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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html" ;="" charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>Open Access</title>
<link
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100i,300,400,500,700"
rel="stylesheet"
/>
<link
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0-alpha1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
rel="stylesheet"
integrity="sha384-GLhlTQ8iRABdZLl6O3oVMWSktQOp6b7In1Zl3/Jr59b6EGGoI1aFkw7cmDA6j6gD"
crossorigin="anonymous"
/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="anniv.css" />
</head>
<body>
<nav class="navbar bg-body-tertiary">
<div class="container-fluid">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="https://anniv.co">
<img
src="./img/anniv.png"
alt="Logo"
width="30"
height="26"
class="d-inline-block align-text-top"
/>
Open Anniversary
</a>
<ul class="navbar-nav flex-row flex-wrap ms-md-auto">
<li class="nav-item col-6 col-lg-auto">
<a
class="nav-link py-2 px-0 px-lg-2"
href="https://github.com/nickvidal/anniv"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="16"
height="16"
class="navbar-nav-svg"
viewBox="0 0 512 499.36"
role="img"
>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path
fill="currentColor"
fill-rule="evenodd"
d="M256 0C114.64 0 0 114.61 0 256c0 113.09 73.34 209 175.08 242.9 12.8 2.35 17.47-5.56 17.47-12.34 0-6.08-.22-22.18-.35-43.54-71.2 15.49-86.2-34.34-86.2-34.34-11.64-29.57-28.42-37.45-28.42-37.45-23.27-15.84 1.73-15.55 1.73-15.55 25.69 1.81 39.21 26.38 39.21 26.38 22.84 39.12 59.92 27.82 74.5 21.27 2.33-16.54 8.94-27.82 16.25-34.22-56.84-6.43-116.6-28.43-116.6-126.49 0-27.95 10-50.8 26.35-68.69-2.63-6.48-11.42-32.5 2.51-67.75 0 0 21.49-6.88 70.4 26.24a242.65 242.65 0 0 1 128.18 0c48.87-33.13 70.33-26.24 70.33-26.24 14 35.25 5.18 61.27 2.55 67.75 16.41 17.9 26.31 40.75 26.31 68.69 0 98.35-59.85 120-116.88 126.32 9.19 7.9 17.38 23.53 17.38 47.41 0 34.22-.31 61.83-.31 70.23 0 6.85 4.61 14.81 17.6 12.31C438.72 464.97 512 369.08 512 256.02 512 114.62 397.37 0 256 0z"
></path>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item col-6 col-lg-auto">
<a
class="nav-link py-2 px-0 px-lg-2"
href="https://opencollective.com/anniv"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="16"
height="16"
fill="currentColor"
fill-rule="evenodd"
class="navbar-nav-svg"
viewBox="0 0 40 41"
role="img"
>
<title>Open Collective</title>
<path
fill-opacity=".4"
d="M32.8 21c0 2.4-.8 4.9-2 6.9l5.1 5.1c2.5-3.4 4.1-7.6 4.1-12 0-4.6-1.6-8.8-4-12.2L30.7 14c1.2 2 2 4.3 2 7z"
></path>
<path
d="M20 33.7a12.8 12.8 0 0 1 0-25.6c2.6 0 5 .7 7 2.1L32 5a20 20 0 1 0 .1 31.9l-5-5.2a13 13 0 0 1-7 2z"
></path>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
<header>
<div class="container text-center">
<h1>Open Access</h1>
</div>
</header>
<section>
<div class="timeline container" id="timeline">
<div class="timeline-item animate">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>arXiv</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1991-08-14T12:00:00Z"
>14 August, 1991</time
>
<p>
arXiv is an open-access repository of electronic preprints. In
August 1991, Paul Ginsparg created a central repository mailbox
stored at the Los Alamos National Laboratory which could be
accessed from any computer. Additional modes of access were soon
added: FTP in 1991, Gopher in 1992, and the World Wide Web in
1993. The arXiv repository consists of scientific papers in the
fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electrical engineering,
computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, mathematical
finance and economics.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="arXiv"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="fc63eb6c-69fb-4205-baa3-fb4a57379dce"
src="./img/arxiv.png"
class="align-center"
width="375"
height="202"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>SciELO</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1997-02-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 February, 1997</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) is a
bibliographic database, digital library, and
cooperative electronic publishing model of open access
journals. SciELO was created to meet the scientific
communication needs of developing countries and
provides an efficient way to increase visibility and
access to scientific literature. Originally
established in Brazil in 1997, today there are 16
countries in the SciELO network and its journal
collections: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay,
Peru, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, and
Venezuela.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="SciELO"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="8237308c-2545-4385-b049-eb8cb248f5e4"
src="./img/scielo.png"
class="align-center"
width="400"
height="400"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Public Knowledge Project</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1998-01-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 January, 1998</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The Public Knowledge Project (PKP) is a non-profit
research initiative that is focused on the importance
of making the results of publicly funded research
freely available through open access policies, and on
developing strategies for making this possible
including software solutions. The PKP was founded in
1998 by John Willinsky in the Department of Language
and Literacy Education at the Faculty of Education at
