-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 12
/
space_net.html
869 lines (834 loc) · 103 KB
/
space_net.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
<!doctype html>
<html class="no-js" lang="en" data-content_root="">
<head><meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/>
<meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta property="og:title" content="5.4. SpaceNet: decoding with spatial structure for better maps" />
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://nilearn.github.io/decoding/space_net.html" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Nilearn" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The SpaceNet decoder: nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor and nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier implements spatial penalties which improve brain decoding power as well as decoder maps: penalty=”tv..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://nilearn.github.io/_images/sphx_glr_plot_oasis_vbm_space_net_002.png" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Nilearn" />
<meta name="description" content="The SpaceNet decoder: nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor and nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier implements spatial penalties which improve brain decoding power as well as decoder maps: penalty=”tv..." />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /><link rel="next" title="5.5. Searchlight : finding voxels containing information" href="searchlight.html" /><link rel="prev" title="5.3. FREM: fast ensembling of regularized models for robust decoding" href="frem.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/favicon.ico"/><!-- Generated with Sphinx 7.1.2 and Furo 2023.09.10 -->
<title>5.4. SpaceNet: decoding with spatial structure for better maps - Nilearn</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css?v=045299b1" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/styles/furo.css?v=135e06be" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/copybutton.css?v=76b2166b" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery.css?v=61a4c737" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery-binder.css?v=f4aeca0c" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery-dataframe.css?v=2082cf3c" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery-rendered-html.css?v=1277b6f3" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/design-style.1e8bd061cd6da7fc9cf755528e8ffc24.min.css?v=0a3b3ea7" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/styles/furo-extensions.css?v=36a5483c" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/custom.css?v=486f7390" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/all.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.0.0/css/fontawesome.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.0.0/css/solid.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.0.0/css/brands.min.css" />
<style>
body {
--color-code-background: #ffffff;
--color-code-foreground: black;
--admonition-font-size: 100%;
--admonition-title-font-size: 100%;
--color-announcement-background: #FBB360;
--color-announcement-text: #111418;
--color-admonition-title--note: #448aff;
--color-admonition-title-background--note: #448aff10;
}
@media not print {
body[data-theme="dark"] {
--color-code-background: #232629;
--color-code-foreground: #cccccc;
--color-announcement-background: #935610;
--color-announcement-text: #FFFFFF;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
body:not([data-theme="light"]) {
--color-code-background: #232629;
--color-code-foreground: #cccccc;
--color-announcement-background: #935610;
--color-announcement-text: #FFFFFF;
}
}
}
</style></head>
<body>
<script>
document.body.dataset.theme = localStorage.getItem("theme") || "auto";
</script>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="display: none;">
<symbol id="svg-toc" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<title>Contents</title>
<svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024">
<path d="M408 442h480c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8H408c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8zm-8 204c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h480c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8H408c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56zm504-486H120c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h784c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8zm0 632H120c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h784c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8zM115.4 518.9L271.7 642c5.8 4.6 14.4.5 14.4-6.9V388.9c0-7.4-8.5-11.5-14.4-6.9L115.4 505.1a8.74 8.74 0 0 0 0 13.8z"/>
</svg>
</symbol>
<symbol id="svg-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<title>Menu</title>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather-menu">
<line x1="3" y1="12" x2="21" y2="12"></line>
<line x1="3" y1="6" x2="21" y2="6"></line>
<line x1="3" y1="18" x2="21" y2="18"></line>
</svg>
</symbol>
<symbol id="svg-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<title>Expand</title>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather-chevron-right">
<polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</symbol>
<symbol id="svg-sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<title>Light mode</title>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather-sun">
<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="5"></circle>
<line x1="12" y1="1" x2="12" y2="3"></line>
<line x1="12" y1="21" x2="12" y2="23"></line>
<line x1="4.22" y1="4.22" x2="5.64" y2="5.64"></line>
<line x1="18.36" y1="18.36" x2="19.78" y2="19.78"></line>
<line x1="1" y1="12" x2="3" y2="12"></line>
<line x1="21" y1="12" x2="23" y2="12"></line>
<line x1="4.22" y1="19.78" x2="5.64" y2="18.36"></line>
<line x1="18.36" y1="5.64" x2="19.78" y2="4.22"></line>
</svg>
</symbol>
<symbol id="svg-moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<title>Dark mode</title>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-tabler-moon">
<path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" />
<path d="M12 3c.132 0 .263 0 .393 0a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 7.92 12.446a9 9 0 1 1 -8.313 -12.454z" />
</svg>
</symbol>
<symbol id="svg-sun-half" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<title>Auto light/dark mode</title>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-tabler-shadow">
<path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/>
<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="9" />
<path d="M13 12h5" />
<path d="M13 15h4" />
<path d="M13 18h1" />
<path d="M13 9h4" />
<path d="M13 6h1" />
</svg>
</symbol>
</svg>
<input type="checkbox" class="sidebar-toggle" name="__navigation" id="__navigation">
<input type="checkbox" class="sidebar-toggle" name="__toc" id="__toc">
<label class="overlay sidebar-overlay" for="__navigation">
<div class="visually-hidden">Hide navigation sidebar</div>
</label>
<label class="overlay toc-overlay" for="__toc">
<div class="visually-hidden">Hide table of contents sidebar</div>
</label>
<div class="page">
<header class="mobile-header">
<div class="header-left">
<label class="nav-overlay-icon" for="__navigation">
<div class="visually-hidden">Toggle site navigation sidebar</div>
<i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-menu"></use></svg></i>
</label>
</div>
<div class="header-center">
<a href="../index.html"><div class="brand">Nilearn</div></a>
</div>
<div class="header-right">
<div class="theme-toggle-container theme-toggle-header">
<button class="theme-toggle">
<div class="visually-hidden">Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme</div>
<svg class="theme-icon-when-auto"><use href="#svg-sun-half"></use></svg>
<svg class="theme-icon-when-dark"><use href="#svg-moon"></use></svg>
<svg class="theme-icon-when-light"><use href="#svg-sun"></use></svg>
