SymmetricAllocatorImplementation.hpp

#pragma once
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Copyright (c) 2010-2015, University of Washington and Battelle
// Memorial Institute.  All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above
//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
//       disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
//       provided with the distribution.
//     * Neither the name of the University of Washington, Battelle
//       Memorial Institute, or the names of their contributors may be
//       used to endorse or promote products derived from this
//       software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON OR BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
// CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
// OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
// BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE
// USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
// DAMAGE.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// This is a version of dlmalloc modified to do symmetric allocation
/// across Grappa cores.

// CURRENT LIMITATION: only works in SPMD mode, outside of run()/on_all_cores()

// TODO: support spmd usage in on_all_cores()
// TODO: support single-core usage in run(), etc.
// TODO: add Grappa locks to cover remote calls (set USE_LOCKS and define lock functions)

#include "MPIConnection.hpp"

#include <unordered_map>
#include <cstdlib>

namespace Grappa {
namespace impl {

///
/// Grappa symmetric MORECORE provider
///

// Note: this describes the design we're moving towards; lots of the
// existing Grappa code uses 15 core bits and 48 address bits. We're
// moving away from that.

// Grappa global addresses are 64 bits, composed of a core part and an
// address part.
// * Core field is at least 20 bits
// * Address field uses remaining bits, so it is 44 bits for 20 core bits.
// * Grappa global addresses can only refer to user addresses, not system addresses: this means that the top 17 bits of raw virtual addresses will always be 0.

// idea is to split virtual address into 4 regions differentiated by the top two bits:
// local:     0x00000'000'0000'0000ULL
// symmetric: 0x00000'400'0000'0000ULL
//        and 0x00000'800'0000'0000ULL (for now; maybe use for something else later)
// stack:     0x00000'C00'0000'0000ULL to 0x00000'fff'ffff'ffffULL
//            (sign-extended to 47 bits, since it usually starts at 7fff'ffff'ffff)

// set personality() to disable aslr?      personality(ADDR_NO_RANDOMIZE);
// do we need to exec() to pick this up, or will it apply to shared libraries now?

#define GRAPPA_CORE_BITS (20)
#define GRAPPA_ADDR_BITS (64 - GRAPPA_CORE_BITS)

class Morecore {
private:
  static char * const alloc_min_;
  static char * const alloc_max_;

  size_t alloc_count_;
  char * next_alloc_base_;
  std::unordered_map< void *, size_t > alloc_sizes_;

public:
  Morecore()
    : alloc_count_( 0 )
    , next_alloc_base_( alloc_min_ )
    , alloc_sizes_()
  { }

  void * morecore( intptr_t size );
  void cleanup();
};

/// storage for Grappa morecore widget, used in allocator
extern Morecore global_morecore;
extern MPIConnection * global_mpi_connection_p;

///
/// dlmalloc configuration
///

// This allocator has the following properties (see "Vital statistics"
// below for more details):
// * pointers are 8 bytes (defined by sizeof(size_t))
// * allocated memory is 16-byte aligned
// * overhead per allocated chunk is 16 bytes
// * minimum allocated size is 32 bytes
// * errors will call abort()
// * not pthread-safe (Grappa-thread safety is a TODO)
// * trim not supported; memory is never returned to the OS until the process exits


///
/// dlmalloc configuration for Grappa:
///

/// Use Grappa's custom symmetric MORECORE in place of system sbrk/MORECORE.
#define HAVE_MORECORE 1
#define MORECORE Grappa::impl::global_morecore.morecore
#define MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS 1
#define MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM

/// do not use mmap, only use symmetric MORECORE
#define HAVE_MMAP 0

/// name functions dlmalloc/dlfree, not malloc/free
#define USE_DL_PREFIX

///
/// header info for dlmalloc
///

/*
  This is a version (aka dlmalloc) of malloc/free/realloc written by
  Doug Lea and released to the public domain, as explained at
  http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Send questions,
  comments, complaints, performance data, etc to dl@cs.oswego.edu

* Version 2.8.6 Wed Aug 29 06:57:58 2012  Doug Lea
   Note: There may be an updated version of this malloc obtainable at
           ftp://gee.cs.oswego.edu/pub/misc/malloc.c
         Check before installing!

* Quickstart

  This library is all in one file to simplify the most common usage:
  ftp it, compile it (-O3), and link it into another program. All of
  the compile-time options default to reasonable values for use on
  most platforms.  You might later want to step through various
  compile-time and dynamic tuning options.

  For convenience, an include file for code using this malloc is at:
     ftp://gee.cs.oswego.edu/pub/misc/malloc-2.8.6.h
  You don't really need this .h file unless you call functions not
  defined in your system include files.  The .h file contains only the
  excerpts from this file needed for using this malloc on ANSI C/C++
  systems, so long as you haven't changed compile-time options about
  naming and tuning parameters.  If you do, then you can create your
  own malloc.h that does include all settings by cutting at the point
  indicated below. Note that you may already by default be using a C
  library containing a malloc that is based on some version of this
  malloc (for example in linux). You might still want to use the one
  in this file to customize settings or to avoid overheads associated
  with library versions.

* Vital statistics:

  Supported pointer/size_t representation:       4 or 8 bytes
       size_t MUST be an unsigned type of the same width as
       pointers. (If you are using an ancient system that declares
       size_t as a signed type, or need it to be a different width
       than pointers, you can use a previous release of this malloc
       (e.g. 2.7.2) supporting these.)

  Alignment:                                     8 bytes (minimum)
       This suffices for nearly all current machines and C compilers.
       However, you can define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT to be wider than this
       if necessary (up to 128bytes), at the expense of using more space.

  Minimum overhead per allocated chunk:   4 or  8 bytes (if 4byte sizes)
                                          8 or 16 bytes (if 8byte sizes)
       Each malloced chunk has a hidden word of overhead holding size
       and status information, and additional cross-check word
       if FOOTERS is defined.

  Minimum allocated size: 4-byte ptrs:  16 bytes    (including overhead)
                          8-byte ptrs:  32 bytes    (including overhead)

       Even a request for zero bytes (i.e., malloc(0)) returns a
       pointer to something of the minimum allocatable size.
       The maximum overhead wastage (i.e., number of extra bytes
       allocated than were requested in malloc) is less than or equal
       to the minimum size, except for requests >= mmap_threshold that
       are serviced via mmap(), where the worst case wastage is about
       32 bytes plus the remainder from a system page (the minimal
       mmap unit); typically 4096 or 8192 bytes.

  Security: static-safe; optionally more or less
       The "security" of malloc refers to the ability of malicious
       code to accentuate the effects of errors (for example, freeing
       space that is not currently malloc'ed or overwriting past the
       ends of chunks) in code that calls malloc.  This malloc
       guarantees not to modify any memory locations below the base of
       heap, i.e., static variables, even in the presence of usage
       errors.  The routines additionally detect most improper frees
       and reallocs.  All this holds as long as the static bookkeeping
       for malloc itself is not corrupted by some other means.  This
       is only one aspect of security -- these checks do not, and
       cannot, detect all possible programming errors.