the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, based on his research in
education and publishing.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>SPARC</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1998-01-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 January, 1998</time
>
<p>
The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC)
is an international alliance of academic and research libraries
developed by the Association of Research Libraries in 1998 which
promotes open access to scholarship. The coalition currently
includes some 800 institutions in North America, Europe,
Japan, China and Australia.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="SPARC"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="ec5cab52-147b-4f32-b0fd-23c69b2120b0"
src="./img/sparc.png"
class="align-center"
width="875"
height="218"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Digital Millennium Copyright Act</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1998-08-28T12:00:00Z"
>28 August, 1998</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a 1998
United States copyright law that implements two 1996
treaties of the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and
dissemination of technology, devices, or services
intended to circumvent measures that control access to
copyrighted works (commonly known as digital rights
management or DRM). It also criminalizes the act of
circumventing an access control, whether or not there
is actual infringement of copyright itself. In
addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for
copyright infringement on the Internet.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Electronic Information for Libraries</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1999-01-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 January, 1999</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>EIFL (Electronic Information for Libraries) was
founded in 1999 as an international organization
working in collaboration with libraries in 60
developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia,
Europe and Latin America. One of its five programs is
EIFL-OA, which advocates for open access to promote
knowledge sharing.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Open Archives Initiative</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1999-07-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 July, 1999</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The development of electronic repositories (e-prints)
such as arXiv leads to the founding of the Open
Archives Initiative - promoting interoperability
standards to facilitate the sharing of research
content.
</span></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1999-07-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 July, 1999</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>UNESCO announces the Declaration on Science and the
Use of Scientific Knowledge at the ICSU World
Conference on Science. The Declaration was
endorsed by representatives of 155 governments and was
a pioneering document outlining a clear vision for
science and society in the 21st century. It defined an
expanded role and responsibility for science in a new
era of human history in which science and technology
are primary drivers of societal change.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>PubMed Central</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2000-02-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 February, 2000</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>PubMed Central (PMC) is a free digital repository
that archives open access full-text scholarly articles
that have been published in biomedical and life
sciences journals. Launched in February 2000, the
repository has grown rapidly as the NIH Public Access
Policy is designed to make all research funded by the
National Institutes of Health (NIH) freely accessible
to anyone, and, in addition, many publishers are
working cooperatively with the NIH to provide free
access to their works.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="PubMed Central"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="6c33a2fd-e919-417c-aa0a-2bf8e80864f6"
src="./img/pubmed.png"
class="align-center"
width="320"
height="114"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Budapest Open Access Initiative</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2002-02-14T12:00:00Z"
>14 February, 2002</time
>
<p>
The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) is a public statement
of principles relating to open access to the research
literature, which was released to the public February 14,
2002. It arose from a conference convened in Budapest by the
Open Society Institute on December 1–2, 2001 to promote open
access – at the time also known as Free Online Scholarship.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>SPARC Europe</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2002-08-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 August, 2002</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>SPARC Europe (Scholarly Publishing and Academic
Resources Coalition Europe) was founded in August 2002
as an alliance of European academic and research
libraries, national libraries, library organizations
and research institutions. It wants to take the open
access movement further, by means of education and
advocacy, lobbying and networking, providing open
access advocacy material, guidelines and
recommendations, and encouraging the development of
open access repositories.