</button>
</div>
<label class="toc-overlay-icon toc-header-icon" for="__toc">
<div class="visually-hidden">Toggle table of contents sidebar</div>
<i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-toc"></use></svg></i>
</label>
</div>
</header>
<aside class="sidebar-drawer">
<div class="sidebar-container">
<div class="sidebar-sticky"><a class="sidebar-brand" href="../index.html">
<div class="sidebar-logo-container">
<img class="sidebar-logo" src="../_static/nilearn-transparent.png" alt="Logo"/>
</div>
<span class="sidebar-brand-text">Nilearn</span>
</a><form class="sidebar-search-container" method="get" action="../search.html" role="search">
<input class="sidebar-search" placeholder="Search" name="q" aria-label="Search">
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes">
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default">
</form>
<div id="searchbox"></div><div class="sidebar-scroll"><div class="sidebar-tree">
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../quickstart.html">Quickstart</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/index.html">Examples</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-1" name="toctree-checkbox-1" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-1"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Examples</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/00_tutorials/index.html">Basic tutorials</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-2" name="toctree-checkbox-2" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-2"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Basic tutorials</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/00_tutorials/plot_python_101.html">Basic numerics and plotting with Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/00_tutorials/plot_nilearn_101.html">Basic nilearn example: manipulating and looking at data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/00_tutorials/plot_3d_and_4d_niimg.html">3D and 4D niimgs: handling and visualizing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/00_tutorials/plot_decoding_tutorial.html">A introduction tutorial to fMRI decoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/00_tutorials/plot_single_subject_single_run.html">Intro to GLM Analysis: a single-session, single-subject fMRI dataset</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/index.html">Visualization of brain images</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-3" name="toctree-checkbox-3" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-3"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Visualization of brain images</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_demo_glass_brain.html">Glass brain plotting in nilearn</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_visualize_megatrawls_netmats.html">Visualizing Megatrawls Network Matrices from Human Connectome Project</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_prob_atlas.html">Visualizing 4D probabilistic atlas maps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_atlas.html">Basic Atlas plotting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_overlay.html">Visualizing a probabilistic atlas: the default mode in the MSDL atlas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_dim_plotting.html">Controlling the contrast of the background when plotting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_multiscale_parcellations.html">Visualizing multiscale functional brain parcellations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_colormaps.html">Matplotlib colormaps in Nilearn</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_visualization.html">NeuroImaging volumes visualization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_carpet.html">Visualizing global patterns with a carpet plot</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_haxby_masks.html">Plot Haxby masks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_surface_projection_strategies.html">Technical point: Illustration of the volume to surface sampling schemes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_demo_plotting.html">Plotting tools in nilearn</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_surf_atlas.html">Loading and plotting of a cortical surface atlas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_demo_glass_brain_extensive.html">Glass brain plotting in nilearn (all options)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_demo_more_plotting.html">More plotting tools from nilearn</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_3d_map_to_surface_projection.html">Making a surface plot of a 3D statistical map</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/01_plotting/plot_surf_stat_map.html">Seed-based connectivity on the surface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/index.html">Decoding and predicting from brain images</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Decoding and predicting from brain images</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_stimuli.html">Show stimuli of Haxby et al. dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_mixed_gambles_frem.html">FREM on Jimura et al “mixed gambles” dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_oasis_vbm_space_net.html">Voxel-Based Morphometry on Oasis dataset with Space-Net prior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_searchlight_surface.html">Cortical surface-based searchlight decoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_anova_svm.html">Decoding with ANOVA + SVM: face vs house in the Haxby dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_frem.html">Decoding with FREM: face vs house vs chair object recognition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_multiclass.html">The haxby dataset: different multi-class strategies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_searchlight.html">Searchlight analysis of face vs house recognition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_glm_decoding.html">Decoding of a dataset after GLM fit for signal extraction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_full_analysis.html">ROI-based decoding analysis in Haxby et al. dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_grid_search.html">Setting a parameter by cross-validation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_oasis_vbm.html">Voxel-Based Morphometry on Oasis dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_different_estimators.html">Different classifiers in decoding the Haxby dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_simulated_data.html">Example of pattern recognition on simulated data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_miyawaki_encoding.html">Encoding models for visual stimuli from Miyawaki et al. 2008</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_miyawaki_reconstruction.html">Reconstruction of visual stimuli from Miyawaki et al. 2008</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/index.html">Functional connectivity</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-5" name="toctree-checkbox-5" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-5"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Functional connectivity</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_inverse_covariance_connectome.html">Computing a connectome with sparse inverse covariance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_probabilistic_atlas_extraction.html">Extracting signals of a probabilistic atlas of functional regions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_simulated_connectome.html">Connectivity structure estimation on simulated data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_compare_decomposition.html">Deriving spatial maps from group fMRI data using ICA and Dictionary Learning</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_seed_to_voxel_correlation.html">Producing