       If FOOTERS is defined nonzero, then each allocated chunk
       carries an additional check word to verify that it was malloced
       from its space.  These check words are the same within each
       execution of a program using malloc, but differ across
       executions, so externally crafted fake chunks cannot be
       freed. This improves security by rejecting frees/reallocs that
       could corrupt heap memory, in addition to the checks preventing
       writes to statics that are always on.  This may further improve
       security at the expense of time and space overhead.  (Note that
       FOOTERS may also be worth using with MSPACES.)

       By default detected errors cause the program to abort (calling
       "abort()"). You can override this to instead proceed past
       errors by defining PROCEED_ON_ERROR.  In this case, a bad free
       has no effect, and a malloc that encounters a bad address
       caused by user overwrites will ignore the bad address by
       dropping pointers and indices to all known memory. This may
       be appropriate for programs that should continue if at all
       possible in the face of programming errors, although they may
       run out of memory because dropped memory is never reclaimed.

       If you don't like either of these options, you can define
       CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION and USAGE_ERROR_ACTION to do anything
       else. And if if you are sure that your program using malloc has
       no errors or vulnerabilities, you can define INSECURE to 1,
       which might (or might not) provide a small performance improvement.

       It is also possible to limit the maximum total allocatable
       space, using malloc_set_footprint_limit. This is not
       designed as a security feature in itself (calls to set limits
       are not screened or privileged), but may be useful as one
       aspect of a secure implementation.

  Thread-safety: NOT thread-safe unless USE_LOCKS defined non-zero
       When USE_LOCKS is defined, each public call to malloc, free,
       etc is surrounded with a lock. By default, this uses a plain
       pthread mutex, win32 critical section, or a spin-lock if if
       available for the platform and not disabled by setting
       USE_SPIN_LOCKS=0.  However, if USE_RECURSIVE_LOCKS is defined,
       recursive versions are used instead (which are not required for
       base functionality but may be needed in layered extensions).
       Using a global lock is not especially fast, and can be a major
       bottleneck.  It is designed only to provide minimal protection
       in concurrent environments, and to provide a basis for
       extensions.  If you are using malloc in a concurrent program,
       consider instead using nedmalloc
       (http://www.nedprod.com/programs/portable/nedmalloc/) or
       ptmalloc (See http://www.malloc.de), which are derived from
       versions of this malloc.

  System requirements: Any combination of MORECORE and/or MMAP/MUNMAP
       This malloc can use unix sbrk or any emulation (invoked using
       the CALL_MORECORE macro) and/or mmap/munmap or any emulation
       (invoked using CALL_MMAP/CALL_MUNMAP) to get and release system
       memory.  On most unix systems, it tends to work best if both
       MORECORE and MMAP are enabled.  On Win32, it uses emulations
       based on VirtualAlloc. It also uses common C library functions
       like memset.

  Compliance: I believe it is compliant with the Single Unix Specification
       (See http://www.unix.org). Also SVID/XPG, ANSI C, and probably
       others as well.

* Overview of algorithms

  This is not the fastest, most space-conserving, most portable, or
  most tunable malloc ever written. However it is among the fastest
  while also being among the most space-conserving, portable and
  tunable.  Consistent balance across these factors results in a good
  general-purpose allocator for malloc-intensive programs.

  In most ways, this malloc is a best-fit allocator. Generally, it
  chooses the best-fitting existing chunk for a request, with ties
  broken in approximately least-recently-used order. (This strategy
  normally maintains low fragmentation.) However, for requests less
  than 256bytes, it deviates from best-fit when there is not an
  exactly fitting available chunk by preferring to use space adjacent
  to that used for the previous small request, as well as by breaking
  ties in approximately most-recently-used order. (These enhance
  locality of series of small allocations.)  And for very large requests
  (>= 256Kb by default), it relies on system memory mapping
  facilities, if supported.  (This helps avoid carrying around and
  possibly fragmenting memory used only for large chunks.)

  All operations (except malloc_stats and mallinfo) have execution
  times that are bounded by a constant factor of the number of bits in
  a size_t, not counting any clearing in calloc or copying in realloc,
  or actions surrounding MORECORE and MMAP that have times
  proportional to the number of non-contiguous regions returned by
  system allocation routines, which is often just 1. In real-time
  applications, you can optionally suppress segment traversals using
  NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL, which assures bounded execution even when
  system allocators return non-contiguous spaces, at the typical
  expense of carrying around more memory and increased fragmentation.

  The implementation is not very modular and seriously overuses
  macros. Perhaps someday all C compilers will do as good a job
  inlining modular code as can now be done by brute-force expansion,
  but now, enough of them seem not to.

  Some compilers issue a lot of warnings about code that is
  dead/unreachable only on some platforms, and also about intentional
  uses of negation on unsigned types. All known cases of each can be
  ignored.

  For a longer but out of date high-level description, see
     http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html

* MSPACES
  If MSPACES is defined, then in addition to malloc, free, etc.,
  this file also defines mspace_malloc, mspace_free, etc. These
  are versions of malloc routines that take an "mspace" argument
  obtained using create_mspace, to control all internal bookkeeping.
  If ONLY_MSPACES is defined, only these versions are compiled.
  So if you would like to use this allocator for only some allocations,
  and your system malloc for others, you can compile with
  ONLY_MSPACES and then do something like...
    static mspace mymspace = create_mspace(0,0); // for example
    #define mymalloc(bytes)  mspace_malloc(mymspace, bytes)

  (Note: If you only need one instance of an mspace, you can instead
  use "USE_DL_PREFIX" to relabel the global malloc.)

  You can similarly create thread-local allocators by storing
  mspaces as thread-locals. For example:
    static __thread mspace tlms = 0;
    void*  tlmalloc(size_t bytes) {
      if (tlms == 0) tlms = create_mspace(0, 0);
      return mspace_malloc(tlms, bytes);
    }
    void  tlfree(void* mem) { mspace_free(tlms, mem); }

  Unless FOOTERS is defined, each mspace is completely independent.
  You cannot allocate from one and free to another (although
  conformance is only weakly checked, so usage errors are not always
  caught). If FOOTERS is defined, then each chunk carries around a tag
  indicating its originating mspace, and frees are directed to their
  originating spaces. Normally, this requires use of locks.

 -------------------------  Compile-time options ---------------------------

Be careful in setting #define values for numerical constants of type
size_t. On some systems, literal values are not automatically extended
to size_t precision unless they are explicitly casted. You can also
use the symbolic values MAX_SIZE_T, SIZE_T_ONE, etc below.

WIN32                    default: defined if _WIN32 defined
  Defining WIN32 sets up defaults for MS environment and compilers.
  Otherwise defaults are for unix. Beware that there seem to be some
  cases where this malloc might not be a pure drop-in replacement for
  Win32 malloc: Random-looking failures from Win32 GDI API's (eg;
  SetDIBits()) may be due to bugs in some video driver implementations
  when pixel buffers are malloc()ed, and the region spans more than
  one VirtualAlloc()ed region. Because dlmalloc uses a small (64Kb)
  default granularity, pixel buffers may straddle virtual allocation
  regions more often than when using the Microsoft allocator.  You can
  avoid this by using VirtualAlloc() and VirtualFree() for all pixel
  buffers rather than using malloc().  If this is not possible,
  recompile this malloc with a larger DEFAULT_GRANULARITY. Note:
  in cases where MSC and gcc (cygwin) are known to differ on WIN32,
  conditions use _MSC_VER to distinguish them.