</span></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Directory of Open Access Journals</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2003-01-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 January, 2003</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) was
founded in 2003 as a directory of open access
scientific and scholarly journals in any field and
language. DOAJ has become the authoritative source for
users of quality open access journals who are either
peer reviewed or using a quality control system. Their
inclusion in DOAJ increases their visibility, ease of
use and impact. DOAJ also encourages best practices
amongst open access publishers.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2003-04-11T12:00:00Z"
>11 April, 2003</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>On 11 April 2003, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute
held a meeting for 24 people to discuss better access
to scholarly literature. The group made a definition
of an open access journal as one which grants a "free,
irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to,
and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit, and
display the work publicly and to make and distribute
derivative works, in any digital medium for any
responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of
authorship" and from which every article is "deposited
immediately upon initial publication in at least one
online repository".</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Public Library of Science</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2003-10-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 October, 2003</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit
open-access science, technology and medicine publisher
with a library of open-access journals and other
scientific literature under an open-content license.
It launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in
October 2003.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="PLOS"
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<h2>
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and
Humanities
</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2003-10-22T12:00:00Z"
>22 October, 2003</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in
the Sciences and Humanities is an international
statement on open access and access to knowledge. The
declaration was drafted at an October 2003 conference
held by the Max Planck Society and the European
Cultural Heritage Online (ECHO) project. More than 120
cultural and political organizations from around the
world attended.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Wellcome Trust</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2005-10-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 October, 2005</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>Wellcome Trust, founded in 1936, is one of the
largest funding agencies in biomedical research and
the medical humanities, and in public engagement,
education, and the application of research to improve
health. Its open access mandate took effect in October
2005.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
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</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Consolidated Appropriations Act</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2008-04-07T12:00:00Z"
>7 April, 2008</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The NIH Public Access Policy is an open access
mandate, drafted in 2004 and mandated in 2008,
requiring that research papers describing research
funded by the National Institutes of Health must be
available to the public free through PubMed Central
within 12 months of publication. In 2008, the policy
was made mandatory by law (Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008).</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Open Access Manifesto</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2008-07-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 July, 2008</time
>
<p>
Aaron Swartz, one of the leading voices for open access, publishes
the "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto":
</p>
<p>
"The world's entire scientific heritage is increasingly being
digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations...
The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that
scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure
their work is published on the Internet, under terms that allow
anyone to access it".
</p>
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alt="Aaron Swartz"
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src="./img/aaron_swartz.jpg"
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<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Panton Principles</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2010-02-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 February, 2010</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The Panton Principles are a set of principles which
were written to promote open science. They were first
drafted in July 2009 at the Panton Arms pub in
Cambridge. The principles were written by Peter
Murray-Rust, Cameron Neylon, Rufus Pollock, and John
Wilbanks. They were then refined by the Open Knowledge
Foundation and officially launched in February
2010.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Sci-Hub</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2011-04-16T12:00:00Z"
>16 April, 2011</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>Sci-Hub was founded by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011 in
Kazakhstan in response to the high cost of research
papers behind paywalls. Sci-Hub is a shadow library
website that provides free access to millions of
research papers and books, without regard to
copyright, by bypassing publishers' paywalls in
various ways.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Sci-Hub"
data-entity-type="file"
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height="293"
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/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Center for Open Science</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2013-01-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 January, 2013</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>The Center for Open Science is a non-profit
technology organization based in Charlottesville,
Virginia with a mission to "increase the openness,
integrity, and reproducibility of scientific
research." Brian Nosek and Jeffrey Spies founded
the organization in January 2013, funded mainly by the
Laura and John Arnold Foundation and others.</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Center for Open Science"
data-entity-type="file"
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width="300"
height="180"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>
Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research
</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2013-02-22T12:00:00Z"
>22 February, 2013</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>On February 22, 2013, the White House issued a
Directive supporting public access to publicly-funded
research. The </span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>policy memorandum has directed Federal agencies with more than
$100M in R&D expenditures to develop plans to make the
published results of federally funded research freely available to
the public within one year of publication and requiring
researchers to better account for and manage the digital data
resulting from federally funded scientific research.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Open Science at European Union</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2016-05-27T12:00:00Z"
>27 May, 2016</time
>
<p>
<span
><span
><span
><span
><span
><span
>In May 2016 the European Union announced that "all
scientific articles in Europe must be freely
accessible as of 2020" and that the Commission
will "develop and encourage measures for optimal
compliance with the provisions for open access to
scientific publications under Horizon 2020."</span
></span
></span
></span
></span
></span
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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