single subject maps of seed-to-voxel correlation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_multi_subject_connectome.html">Group Sparse inverse covariance for multi-subject connectome</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_extract_regions_dictlearning_maps.html">Regions extraction using dictionary learning and functional connectomes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_atlas_comparison.html">Comparing connectomes on different reference atlases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_group_level_connectivity.html">Classification of age groups using functional connectivity</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_signal_extraction.html">Extracting signals from a brain parcellation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_sphere_based_connectome.html">Extract signals on spheres and plot a connectome</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/03_connectivity/plot_data_driven_parcellations.html">Clustering methods to learn a brain parcellation from fMRI</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/index.html">GLM: First level analysis</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-6" name="toctree-checkbox-6" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-6"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of GLM: First level analysis</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_fixed_effects.html">Example of explicit fixed effects fMRI model fitting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_write_events_file.html">Generate an events.tsv file for the NeuroSpin localizer task</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_adhd_dmn.html">Default Mode Network extraction of ADHD dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_design_matrix.html">Examples of design matrices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_fir_model.html">Analysis of an fMRI dataset with a Finite Impule Response (FIR) model</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_spm_multimodal_faces.html">Single-subject data (two sessions) in native space</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_hrf.html">Example of MRI response functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_fiac_analysis.html">Simple example of two-session fMRI model fitting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_predictions_residuals.html">Predicted time series and residuals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_bids_features.html">First level analysis of a complete BIDS dataset from openneuro</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_localizer_surface_analysis.html">Example of surface-based first-level analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/04_glm_first_level/plot_first_level_details.html">Understanding parameters of the first-level model</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/index.html">GLM: Second level analysis</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-7" name="toctree-checkbox-7" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-7"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of GLM: Second level analysis</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_second_level_design_matrix.html">Example of second level design matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_proportion_activated_voxels.html">Second-level fMRI model: true positive proportion in clusters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_thresholding.html">Statistical testing of a second-level analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_oasis.html">Voxel-Based Morphometry on OASIS dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_second_level_two_sample_test.html">Second-level fMRI model: two-sample test, unpaired and paired</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_second_level_one_sample_test.html">Second-level fMRI model: one sample test</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/05_glm_second_level/plot_second_level_association_test.html">Example of generic design in second-level models</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/index.html">Manipulating brain image volumes</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-8" name="toctree-checkbox-8" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-8"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Manipulating brain image volumes</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_negate_image.html">Negating an image with math_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_compare_mean_image.html">Comparing the means of 2 images</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_smooth_mean_image.html">Smoothing an image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_extract_regions_labels_image.html">Breaking an atlas of labels in separated regions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_resample_to_template.html">Resample an image to a template</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_extract_rois_smith_atlas.html">Regions Extraction of Default Mode Networks using Smith Atlas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_nifti_simple.html">Simple example of NiftiMasker use</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_nifti_labels_simple.html">Extracting signals from brain regions using the NiftiLabelsMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_extract_rois_statistical_maps.html">Region Extraction using a t-statistical map (3D)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_mask_computation.html">Understanding NiftiMasker and mask computation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_affine_transformation.html">Visualization of affine resamplings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/06_manipulating_images/plot_roi_extraction.html">Computing a Region of Interest (ROI) mask manually</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/index.html">Advanced statistical analysis of brain images</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-9" name="toctree-checkbox-9" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-9"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Advanced statistical analysis of brain images</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_localizer_simple_analysis.html">Massively univariate analysis of a calculation task from the Localizer dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_ica_resting_state.html">Multivariate decompositions: Independent component analysis of fMRI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_bids_analysis.html">BIDS dataset first and second level analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_neurovault_meta_analysis.html">NeuroVault meta-analysis of stop-go paradigm studies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_age_group_prediction_cross_val.html">Functional connectivity predicts age group</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_localizer_mass_univariate_methods.html">Massively univariate analysis of a motor task from the Localizer dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_surface_bids_analysis.html">Surface-based dataset first and second level analysis of a dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_ica_neurovault.html">NeuroVault cross-study ICA maps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_haxby_mass_univariate.html">Massively univariate analysis of face vs house recognition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_advanced_decoding_scikit.html">Advanced decoding using scikit learn</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/07_advanced/plot_beta_series.html">Beta-Series Modeling for Task-Based Functional Connectivity and Decoding</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/08_experimental/index.html">Examples for experimental modules</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-10" name="toctree-checkbox-10" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-10"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Examples for experimental modules</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/08_experimental/plot_surface_image_and_maskers.html">A short demo of the surface images & maskers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../user_guide.html">User guide</a><input checked="" class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-11" name="toctree-checkbox-11" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-11"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of User guide</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../introduction.