DLMALLOC_EXPORT       default: extern
  Defines how public APIs are declared. If you want to export via a
  Windows DLL, you might define this as
    #define DLMALLOC_EXPORT extern  __declspec(dllexport)
  If you want a POSIX ELF shared object, you might use
    #define DLMALLOC_EXPORT extern __attribute__((visibility("default")))

MALLOC_ALIGNMENT         default: (size_t)(2 * sizeof(void *))
  Controls the minimum alignment for malloc'ed chunks.  It must be a
  power of two and at least 8, even on machines for which smaller
  alignments would suffice. It may be defined as larger than this
  though. Note however that code and data structures are optimized for
  the case of 8-byte alignment.

MSPACES                  default: 0 (false)
  If true, compile in support for independent allocation spaces.
  This is only supported if HAVE_MMAP is true.

ONLY_MSPACES             default: 0 (false)
  If true, only compile in mspace versions, not regular versions.

USE_LOCKS                default: 0 (false)
  Causes each call to each public routine to be surrounded with
  pthread or WIN32 mutex lock/unlock. (If set true, this can be
  overridden on a per-mspace basis for mspace versions.) If set to a
  non-zero value other than 1, locks are used, but their
  implementation is left out, so lock functions must be supplied manually,
  as described below.

USE_SPIN_LOCKS           default: 1 iff USE_LOCKS and spin locks available
  If true, uses custom spin locks for locking. This is currently
  supported only gcc >= 4.1, older gccs on x86 platforms, and recent
  MS compilers.  Otherwise, posix locks or win32 critical sections are
  used.

USE_RECURSIVE_LOCKS      default: not defined
  If defined nonzero, uses recursive (aka reentrant) locks, otherwise
  uses plain mutexes. This is not required for malloc proper, but may
  be needed for layered allocators such as nedmalloc.

LOCK_AT_FORK            default: not defined
  If defined nonzero, performs pthread_atfork upon initialization
  to initialize child lock while holding parent lock. The implementation
  assumes that pthread locks (not custom locks) are being used. In other
  cases, you may need to customize the implementation.

FOOTERS                  default: 0
  If true, provide extra checking and dispatching by placing
  information in the footers of allocated chunks. This adds
  space and time overhead.

INSECURE                 default: 0
  If true, omit checks for usage errors and heap space overwrites.

USE_DL_PREFIX            default: NOT defined
  Causes compiler to prefix all public routines with the string 'dl'.
  This can be useful when you only want to use this malloc in one part
  of a program, using your regular system malloc elsewhere.

MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL       default: NOT defined
  If defined, compiles malloc_inspect_all and mspace_inspect_all, that
  perform traversal of all heap space.  Unless access to these
  functions is otherwise restricted, you probably do not want to
  include them in secure implementations.

ABORT                    default: defined as abort()
  Defines how to abort on failed checks.  On most systems, a failed
  check cannot die with an "assert" or even print an informative
  message, because the underlying print routines in turn call malloc,
  which will fail again.  Generally, the best policy is to simply call
  abort(). It's not very useful to do more than this because many
  errors due to overwriting will show up as address faults (null, odd
  addresses etc) rather than malloc-triggered checks, so will also
  abort.  Also, most compilers know that abort() does not return, so
  can better optimize code conditionally calling it.

PROCEED_ON_ERROR           default: defined as 0 (false)
  Controls whether detected bad addresses cause them to bypassed
  rather than aborting. If set, detected bad arguments to free and
  realloc are ignored. And all bookkeeping information is zeroed out
  upon a detected overwrite of freed heap space, thus losing the
  ability to ever return it from malloc again, but enabling the
  application to proceed. If PROCEED_ON_ERROR is defined, the
  static variable malloc_corruption_error_count is compiled in
  and can be examined to see if errors have occurred. This option
  generates slower code than the default abort policy.

DEBUG                    default: NOT defined
  The DEBUG setting is mainly intended for people trying to modify
  this code or diagnose problems when porting to new platforms.
  However, it may also be able to better isolate user errors than just
  using runtime checks.  The assertions in the check routines spell
  out in more detail the assumptions and invariants underlying the
  algorithms.  The checking is fairly extensive, and will slow down
  execution noticeably. Calling malloc_stats or mallinfo with DEBUG
  set will attempt to check every non-mmapped allocated and free chunk
  in the course of computing the summaries.

ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE   default: defined as 1 (true)
  Debugging assertion failures can be nearly impossible if your
  version of the assert macro causes malloc to be called, which will
  lead to a cascade of further failures, blowing the runtime stack.
  ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE cause assertions failures to call abort(),
  which will usually make debugging easier.

MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION     default: sets errno to ENOMEM, or no-op on win32
  The action to take before "return 0" when malloc fails to be able to
  return memory because there is none available.

HAVE_MORECORE             default: 1 (true) unless win32 or ONLY_MSPACES
  True if this system supports sbrk or an emulation of it.

MORECORE                  default: sbrk
  The name of the sbrk-style system routine to call to obtain more
  memory.  See below for guidance on writing custom MORECORE
  functions. The type of the argument to sbrk/MORECORE varies across
  systems.  It cannot be size_t, because it supports negative
  arguments, so it is normally the signed type of the same width as
  size_t (sometimes declared as "intptr_t").  It doesn't much matter
  though. Internally, we only call it with arguments less than half
  the max value of a size_t, which should work across all reasonable
  possibilities, although sometimes generating compiler warnings.

MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS       default: 1 (true) if HAVE_MORECORE
  If true, take advantage of fact that consecutive calls to MORECORE
  with positive arguments always return contiguous increasing
  addresses.  This is true of unix sbrk. It does not hurt too much to
  set it true anyway, since malloc copes with non-contiguities.
  Setting it false when definitely non-contiguous saves time
  and possibly wasted space it would take to discover this though.

MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM      default: NOT defined
  True if MORECORE cannot release space back to the system when given
  negative arguments. This is generally necessary only if you are
  using a hand-crafted MORECORE function that cannot handle negative
  arguments.

NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL       default: 0
  If non-zero, suppresses traversals of memory segments
  returned by either MORECORE or CALL_MMAP. This disables
  merging of segments that are contiguous, and selectively
  releasing them to the OS if unused, but bounds execution times.

HAVE_MMAP                 default: 1 (true)
  True if this system supports mmap or an emulation of it.  If so, and
  HAVE_MORECORE is not true, MMAP is used for all system
  allocation. If set and HAVE_MORECORE is true as well, MMAP is
  primarily used to directly allocate very large blocks. It is also
  used as a backup strategy in cases where MORECORE fails to provide
  space from system. Note: A single call to MUNMAP is assumed to be
  able to unmap memory that may have be allocated using multiple calls
  to MMAP, so long as they are adjacent.

HAVE_MREMAP               default: 1 on linux, else 0
  If true realloc() uses mremap() to re-allocate large blocks and
  extend or shrink allocation spaces.

MMAP_CLEARS               default: 1 except on WINCE.
  True if mmap clears memory so calloc doesn't need to. This is true
  for standard unix mmap using /dev/zero and on WIN32 except for WINCE.

