In layman's terms:

app and pages directory can be inside a src directory, optionally.
the top-level files are used to configure your application, manage dependencies, run middleware, integrate monitoring tools, and define environment variables.
the public folder holds statics assets to be served.
each route has specific file conventions, as mentioned above. In practical terms, the app would have a route www.domain.com/home. Do notice that routes can be nested.

Creating routes is simple. Since it's file-based, you just have to create folders to create route segments that maps to a URL segment.

What is the difference between a `page` and a `layout`?

To create UI for a route, you will see a layout, a page file and a template file. But what are the differences? It's simpler than what you may realise!

A page is a UI that is unique to a route. Simple as. For example, if you wanted to create a home directory (www.domain.com) and a dashboard inside the same route (www.domain.com/dashboard), you'd create a dashboard directory inside the source directory. Both of these directories would have a page.* file.

- app
|- page.ts    // Page file for root directory
|
|- dashboard
  |- page.ts  // Page file for dashboard directory

A layout is UI that is shared between multiple routes. When navigating, layouts preserve the state and remain interactive, not re-rendering.

- app
|- layout.ts // Layout will be shared with the *root* and *dashboard*.
|- dashboard
  |- page.ts

As you can see, the layout effects the current route and all nested child roots.

A template are similar to layouts (which wrap each child layout or page). However, while layouts persist state across routes, templates create a new instance for each of their children on navigation. This means that when a user navigates between routes that share a template, a new instance of the component is mounted, DOM elements are recreated, state is not preserved, and effects are re-synchronized.

Navigation

To navigate between routes, one may use:

<Link> component.
the useRouter hook (for Client Components - we will talk about this in the Rendering section).
the redirect function (for Server components).
the native History API.

We will not focus on how to use this in implementation, but rather explain how navigation works in Next.js. If you want to know, visit the docs linked in each of the options above.

Next.js's App Router uses a hybrid method for routing and navigation. On the server, it auto-splits your code by route segments. On the client, Next.js pre-fetches and caches these segments. This means users navigate without full page reloads; only changed segments re-render, improving performance.

code splitting breaks your app code into smaller bundles for the browser, reducing data transfer and execution time, thus boosting performance.
pre-fetching loads routes in the background before a person visits them.
caching is made in-memory, on the client side. In Next.js, you can do this through Router Cache.

While navigating, Next.js only re-renders changing segments, preserving shared segments and avoiding unnecessary rendering - this is called partial rendering.

For example, navigating between /dashboard/settings and /dashboard/analytics renders the settings and analytics pages, while preserving the dashboard layout.

Without partial rendering, each navigation triggers a full page re-render, which can sometimes be useful but hinders performance.

`Dynamic` and `Parallel` routes

Sometimes, you don't know how the next segment in your route/URI ahead of time and want to create routes with dynamic data (www.domain.com/dashboard?item=1). You can address these by wrapping the folder's name in square brackets.

For example: app/blog/[slug]/page.js would be a blog where [slug]is the dynamic segment for blog posts.

export default function Page({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) {
  return <div>My Post: {params.slug}</div>
}

On the other hand, Parallel Routes allows you to render multiple pages within the same layout. These are particularly useful in dynamic sections within an app, like dashboards and social media feeds.

To use parallel routes, we use slots, defined by creating folder with a "@" behind it.

Parallel routes are also useful to conditionally render routes based on conditions. So, for example, in dashboards, you can render a specific content to an administrator role and a different one to a user role.

Intercepting routes

Intercepting routes allows loading a route from another part of your application within the current layout, useful for displaying route content without switching contexts.

For example, clicking a photo in a feed can display it in a modal over the feed. Next.js intercepts the /photo/123 route, masks the URL, and overlays it on /feed. Just like how Facebook does it!

However, navigating to the photo via a shareable URL or refreshing the page should render the full photo page, not the modal.

To intercept routes, Next.js uses the (..) convention, similar to ../ for segments.

(.) matches segments on the same level
(..) matches segments one level above
(..)(..) matches segments two levels above
(...) matches segments from the root app directory

For example, intercept the photo segment from feed by creating a (..)photo directory.

- feed
|- layout.js
|- (..)photo    // the rout is being intercepted here on the feed
  |- [id]
    |- page.js
- photo         // all the while having the normal photo page
  |- [id]
    |- page.js
layout.js
page,js

Fetching data

Your web app is only useful for the data it shows. Data fetching can be done in a few ways in Next.js, depending if you're rendering your content on the client or on the server.

if on the server:
- you can use the fetch function, which extends the native fetch Web API function.
- use third-party libraries.
if on the client:
- you can use the Route Handler.
- you can use third-party libraries.

Regardless of the way you do it on each scenario, you are able to cache data.