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../introduction.html#what-is-nilearn">2. What is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn</span></code>?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../introduction.html#using-nilearn-for-the-first-time">3. Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn</span></code> for the first time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../introduction.html#machine-learning-applications-to-neuroimaging">4. Machine learning applications to Neuroimaging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">5. Decoding and MVPA: predicting from brain images</a><input checked="" class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-12" name="toctree-checkbox-12" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-12"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of 5. Decoding and MVPA: predicting from brain images</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="decoding_intro.html">5.1. An introduction to decoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="estimator_choice.html">5.2. Choosing the right predictive model for neuroimaging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="frem.html">5.3. FREM: fast ensembling of regularized models for robust decoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3 current current-page"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">5.4. SpaceNet: decoding with spatial structure for better maps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="searchlight.html">5.5. Searchlight : finding voxels containing information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="going_further.html">5.6. Running scikit-learn functions for more control on the analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../connectivity/index.html">6. Functional connectivity and resting state</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-13" name="toctree-checkbox-13" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-13"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of 6. Functional connectivity and resting state</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../connectivity/functional_connectomes.html">6.1. Extracting times series to build a functional connectome</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../connectivity/connectome_extraction.html">6.2. Connectome extraction: inverse covariance for direct connections</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-14" name="toctree-checkbox-14" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-14"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of 6.2. Connectome extraction: inverse covariance for direct connections</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../developers/group_sparse_covariance.html">6.2.3.1. Group-sparse covariance estimation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../connectivity/resting_state_networks.html">6.3. Extracting functional brain networks: ICA and related</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../connectivity/region_extraction.html">6.4. Region Extraction for better brain parcellations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../connectivity/parcellating.html">6.5. Clustering to parcellate the brain in regions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../plotting/index.html">7. Plotting brain images</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../glm/index.html">8. Analyzing fMRI using GLMs</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-15" name="toctree-checkbox-15" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-15"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of 8. Analyzing fMRI using GLMs</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../glm/glm_intro.html">8.1. An introduction to GLMs in fMRI statistical analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../glm/first_level_model.html">8.2. First level models</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../glm/second_level_model.html">8.3. Second level models</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../manipulating_images/index.html">9. Manipulation brain volumes with nilearn</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-16" name="toctree-checkbox-16" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-16"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of 9. Manipulation brain volumes with nilearn</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../manipulating_images/input_output.html">9.1. Input and output: neuroimaging data representation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../manipulating_images/manipulating_images.html">9.2. Manipulating images: resampling, smoothing, masking, ROIs…</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../manipulating_images/masker_objects.html">9.3. From neuroimaging volumes to data matrices: the masker objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../building_blocks/index.html">10. Advanced usage: manual pipelines and scaling up</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-17" name="toctree-checkbox-17" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-17"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of 10. Advanced usage: manual pipelines and scaling up</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../building_blocks/manual_pipeline.html">10.1. Building your own neuroimaging machine-learning pipeline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../building_blocks/neurovault.html">10.2. Downloading statistical maps from the Neurovault repository</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/index.html">API References</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-18" name="toctree-checkbox-18" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-18"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of API References</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/connectome.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.connectome</span></code>: Functional Connectivity</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-19" name="toctree-checkbox-19" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-19"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.connectome: Functional Connectivity</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.ConnectivityMeasure.html">nilearn.connectome.ConnectivityMeasure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.GroupSparseCovariance.html">nilearn.connectome.GroupSparseCovariance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.GroupSparseCovarianceCV.html">nilearn.connectome.GroupSparseCovarianceCV</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.sym_matrix_to_vec.html">nilearn.connectome.sym_matrix_to_vec</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.vec_to_sym_matrix.html">nilearn.connectome.vec_to_sym_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.group_sparse_covariance.html">nilearn.connectome.group_sparse_covariance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.cov_to_corr.html">nilearn.connectome.cov_to_corr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.connectome.prec_to_partial.html">nilearn.connectome.prec_to_partial</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/datasets.