USE_BUILTIN_FFS            default: 0 (i.e., not used)
  Causes malloc to use the builtin ffs() function to compute indices.
  Some compilers may recognize and intrinsify ffs to be faster than the
  supplied C version. Also, the case of x86 using gcc is special-cased
  to an asm instruction, so is already as fast as it can be, and so
  this setting has no effect. Similarly for Win32 under recent MS compilers.
  (On most x86s, the asm version is only slightly faster than the C version.)

malloc_getpagesize         default: derive from system includes, or 4096.
  The system page size. To the extent possible, this malloc manages
  memory from the system in page-size units.  This may be (and
  usually is) a function rather than a constant. This is ignored
  if WIN32, where page size is determined using getSystemInfo during
  initialization.

USE_DEV_RANDOM             default: 0 (i.e., not used)
  Causes malloc to use /dev/random to initialize secure magic seed for
  stamping footers. Otherwise, the current time is used.

NO_MALLINFO                default: 0
  If defined, don't compile "mallinfo". This can be a simple way
  of dealing with mismatches between system declarations and
  those in this file.

MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE        default: size_t
  The type of the fields in the mallinfo struct. This was originally
  defined as "int" in SVID etc, but is more usefully defined as
  size_t. The value is used only if  HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H is not set

NO_MALLOC_STATS            default: 0
  If defined, don't compile "malloc_stats". This avoids calls to
  fprintf and bringing in stdio dependencies you might not want.

REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES    default: not defined
  This should be set if a call to realloc with zero bytes should
  be the same as a call to free. Some people think it should. Otherwise,
  since this malloc returns a unique pointer for malloc(0), so does
  realloc(p, 0).

LACKS_UNISTD_H, LACKS_FCNTL_H, LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H, LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H
LACKS_STRINGS_H, LACKS_STRING_H, LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H,  LACKS_ERRNO_H
LACKS_STDLIB_H LACKS_SCHED_H LACKS_TIME_H  default: NOT defined unless on WIN32
  Define these if your system does not have these header files.
  You might need to manually insert some of the declarations they provide.

DEFAULT_GRANULARITY        default: page size if MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS,
                                system_info.dwAllocationGranularity in WIN32,
                                otherwise 64K.
      Also settable using mallopt(M_GRANULARITY, x)
  The unit for allocating and deallocating memory from the system.  On
  most systems with contiguous MORECORE, there is no reason to
  make this more than a page. However, systems with MMAP tend to
  either require or encourage larger granularities.  You can increase
  this value to prevent system allocation functions to be called so
  often, especially if they are slow.  The value must be at least one
  page and must be a power of two.  Setting to 0 causes initialization
  to either page size or win32 region size.  (Note: In previous
  versions of malloc, the equivalent of this option was called
  "TOP_PAD")

DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD    default: 2MB
      Also settable using mallopt(M_TRIM_THRESHOLD, x)
  The maximum amount of unused top-most memory to keep before
  releasing via malloc_trim in free().  Automatic trimming is mainly
  useful in long-lived programs using contiguous MORECORE.  Because
  trimming via sbrk can be slow on some systems, and can sometimes be
  wasteful (in cases where programs immediately afterward allocate
  more large chunks) the value should be high enough so that your
  overall system performance would improve by releasing this much
  memory.  As a rough guide, you might set to a value close to the
  average size of a process (program) running on your system.
  Releasing this much memory would allow such a process to run in
  memory.  Generally, it is worth tuning trim thresholds when a
  program undergoes phases where several large chunks are allocated
  and released in ways that can reuse each other's storage, perhaps
  mixed with phases where there are no such chunks at all. The trim
  value must be greater than page size to have any useful effect.  To
  disable trimming completely, you can set to MAX_SIZE_T. Note that the trick
  some people use of mallocing a huge space and then freeing it at
  program startup, in an attempt to reserve system memory, doesn't
  have the intended effect under automatic trimming, since that memory
  will immediately be returned to the system.

DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD       default: 256K
      Also settable using mallopt(M_MMAP_THRESHOLD, x)
  The request size threshold for using MMAP to directly service a
  request. Requests of at least this size that cannot be allocated
  using already-existing space will be serviced via mmap.  (If enough
  normal freed space already exists it is used instead.)  Using mmap
  segregates relatively large chunks of memory so that they can be
  individually obtained and released from the host system. A request
  serviced through mmap is never reused by any other request (at least
  not directly; the system may just so happen to remap successive
  requests to the same locations).  Segregating space in this way has
  the benefits that: Mmapped space can always be individually released
  back to the system, which helps keep the system level memory demands
  of a long-lived program low.  Also, mapped memory doesn't become
  `locked' between other chunks, as can happen with normally allocated
  chunks, which means that even trimming via malloc_trim would not
  release them.  However, it has the disadvantage that the space
  cannot be reclaimed, consolidated, and then used to service later
  requests, as happens with normal chunks.  The advantages of mmap
  nearly always outweigh disadvantages for "large" chunks, but the
  value of "large" may vary across systems.  The default is an
  empirically derived value that works well in most systems. You can
  disable mmap by setting to MAX_SIZE_T.

MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE   default: 4095 unless not HAVE_MMAP
  The number of consolidated frees between checks to release
  unused segments when freeing. When using non-contiguous segments,
  especially with multiple mspaces, checking only for topmost space
  doesn't always suffice to trigger trimming. To compensate for this,
  free() will, with a period of MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE (or the
  current number of segments, if greater) try to release unused
  segments to the OS when freeing chunks that result in
  consolidation. The best value for this parameter is a compromise
  between slowing down frees with relatively costly checks that
  rarely trigger versus holding on to unused memory. To effectively
  disable, set to MAX_SIZE_T. This may lead to a very slight speed
  improvement at the expense of carrying around more memory.
*/

/* Version identifier to allow people to support multiple versions */
#ifndef DLMALLOC_VERSION
#define DLMALLOC_VERSION 20806
#endif /* DLMALLOC_VERSION */

#ifndef DLMALLOC_EXPORT
#define DLMALLOC_EXPORT extern
#endif

#ifndef WIN32
#ifdef _WIN32
#define WIN32 1
#endif  /* _WIN32 */
#ifdef _WIN32_WCE
#define LACKS_FCNTL_H
#define WIN32 1
#endif /* _WIN32_WCE */
#endif  /* WIN32 */
#ifdef WIN32
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#define HAVE_MMAP 1
#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
#define LACKS_UNISTD_H
#define LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
#define LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H
#define LACKS_STRING_H
#define LACKS_STRINGS_H
#define LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H
#define LACKS_ERRNO_H
#define LACKS_SCHED_H
#ifndef MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION
#define MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION
#endif /* MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION */
#ifndef MMAP_CLEARS
#ifdef _WIN32_WCE /* WINCE reportedly does not clear */
#define MMAP_CLEARS 0
#else
#define MMAP_CLEARS 1
#endif /* _WIN32_WCE */
#endif /*MMAP_CLEARS */
#endif  /* WIN32 */