// 'force-cache' is the default, and can be omitted
fetch('https://...', { cache: 'force-cache' });

When caching data, you must have a data revalidation strategy. This process of purging the data cache and re-fetching the latest data is a must to keep the person up-to-date with the latest information. In Next.js, cached data can be revalidated in two main ways:

time-based revalidation, to revalidate data at a time interval.

fetch('https://...', { next: { revalidate: 3600 } });

on-demand revalidation, to revalidate data by path or by cache tag. You have the option to tag cache entries and then revalidate all entries associated with given tag.

export default async function Page() {
  const res = await fetch('https://...', { next: { tags: ['collection'] } });
  const data = await res.json();
  // ...
}

Alternatively, in both scenarios, you may use third-party libraries to handle caching, revalidation and memoization differently than what Next.js already provides.

In addition to this, Next.js allows you to:

stream data.
fetch data sequentially or in parallel.
censor sensitive information to prevent object instances with sensitive values from being passed to the client.

Rendering

Rendering converts your code into user interfaces. React and Next.js enable hybrid web applications, rendering parts on the server or client.

client - browser on the user's device requests and renders the UI.
server - data center computer stores code, processes requests, and sends responses.

In Next.js, we ought to make a distinction between Server Components and Client Components.

Server components

React Server Components allow you to write UI that can be rendered on the server.

The benefits to using server rendering are many, and it's beyond the scope of this document to explain them. Please refer to https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#benefits-of-server-rendering to find more about it.

By default, Next.js (and by consequence, you) uses Server Components, which will automatically implement server rendering without extra configuration. There are three distinct strategies to do server rendering.

static rendering, which is the default strategy. These routes are rendered at build time. It is cached and can inclusively be pushed to a CDN. This strategy is useful when a route has data that is static (not personalized to the user) and is already known at build time (e.g, a landing page).
dynamic rendering, where each route is rendered at request time. Unlike static rendering, this is useful when a route has personalized data to the person.
streaming, where the UI is progressively rendered from the server. The work needed to render is split into chunks and streamed to the client as it becomes ready.

Client components

On the other hand, Client Components allow you to write UI that is already prerendered on the server, which is then sent to the client, where the latter executes Javascript to run it in the browser.

Because it's not default in Next.js, developers need to add the use client directive to mark the file as "part of the client bundle".

Here's an implementation example.

'use client'

import { useState } from 'react'

export default function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  return (
    <div>
      <p>You clicked {count} times</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Click me</button>
    </div>
  )
}

Styling

Next.js adds supports for many styling techniques!

CSS modules.
Tailwind CSS (which we highly recommend!).
SASS.
CSS-in-JS.

Using a styling technique is a highly opinionated topic. You ought to know what works best for you and use it in Next.js!

Optimizations

Next.js comes with a myriad of optimizations out-of-the-box. It optimizes images, videos, fonts, minifies your bundle, allows you to boost your web app's SEO with simple configuration.

The list is extensive. Check it out at https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing.

What you need to know is how you can leverage these optimizations. Next.js provides built-in components that do it for you, so you just got to use them!

Image components optimize images for performance by lazy loading and resizing images based on device size.
Link components will prefetch pages in the background, for faster navigation and performance.
Script components will give you control over loading and executing third-party scripts.
and many more!

How?

Although we've created our own small application just to have a feeling over Next.js, we'd be remiss if we didn't refer you to Next.js's demo tutorial.

This resource comprehensively guides you to creating a dashboard and gives an overview over most of the features that Next.js provides.

Our version of the dashboard differs to the original one from Next.js's documentation. The latter needs you to create an account in Vercel and a database to fetch data. In our version, we use two external APIs:

https://picsum.photos, to fetch random, public, free images.
https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/ to fetch posts and photos JSON objects to be showcased in the application.

The main objective of following through with this demo was to learn more about routing and rendering.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 51 Commits
.github		.github
__tests__		__tests__
app		app
public		public
.env.example		.env.example
.eslintrc.json		.eslintrc.json
.gitignore		.gitignore
.nvmrc		.nvmrc
README.md		README.md
jest.config.ts		jest.config.ts
next.config.js		next.config.js
package-lock.json		package-lock.json
package.json		package.json
postcss.config.js		postcss.config.js
prettier.config.js		prettier.config.js
tailwind.config.ts		tailwind.config.ts
tsconfig.json		tsconfig.json

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Repository files navigation

Learn `Next.js`

Why?

What are the benefits of `Next.js`?

Ok, so what's the takeaway?

Who?

What?

Routing

What is the difference between a `page` and a `layout`?

Navigation

`Dynamic` and `Parallel` routes

Intercepting routes

Fetching data

Rendering

Server components

Client components

Styling

Optimizations

How?

About

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dwyl/learn-nextjs

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Learn Next.js

Why?

What are the benefits of Next.js?

Ok, so what's the takeaway?

Who?

What?

Routing

What is the difference between a page and a layout?

Navigation

Dynamic and Parallel routes

Intercepting routes

Fetching data

Rendering

Server components

Client components

Styling

Optimizations

How?

About

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Learn `Next.js`

What are the benefits of `Next.js`?

What is the difference between a `page` and a `layout`?

`Dynamic` and `Parallel` routes