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.datasets</span></code>: Automatic Dataset Fetching</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-20" name="toctree-checkbox-20" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-20"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.datasets: Automatic Dataset Fetching</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_icbm152_2009.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_icbm152_2009</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_icbm152_brain_gm_mask.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_icbm152_brain_gm_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_surf_fsaverage.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_surf_fsaverage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_brain_mask.html">nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_brain_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_gm_mask.html">nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_gm_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_gm_template.html">nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_gm_template</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_template.html">nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_template</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_wm_mask.html">nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_wm_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_wm_template.html">nilearn.datasets.load_mni152_wm_template</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_aal.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_aal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_allen_2011.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_allen_2011</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_basc_multiscale_2015.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_basc_multiscale_2015</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_craddock_2012.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_craddock_2012</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_destrieux_2009.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_destrieux_2009</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_difumo.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_difumo</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_harvard_oxford.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_harvard_oxford</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_juelich.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_juelich</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_msdl.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_msdl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_pauli_2017.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_pauli_2017</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_schaefer_2018.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_schaefer_2018</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_smith_2009.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_smith_2009</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_surf_destrieux.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_surf_destrieux</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_talairach.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_talairach</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_yeo_2011.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_atlas_yeo_2011</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_coords_dosenbach_2010.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_coords_dosenbach_2010</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_coords_power_2011.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_coords_power_2011</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_coords_seitzman_2018.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_coords_seitzman_2018</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_abide_pcp.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_abide_pcp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_adhd.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_adhd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_bids_langloc_dataset.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_bids_langloc_dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_development_fmri.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_development_fmri</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_ds000030_urls.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_ds000030_urls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_fiac_first_level.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_fiac_first_level</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_haxby.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_haxby</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_language_localizer_demo_dataset.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_language_localizer_demo_dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_first_level.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_first_level</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_miyawaki2008.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_miyawaki2008</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_openneuro_dataset_index.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_openneuro_dataset_index</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_spm_auditory.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_spm_auditory</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_spm_multimodal_fmri.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_spm_multimodal_fmri</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_surf_nki_enhanced.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_surf_nki_enhanced</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_button_task.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_button_task</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_calculation_task.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_calculation_task</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_contrasts.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_localizer_contrasts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_megatrawls_netmats.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_megatrawls_netmats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_mixed_gambles.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_mixed_gambles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_oasis_vbm.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_oasis_vbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault_auditory_computation_task.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault_auditory_computation_task</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault_motor_task.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault_motor_task</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault_ids.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_neurovault_ids</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.fetch_openneuro_dataset.html">nilearn.datasets.fetch_openneuro_dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.get_data_dirs.html">nilearn.datasets.get_data_dirs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.patch_openneuro_dataset.html">nilearn.datasets.patch_openneuro_dataset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.select_from_index.html">nilearn.datasets.select_from_index</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.datasets.load_sample_motor_activation_image.html">nilearn.datasets.load_sample_motor_activation_image</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/decoding.