#if defined(DARWIN) || defined(_DARWIN)
/* Mac OSX docs advise not to use sbrk; it seems better to use mmap */
#ifndef HAVE_MORECORE
#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
#define HAVE_MMAP 1
/* OSX allocators provide 16 byte alignment */
#ifndef MALLOC_ALIGNMENT
#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT ((size_t)16U)
#endif
#endif  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
#endif  /* DARWIN */

#ifndef LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H
#include <sys/types.h>  /* For size_t */
#endif  /* LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H */

/* The maximum possible size_t value has all bits set */
#define MAX_SIZE_T           (~(size_t)0)

#ifndef USE_LOCKS /* ensure true if spin or recursive locks set */
#define USE_LOCKS  ((defined(USE_SPIN_LOCKS) && USE_SPIN_LOCKS != 0) || \
                    (defined(USE_RECURSIVE_LOCKS) && USE_RECURSIVE_LOCKS != 0))
#endif /* USE_LOCKS */

#if USE_LOCKS /* Spin locks for gcc >= 4.1, older gcc on x86, MSC >= 1310 */
#if ((defined(__GNUC__) &&                                              \
      ((__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1)) ||      \
       defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))) ||                    \
     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1310))
#ifndef USE_SPIN_LOCKS
#define USE_SPIN_LOCKS 1
#endif /* USE_SPIN_LOCKS */
#elif USE_SPIN_LOCKS
#error "USE_SPIN_LOCKS defined without implementation"
#endif /* ... locks available... */
#elif !defined(USE_SPIN_LOCKS)
#define USE_SPIN_LOCKS 0
#endif /* USE_LOCKS */

#ifndef ONLY_MSPACES
#define ONLY_MSPACES 0
#endif  /* ONLY_MSPACES */
#ifndef MSPACES
#if ONLY_MSPACES
#define MSPACES 1
#else   /* ONLY_MSPACES */
#define MSPACES 0
#endif  /* ONLY_MSPACES */
#endif  /* MSPACES */
#ifndef MALLOC_ALIGNMENT
#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT ((size_t)(2 * sizeof(void *)))
#endif  /* MALLOC_ALIGNMENT */
#ifndef FOOTERS
#define FOOTERS 0
#endif  /* FOOTERS */
#ifndef ABORT
#define ABORT  abort()
#endif  /* ABORT */
#ifndef ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE
#define ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE 1
#endif  /* ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE */
#ifndef PROCEED_ON_ERROR
#define PROCEED_ON_ERROR 0
#endif  /* PROCEED_ON_ERROR */

#ifndef INSECURE
#define INSECURE 0
#endif  /* INSECURE */
#ifndef MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL
#define MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL 0
#endif  /* MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL */
#ifndef HAVE_MMAP
#define HAVE_MMAP 1
#endif  /* HAVE_MMAP */
#ifndef MMAP_CLEARS
#define MMAP_CLEARS 1
#endif  /* MMAP_CLEARS */
#ifndef HAVE_MREMAP
#ifdef linux
#define HAVE_MREMAP 1
#define _GNU_SOURCE /* Turns on mremap() definition */
#else   /* linux */
#define HAVE_MREMAP 0
#endif  /* linux */
#endif  /* HAVE_MREMAP */
#ifndef MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION
#define MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION  errno = ENOMEM;
#endif  /* MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION */
#ifndef HAVE_MORECORE
#if ONLY_MSPACES
#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
#else   /* ONLY_MSPACES */
#define HAVE_MORECORE 1
#endif  /* ONLY_MSPACES */
#endif  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
#if !HAVE_MORECORE
#define MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS 0
#else   /* !HAVE_MORECORE */
#define MORECORE_DEFAULT sbrk
#ifndef MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS
#define MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS 1
#endif  /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
#endif  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
#ifndef DEFAULT_GRANULARITY
#if (MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS || defined(WIN32))
#define DEFAULT_GRANULARITY (0)  /* 0 means to compute in init_mparams */
#else   /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
#define DEFAULT_GRANULARITY ((size_t)64U * (size_t)1024U)
#endif  /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
#endif  /* DEFAULT_GRANULARITY */
#ifndef DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD
#ifndef MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM
#define DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD ((size_t)2U * (size_t)1024U * (size_t)1024U)
#else   /* MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM */
#define DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD MAX_SIZE_T
#endif  /* MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM */
#endif  /* DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD */
#ifndef DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD
#if HAVE_MMAP
#define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD ((size_t)256U * (size_t)1024U)
#else   /* HAVE_MMAP */
#define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD MAX_SIZE_T
#endif  /* HAVE_MMAP */
#endif  /* DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD */
#ifndef MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE
#if HAVE_MMAP
#define MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE 4095
#else
#define MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE MAX_SIZE_T
#endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
#endif /* MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE */
#ifndef USE_BUILTIN_FFS
#define USE_BUILTIN_FFS 0
#endif  /* USE_BUILTIN_FFS */
#ifndef USE_DEV_RANDOM
#define USE_DEV_RANDOM 0
#endif  /* USE_DEV_RANDOM */
#ifndef NO_MALLINFO
#define NO_MALLINFO 0
#endif  /* NO_MALLINFO */
#ifndef MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE
#define MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE size_t
#endif  /* MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE */
#ifndef NO_MALLOC_STATS
#define NO_MALLOC_STATS 0
#endif  /* NO_MALLOC_STATS */
#ifndef NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL
#define NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL 0
#endif /* NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL */

/*
  mallopt tuning options.  SVID/XPG defines four standard parameter
  numbers for mallopt, normally defined in malloc.h.  None of these
  are used in this malloc, so setting them has no effect. But this
  malloc does support the following options.
*/

#define M_TRIM_THRESHOLD     (-1)
#define M_GRANULARITY        (-2)
#define M_MMAP_THRESHOLD     (-3)

/* ------------------------ Mallinfo declarations ------------------------ */

#if !NO_MALLINFO
/*
  This version of malloc supports the standard SVID/XPG mallinfo
  routine that returns a struct containing usage properties and
  statistics. It should work on any system that has a
  /usr/include/malloc.h defining struct mallinfo.  The main
  declaration needed is the mallinfo struct that is returned (by-copy)
  by mallinfo().  The malloinfo struct contains a bunch of fields that
  are not even meaningful in this version of malloc.  These fields are
  are instead filled by mallinfo() with other numbers that might be of
  interest.

  HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H should be set if you have a
  /usr/include/malloc.h file that includes a declaration of struct
  mallinfo.  If so, it is included; else a compliant version is
  declared below.  These must be precisely the same for mallinfo() to
  work.  The original SVID version of this struct, defined on most
  systems with mallinfo, declares all fields as ints. But some others
  define as unsigned long. If your system defines the fields using a
  type of different width than listed here, you MUST #include your
  system version and #define HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H.
*/

/* #define HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */

#ifdef HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H
#include "/usr/include/malloc.h"
#else /* HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
#ifndef STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED
/* HP-UX (and others?) redefines mallinfo unless _STRUCT_MALLINFO is defined */
#define _STRUCT_MALLINFO
#define STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED 1
struct mallinfo {
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE arena;    /* non-mmapped space allocated from system */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE ordblks;  /* number of free chunks */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE smblks;   /* always 0 */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE hblks;    /* always 0 */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE hblkhd;   /* space in mmapped regions */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE usmblks;  /* maximum total allocated space */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE fsmblks;  /* always 0 */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE uordblks; /* total allocated space */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE fordblks; /* total free space */
  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE keepcost; /* releasable (via malloc_trim) space */
};
#endif /* STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED */
#endif /* HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */

/*
  Try to persuade compilers to inline. The most critical functions for
  inlining are defined as macros, so these aren't used for them.
*/

#ifndef FORCEINLINE
  #if defined(__GNUC__)
#define FORCEINLINE __inline __attribute__ ((always_inline))
  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
    #define FORCEINLINE __forceinline
  #endif
#endif
#ifndef NOINLINE
  #if defined(__GNUC__)
    #define NOINLINE __attribute__ ((noinline))
  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
    #define NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
  #else
    #define NOINLINE
  #endif
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#ifndef FORCEINLINE
 #define FORCEINLINE inline
#endif
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#ifndef FORCEINLINE
 #define FORCEINLINE
#endif

#if !ONLY_MSPACES

/* ------------------- Declarations of public routines ------------------- */

#ifndef USE_DL_PREFIX
#define dlcalloc               calloc
#define dlfree                 free
#define dlmalloc               malloc
#define dlmemalign             memalign
#define dlposix_memalign       posix_memalign
#define dlrealloc              realloc
#define dlrealloc_in_place     realloc_in_place
#define dlvalloc               valloc
#define dlpvalloc              pvalloc
#define dlmallinfo             mallinfo
#define dlmallopt              mallopt
#define dlmalloc_trim          malloc_trim
#define dlmalloc_stats         malloc_stats
#define dlmalloc_usable_size   malloc_usable_size
#define dlmalloc_footprint     malloc_footprint
#define dlmalloc_max_footprint malloc_max_footprint
#define dlmalloc_footprint_limit malloc_footprint_limit
#define dlmalloc_set_footprint_limit malloc_set_footprint_limit
#define dlmalloc_inspect_all   malloc_inspect_all
#define dlindependent_calloc   independent_calloc
#define dlindependent_comalloc independent_comalloc
#define dlbulk_free            bulk_free
#endif /* USE_DL_PREFIX */

/*
  malloc(size_t n)
  Returns a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of at least n bytes, or
  null if no space is available, in which case errno is set to ENOMEM
  on ANSI C systems.

  If n is zero, malloc returns a minimum-sized chunk. (The minimum
  size is 16 bytes on most 32bit systems, and 32 bytes on 64bit
  systems.)  Note that size_t is an unsigned type, so calls with
  arguments that would be negative if signed are interpreted as
  requests for huge amounts of space, which will often fail. The
  maximum supported value of n differs across systems, but is in all
  cases less than the maximum representable value of a size_t.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlmalloc(size_t);

/*
  free(void* p)
  Releases the chunk of memory pointed to by p, that had been previously
  allocated using malloc or a related routine such as realloc.
  It has no effect if p is null. If p was not malloced or already
  freed, free(p) will by default cause the current program to abort.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void  dlfree(void*);

/*
  calloc(size_t n_elements, size_t element_size);
  Returns a pointer to n_elements * element_size bytes, with all locations
  set to zero.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlcalloc(size_t, size_t);

/*
  realloc(void* p, size_t n)
  Returns a pointer to a chunk of size n that contains the same data
  as does chunk p up to the minimum of (n, p's size) bytes, or null
  if no space is available.

  The returned pointer may or may not be the same as p. The algorithm
  prefers extending p in most cases when possible, otherwise it
  employs the equivalent of a malloc-copy-free sequence.

  If p is null, realloc is equivalent to malloc.

  If space is not available, realloc returns null, errno is set (if on
  ANSI) and p is NOT freed.

  if n is for fewer bytes than already held by p, the newly unused
  space is lopped off and freed if possible.  realloc with a size
  argument of zero (re)allocates a minimum-sized chunk.

  The old unix realloc convention of allowing the last-free'd chunk
  to be used as an argument to realloc is not supported.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlrealloc(void*, size_t);

/*
  realloc_in_place(void* p, size_t n)
  Resizes the space allocated for p to size n, only if this can be
  done without moving p (i.e., only if there is adjacent space
  available if n is greater than p's current allocated size, or n is
  less than or equal to p's size). This may be used instead of plain
  realloc if an alternative allocation strategy is needed upon failure
  to expand space; for example, reallocation of a buffer that must be
  memory-aligned or cleared. You can use realloc_in_place to trigger
  these alternatives only when needed.

  Returns p if successful; otherwise null.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlrealloc_in_place(void*, size_t);

/*
  memalign(size_t alignment, size_t n);
  Returns a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of n bytes, aligned
  in accord with the alignment argument.

  The alignment argument should be a power of two. If the argument is
  not a power of two, the nearest greater power is used.
  8-byte alignment is guaranteed by normal malloc calls, so don't
  bother calling memalign with an argument of 8 or less.

  Overreliance on memalign is a sure way to fragment space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlmemalign(size_t, size_t);

/*
  int posix_memalign(void** pp, size_t alignment, size_t n);
  Allocates a chunk of n bytes, aligned in accord with the alignment
  argument. Differs from memalign only in that it (1) assigns the
  allocated memory to *pp rather than returning it, (2) fails and
  returns EINVAL if the alignment is not a power of two (3) fails and
  returns ENOMEM if memory cannot be allocated.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT int dlposix_memalign(void**, size_t, size_t);

/*
  valloc(size_t n);
  Equivalent to memalign(pagesize, n), where pagesize is the page
  size of the system. If the pagesize is unknown, 4096 is used.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlvalloc(size_t);

/*
  mallopt(int parameter_number, int parameter_value)
  Sets tunable parameters The format is to provide a
  (parameter-number, parameter-value) pair.  mallopt then sets the
  corresponding parameter to the argument value if it can (i.e., so
  long as the value is meaningful), and returns 1 if successful else
  0.  To workaround the fact that mallopt is specified to use int,
  not size_t parameters, the value -1 is specially treated as the
  maximum unsigned size_t value.

  SVID/XPG/ANSI defines four standard param numbers for mallopt,
  normally defined in malloc.h.  None of these are use in this malloc,
  so setting them has no effect. But this malloc also supports other
  options in mallopt. See below for details.  Briefly, supported
  parameters are as follows (listed defaults are for "typical"
  configurations).

  Symbol            param #  default    allowed param values
  M_TRIM_THRESHOLD     -1   2*1024*1024   any   (-1 disables)
  M_GRANULARITY        -2     page size   any power of 2 >= page size
  M_MMAP_THRESHOLD     -3      256*1024   any   (or 0 if no MMAP support)
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT int dlmallopt(int, int);

/*
  malloc_footprint();
  Returns the number of bytes obtained from the system.  The total
  number of bytes allocated by malloc, realloc etc., is less than this
  value. Unlike mallinfo, this function returns only a precomputed
  result, so can be called frequently to monitor memory consumption.
  Even if locks are otherwise defined, this function does not use them,
  so results might not be up to date.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_footprint(void);

/*
  malloc_max_footprint();
  Returns the maximum number of bytes obtained from the system. This
  value will be greater than current footprint if deallocated space
  has been reclaimed by the system. The peak number of bytes allocated
  by malloc, realloc etc., is less than this value. Unlike mallinfo,
  this function returns only a precomputed result, so can be called
  frequently to monitor memory consumption.  Even if locks are
  otherwise defined, this function does not use them, so results might
  not be up to date.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_max_footprint(void);

/*
  malloc_footprint_limit();
  Returns the number of bytes that the heap is allowed to obtain from
  the system, returning the last value returned by
  malloc_set_footprint_limit, or the maximum size_t value if
  never set. The returned value reflects a permission. There is no
  guarantee that this number of bytes can actually be obtained from
  the system.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_footprint_limit();

/*
  malloc_set_footprint_limit();
  Sets the maximum number of bytes to obtain from the system, causing
  failure returns from malloc and related functions upon attempts to
  exceed this value. The argument value may be subject to page
  rounding to an enforceable limit; this actual value is returned.
  Using an argument of the maximum possible size_t effectively
  disables checks. If the argument is less than or equal to the
  current malloc_footprint, then all future allocations that require
  additional system memory will fail. However, invocation cannot
  retroactively deallocate existing used memory.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_set_footprint_limit(size_t bytes);

#if MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL
/*
  malloc_inspect_all(void(*handler)(void *start,
                                    void *end,
                                    size_t used_bytes,
                                    void* callback_arg),
                      void* arg);
  Traverses the heap and calls the given handler for each managed
  region, skipping all bytes that are (or may be) used for bookkeeping
  purposes.  Traversal does not include include chunks that have been
  directly memory mapped. Each reported region begins at the start
  address, and continues up to but not including the end address.  The
  first used_bytes of the region contain allocated data. If
  used_bytes is zero, the region is unallocated. The handler is
  invoked with the given callback argument. If locks are defined, they
  are held during the entire traversal. It is a bad idea to invoke
  other malloc functions from within the handler.

  For example, to count the number of in-use chunks with size greater
  than 1000, you could write:
  static int count = 0;
  void count_chunks(void* start, void* end, size_t used, void* arg) {
    if (used >= 1000) ++count;
  }
  then:
    malloc_inspect_all(count_chunks, NULL);

  malloc_inspect_all is compiled only if MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL is defined.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void dlmalloc_inspect_all(void(*handler)(void*, void *, size_t, void*),
                           void* arg);

#endif /* MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL */

#if !NO_MALLINFO
/*
  mallinfo()
  Returns (by copy) a struct containing various summary statistics:

  arena:     current total non-mmapped bytes allocated from system
  ordblks:   the number of free chunks
  smblks:    always zero.
  hblks:     current number of mmapped regions
  hblkhd:    total bytes held in mmapped regions
  usmblks:   the maximum total allocated space. This will be greater
                than current total if trimming has occurred.
  fsmblks:   always zero
  uordblks:  current total allocated space (normal or mmapped)
  fordblks:  total free space
  keepcost:  the maximum number of bytes that could ideally be released
               back to system via malloc_trim. ("ideally" means that
               it ignores page restrictions etc.)

  Because these fields are ints, but internal bookkeeping may
  be kept as longs, the reported values may wrap around zero and
  thus be inaccurate.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT struct mallinfo dlmallinfo(void);
#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */

/*
  independent_calloc(size_t n_elements, size_t element_size, void* chunks[]);

  independent_calloc is similar to calloc, but instead of returning a
  single cleared space, it returns an array of pointers to n_elements
  independent elements that can hold contents of size elem_size, each
  of which starts out cleared, and can be independently freed,
  realloc'ed etc. The elements are guaranteed to be adjacently
  allocated (this is not guaranteed to occur with multiple callocs or
  mallocs), which may also improve cache locality in some
  applications.

  The "chunks" argument is optional (i.e., may be null, which is
  probably the most typical usage). If it is null, the returned array
  is itself dynamically allocated and should also be freed when it is
  no longer needed. Otherwise, the chunks array must be of at least
  n_elements in length. It is filled in with the pointers to the
  chunks.

  In either case, independent_calloc returns this pointer array, or
  null if the allocation failed.  If n_elements is zero and "chunks"
  is null, it returns a chunk representing an array with zero elements
  (which should be freed if not wanted).

  Each element must be freed when it is no longer needed. This can be
  done all at once using bulk_free.

  independent_calloc simplifies and speeds up implementations of many
  kinds of pools.  It may also be useful when constructing large data
  structures that initially have a fixed number of fixed-sized nodes,
  but the number is not known at compile time, and some of the nodes
  may later need to be freed. For example:

  struct Node { int item; struct Node* next; };

  struct Node* build_list() {
    struct Node** pool;
    int n = read_number_of_nodes_needed();
    if (n <= 0) return 0;
    pool = (struct Node**)(independent_calloc(n, sizeof(struct Node), 0);
    if (pool == 0) die();
    // organize into a linked list...
    struct Node* first = pool[0];
    for (i = 0; i < n-1; ++i)
      pool[i]->next = pool[i+1];
    free(pool);     // Can now free the array (or not, if it is needed later)
    return first;
  }
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void** dlindependent_calloc(size_t, size_t, void**);

/*
  independent_comalloc(size_t n_elements, size_t sizes[], void* chunks[]);

  independent_comalloc allocates, all at once, a set of n_elements
  chunks with sizes indicated in the "sizes" array.    It returns
  an array of pointers to these elements, each of which can be
  independently freed, realloc'ed etc. The elements are guaranteed to
  be adjacently allocated (this is not guaranteed to occur with
  multiple callocs or mallocs), which may also improve cache locality
  in some applications.

  The "chunks" argument is optional (i.e., may be null). If it is null
  the returned array is itself dynamically allocated and should also
  be freed when it is no longer needed. Otherwise, the chunks array
  must be of at least n_elements in length. It is filled in with the
  pointers to the chunks.

  In either case, independent_comalloc returns this pointer array, or
  null if the allocation failed.  If n_elements is zero and chunks is
  null, it returns a chunk representing an array with zero elements
  (which should be freed if not wanted).

  Each element must be freed when it is no longer needed. This can be
  done all at once using bulk_free.

  independent_comallac differs from independent_calloc in that each
  element may have a different size, and also that it does not
  automatically clear elements.

  independent_comalloc can be used to speed up allocation in cases
  where several structs or objects must always be allocated at the
  same time.  For example:

  struct Head { ... }
  struct Foot { ... }

  void send_message(char* msg) {
    int msglen = strlen(msg);
    size_t sizes[3] = { sizeof(struct Head), msglen, sizeof(struct Foot) };
    void* chunks[3];
    if (independent_comalloc(3, sizes, chunks) == 0)
      die();
    struct Head* head = (struct Head*)(chunks[0]);
    char*        body = (char*)(chunks[1]);
    struct Foot* foot = (struct Foot*)(chunks[2]);
    // ...
  }

  In general though, independent_comalloc is worth using only for
  larger values of n_elements. For small values, you probably won't
  detect enough difference from series of malloc calls to bother.