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.decoding</span></code>: Decoding</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-21" name="toctree-checkbox-21" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-21"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.decoding: Decoding</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.Decoder.html">nilearn.decoding.Decoder</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.DecoderRegressor.html">nilearn.decoding.DecoderRegressor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.FREMClassifier.html">nilearn.decoding.FREMClassifier</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.FREMRegressor.html">nilearn.decoding.FREMRegressor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier.html">nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor.html">nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.SearchLight.html">nilearn.decoding.SearchLight</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/decomposition.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.decomposition</span></code>: Multivariate Decompositions</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-22" name="toctree-checkbox-22" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-22"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.decomposition: Multivariate Decompositions</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decomposition.CanICA.html">nilearn.decomposition.CanICA</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decomposition.DictLearning.html">nilearn.decomposition.DictLearning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/experimental.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.experimental</span></code>: Experimental Modules</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-23" name="toctree-checkbox-23" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-23"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.experimental: Experimental Modules</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.FileMesh.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.FileMesh</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.InMemoryMesh.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.InMemoryMesh</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.Mesh.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.Mesh</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.PolyMesh.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.PolyMesh</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.SurfaceImage.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.SurfaceImage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.SurfaceLabelsMasker.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.SurfaceLabelsMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.SurfaceMasker.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.SurfaceMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.fetch_destrieux.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.fetch_destrieux</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.fetch_nki.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.fetch_nki</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.experimental.surface.load_fsaverage.html">nilearn.experimental.surface.load_fsaverage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/glm.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.glm</span></code>: Generalized Linear Models</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-24" name="toctree-checkbox-24" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-24"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.glm: Generalized Linear Models</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.Contrast.html">nilearn.glm.Contrast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.FContrastResults.html">nilearn.glm.FContrastResults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.TContrastResults.html">nilearn.glm.TContrastResults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.ARModel.html">nilearn.glm.ARModel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.OLSModel.html">nilearn.glm.OLSModel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.LikelihoodModelResults.html">nilearn.glm.LikelihoodModelResults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.RegressionResults.html">nilearn.glm.RegressionResults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.SimpleRegressionResults.html">nilearn.glm.SimpleRegressionResults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.compute_contrast.html">nilearn.glm.compute_contrast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.compute_fixed_effects.html">nilearn.glm.compute_fixed_effects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.expression_to_contrast_vector.html">nilearn.glm.expression_to_contrast_vector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.fdr_threshold.html">nilearn.glm.fdr_threshold</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.cluster_level_inference.html">nilearn.glm.cluster_level_inference</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.threshold_stats_img.html">nilearn.glm.threshold_stats_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.FirstLevelModel.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.FirstLevelModel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.check_design_matrix.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.check_design_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.compute_regressor.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.compute_regressor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.first_level_from_bids.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.first_level_from_bids</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.glover_dispersion_derivative.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.glover_dispersion_derivative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.glover_hrf.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.glover_hrf</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.glover_time_derivative.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.glover_time_derivative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.make_first_level_design_matrix.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.make_first_level_design_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.mean_scaling.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.mean_scaling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.run_glm.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.run_glm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.spm_dispersion_derivative.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.spm_dispersion_derivative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.spm_hrf.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.spm_hrf</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.first_level.spm_time_derivative.html">nilearn.glm.first_level.spm_time_derivative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.second_level.SecondLevelModel.html">nilearn.glm.second_level.SecondLevelModel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.second_level.make_second_level_design_matrix.html">nilearn.glm.second_level.make_second_level_design_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.glm.second_level.non_parametric_inference.html">nilearn.glm.second_level.non_parametric_inference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/image.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.image</span></code>: Image Processing and Resampling Utilities</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-25" name="toctree-checkbox-25" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-25"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.image: Image Processing and Resampling Utilities</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.binarize_img.html">nilearn.image.binarize_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.clean_img.html">nilearn.image.clean_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.concat_imgs.html">nilearn.image.concat_imgs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.coord_transform.html">nilearn.image.coord_transform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.copy_img.html">nilearn.image.copy_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.crop_img.html">nilearn.image.crop_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.get_data.html">nilearn.image.get_data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.high_variance_confounds.html">nilearn.image.high_variance_confounds</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.index_img.html">nilearn.image.index_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.iter_img.html">nilearn.image.iter_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.largest_connected_component_img.html">nilearn.image.largest_connected_component_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.load_img.html">nilearn.image.load_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.math_img.html">nilearn.image.math_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.mean_img.html">nilearn.image.mean_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.new_img_like.html">nilearn.image.new_img_like</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.resample_img.html">nilearn.image.resample_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.resample_to_img.html">nilearn.image.resample_to_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.reorder_img.html">nilearn.image.reorder_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.smooth_img.html">nilearn.image.smooth_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.swap_img_hemispheres.html">nilearn.image.swap_img_hemispheres</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.image.threshold_img.html">nilearn.image.threshold_img</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/interfaces.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.interfaces</span></code>: Loading components from interfaces</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-26" name="toctree-checkbox-26" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-26"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.interfaces: Loading components from interfaces</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.interfaces.bids.get_bids_files.html">nilearn.interfaces.bids.get_bids_files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.interfaces.bids.parse_bids_filename.html">nilearn.interfaces.bids.parse_bids_filename</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.interfaces.bids.save_glm_to_bids.html">nilearn.interfaces.bids.save_glm_to_bids</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.interfaces.fmriprep.load_confounds.html">nilearn.interfaces.fmriprep.load_confounds</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.interfaces.fmriprep.load_confounds_strategy.html">nilearn.interfaces.fmriprep.load_confounds_strategy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.interfaces.fsl.get_design_from_fslmat.html">nilearn.interfaces.fsl.get_design_from_fslmat</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/maskers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.maskers</span></code>: Extracting Signals from Brain Images</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-27" name="toctree-checkbox-27" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-27"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.maskers: Extracting Signals from Brain Images</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.BaseMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.BaseMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.NiftiMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.NiftiMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.MultiNiftiMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.MultiNiftiMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.NiftiLabelsMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.NiftiLabelsMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.MultiNiftiLabelsMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.MultiNiftiLabelsMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.NiftiMapsMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.NiftiMapsMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.MultiNiftiMapsMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.MultiNiftiMapsMasker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.maskers.NiftiSpheresMasker.html">nilearn.maskers.NiftiSpheresMasker</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/masking.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.masking</span></code>: Data Masking Utilities</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-28" name="toctree-checkbox-28" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-28"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.masking: Data Masking Utilities</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.compute_epi_mask.html">nilearn.masking.compute_epi_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.compute_multi_epi_mask.html">nilearn.masking.compute_multi_epi_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.compute_brain_mask.html">nilearn.masking.compute_brain_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.compute_multi_brain_mask.html">nilearn.masking.compute_multi_brain_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.compute_background_mask.html">nilearn.masking.compute_background_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.compute_multi_background_mask.html">nilearn.masking.compute_multi_background_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.intersect_masks.html">nilearn.masking.intersect_masks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.apply_mask.html">nilearn.masking.apply_mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.masking.unmask.html">nilearn.masking.unmask</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/mass_univariate.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.mass_univariate</span></code>: Mass-Univariate Analysis</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-29" name="toctree-checkbox-29" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-29"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.mass_univariate: Mass-Univariate Analysis</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.mass_univariate.permuted_ols.html">nilearn.mass_univariate.permuted_ols</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/plotting.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.plotting</span></code>: Plotting Brain Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-30" name="toctree-checkbox-30" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-30"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.plotting: Plotting Brain Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.find_cut_slices.html">nilearn.plotting.find_cut_slices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.find_xyz_cut_coords.html">nilearn.plotting.find_xyz_cut_coords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.find_parcellation_cut_coords.html">nilearn.plotting.find_parcellation_cut_coords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.find_probabilistic_atlas_cut_coords.html">nilearn.plotting.find_probabilistic_atlas_cut_coords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_anat.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_anat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_img.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_epi.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_epi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_matrix.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_roi.