  Overuse of independent_comalloc can increase overall memory usage,
  since it cannot reuse existing noncontiguous small chunks that
  might be available for some of the elements.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void** dlindependent_comalloc(size_t, size_t*, void**);

/*
  bulk_free(void* array[], size_t n_elements)
  Frees and clears (sets to null) each non-null pointer in the given
  array.  This is likely to be faster than freeing them one-by-one.
  If footers are used, pointers that have been allocated in different
  mspaces are not freed or cleared, and the count of all such pointers
  is returned.  For large arrays of pointers with poor locality, it
  may be worthwhile to sort this array before calling bulk_free.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t  dlbulk_free(void**, size_t n_elements);

/*
  pvalloc(size_t n);
  Equivalent to valloc(minimum-page-that-holds(n)), that is,
  round up n to nearest pagesize.
 */
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void*  dlpvalloc(size_t);

/*
  malloc_trim(size_t pad);

  If possible, gives memory back to the system (via negative arguments
  to sbrk) if there is unused memory at the `high' end of the malloc
  pool or in unused MMAP segments. You can call this after freeing
  large blocks of memory to potentially reduce the system-level memory
  requirements of a program. However, it cannot guarantee to reduce
  memory. Under some allocation patterns, some large free blocks of
  memory will be locked between two used chunks, so they cannot be
  given back to the system.

  The `pad' argument to malloc_trim represents the amount of free
  trailing space to leave untrimmed. If this argument is zero, only
  the minimum amount of memory to maintain internal data structures
  will be left. Non-zero arguments can be supplied to maintain enough
  trailing space to service future expected allocations without having
  to re-obtain memory from the system.

  Malloc_trim returns 1 if it actually released any memory, else 0.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT int  dlmalloc_trim(size_t);

/*
  malloc_stats();
  Prints on stderr the amount of space obtained from the system (both
  via sbrk and mmap), the maximum amount (which may be more than
  current if malloc_trim and/or munmap got called), and the current
  number of bytes allocated via malloc (or realloc, etc) but not yet
  freed. Note that this is the number of bytes allocated, not the
  number requested. It will be larger than the number requested
  because of alignment and bookkeeping overhead. Because it includes
  alignment wastage as being in use, this figure may be greater than
  zero even when no user-level chunks are allocated.

  The reported current and maximum system memory can be inaccurate if
  a program makes other calls to system memory allocation functions
  (normally sbrk) outside of malloc.

  malloc_stats prints only the most commonly interesting statistics.
  More information can be obtained by calling mallinfo.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void  dlmalloc_stats(void);

/*
  malloc_usable_size(void* p);

  Returns the number of bytes you can actually use in
  an allocated chunk, which may be more than you requested (although
  often not) due to alignment and minimum size constraints.
  You can use this many bytes without worrying about
  overwriting other allocated objects. This is not a particularly great
  programming practice. malloc_usable_size can be more useful in
  debugging and assertions, for example:

  p = malloc(n);
  assert(malloc_usable_size(p) >= 256);
*/
size_t dlmalloc_usable_size(void*);

#endif /* ONLY_MSPACES */

#if MSPACES

/*
  mspace is an opaque type representing an independent
  region of space that supports mspace_malloc, etc.
*/
typedef void* mspace;

/*
  create_mspace creates and returns a new independent space with the
  given initial capacity, or, if 0, the default granularity size.  It
  returns null if there is no system memory available to create the
  space.  If argument locked is non-zero, the space uses a separate
  lock to control access. The capacity of the space will grow
  dynamically as needed to service mspace_malloc requests.  You can
  control the sizes of incremental increases of this space by
  compiling with a different DEFAULT_GRANULARITY or dynamically
  setting with mallopt(M_GRANULARITY, value).
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT mspace create_mspace(size_t capacity, int locked);

/*
  destroy_mspace destroys the given space, and attempts to return all
  of its memory back to the system, returning the total number of
  bytes freed. After destruction, the results of access to all memory
  used by the space become undefined.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t destroy_mspace(mspace msp);

/*
  create_mspace_with_base uses the memory supplied as the initial base
  of a new mspace. Part (less than 128*sizeof(size_t) bytes) of this
  space is used for bookkeeping, so the capacity must be at least this
  large. (Otherwise 0 is returned.) When this initial space is
  exhausted, additional memory will be obtained from the system.
  Destroying this space will deallocate all additionally allocated
  space (if possible) but not the initial base.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT mspace create_mspace_with_base(void* base, size_t capacity, int locked);

/*
  mspace_track_large_chunks controls whether requests for large chunks
  are allocated in their own untracked mmapped regions, separate from
  others in this mspace. By default large chunks are not tracked,
  which reduces fragmentation. However, such chunks are not
  necessarily released to the system upon destroy_mspace.  Enabling
  tracking by setting to true may increase fragmentation, but avoids
  leakage when relying on destroy_mspace to release all memory
  allocated using this space.  The function returns the previous
  setting.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT int mspace_track_large_chunks(mspace msp, int enable);


/*
  mspace_malloc behaves as malloc, but operates within
  the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* mspace_malloc(mspace msp, size_t bytes);

/*
  mspace_free behaves as free, but operates within
  the given space.

  If compiled with FOOTERS==1, mspace_free is not actually needed.
  free may be called instead of mspace_free because freed chunks from
  any space are handled by their originating spaces.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void mspace_free(mspace msp, void* mem);

/*
  mspace_realloc behaves as realloc, but operates within
  the given space.

  If compiled with FOOTERS==1, mspace_realloc is not actually
  needed.  realloc may be called instead of mspace_realloc because
  realloced chunks from any space are handled by their originating
  spaces.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* mspace_realloc(mspace msp, void* mem, size_t newsize);

/*
  mspace_calloc behaves as calloc, but operates within
  the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* mspace_calloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements, size_t elem_size);

/*
  mspace_memalign behaves as memalign, but operates within
  the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* mspace_memalign(mspace msp, size_t alignment, size_t bytes);

/*
  mspace_independent_calloc behaves as independent_calloc, but
  operates within the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void** mspace_independent_calloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements,
                                 size_t elem_size, void* chunks[]);

/*
  mspace_independent_comalloc behaves as independent_comalloc, but
  operates within the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void** mspace_independent_comalloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements,
                                   size_t sizes[], void* chunks[]);

/*
  mspace_footprint() returns the number of bytes obtained from the
  system for this space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t mspace_footprint(mspace msp);

/*
  mspace_max_footprint() returns the peak number of bytes obtained from the
  system for this space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t mspace_max_footprint(mspace msp);


#if !NO_MALLINFO
/*
  mspace_mallinfo behaves as mallinfo, but reports properties of
  the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT struct mallinfo mspace_mallinfo(mspace msp);
#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */

/*
  malloc_usable_size(void* p) behaves the same as malloc_usable_size;
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t mspace_usable_size(const void* mem);

/*
  mspace_malloc_stats behaves as malloc_stats, but reports
  properties of the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT void mspace_malloc_stats(mspace msp);

/*
  mspace_trim behaves as malloc_trim, but
  operates within the given space.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT int mspace_trim(mspace msp, size_t pad);

/*
  An alias for mallopt.
*/
DLMALLOC_EXPORT int mspace_mallopt(int, int);

#endif /* MSPACES */

#ifdef __cplusplus
}  /* end of extern "C" */
#endif /* __cplusplus */

} // namespace impl
} // namespace Grappa