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_roi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_stat_map.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_stat_map</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_glass_brain.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_glass_brain</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_connectome.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_connectome</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_markers.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_markers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_prob_atlas.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_prob_atlas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_carpet.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_carpet</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_surf.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_surf</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_surf_roi.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_surf_roi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_surf_contours.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_surf_contours</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_surf_stat_map.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_surf_stat_map</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_img_on_surf.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_img_on_surf</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_img_comparison.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_img_comparison</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_design_matrix.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_design_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_event.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_event</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.plot_contrast_matrix.html">nilearn.plotting.plot_contrast_matrix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.view_surf.html">nilearn.plotting.view_surf</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.view_img_on_surf.html">nilearn.plotting.view_img_on_surf</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.view_connectome.html">nilearn.plotting.view_connectome</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.view_markers.html">nilearn.plotting.view_markers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.view_img.html">nilearn.plotting.view_img</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.show.html">nilearn.plotting.show</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.get_projector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.get_projector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.get_slicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.get_slicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.OrthoProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.OrthoProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.XZProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.XZProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.YZProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.YZProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.YXProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.YXProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.XProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.XProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.YProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.YProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.ZProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.ZProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.LZRYProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.LZRYProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.LYRZProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.LYRZProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.LYRProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.LYRProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.LZRProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.LZRProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.LRProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.LRProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.LProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.LProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.RProjector.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.RProjector</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.BaseAxes.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.BaseAxes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.CutAxes.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.CutAxes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.GlassBrainAxes.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.GlassBrainAxes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.BaseSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.BaseSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.OrthoSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.OrthoSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.PlotlySurfaceFigure.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.PlotlySurfaceFigure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.TiledSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.TiledSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.MosaicSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.MosaicSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.XZSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.XZSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.YZSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.YZSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.YXSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.YXSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.XSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.XSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.YSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.YSlicer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.plotting.displays.ZSlicer.html">nilearn.plotting.displays.ZSlicer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/regions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.regions</span></code>: Operating on Regions</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-31" name="toctree-checkbox-31" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-31"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.regions: Operating on Regions</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.connected_regions.html">nilearn.regions.connected_regions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.connected_label_regions.html">nilearn.regions.connected_label_regions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.img_to_signals_labels.html">nilearn.regions.img_to_signals_labels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.signals_to_img_labels.html">nilearn.regions.signals_to_img_labels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.img_to_signals_maps.html">nilearn.regions.img_to_signals_maps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.signals_to_img_maps.html">nilearn.regions.signals_to_img_maps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.recursive_neighbor_agglomeration.html">nilearn.regions.recursive_neighbor_agglomeration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.RegionExtractor.html">nilearn.regions.RegionExtractor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.Parcellations.html">nilearn.regions.Parcellations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.ReNA.html">nilearn.regions.ReNA</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.regions.HierarchicalKMeans.html">nilearn.regions.HierarchicalKMeans</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/reporting.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.reporting</span></code>: Reporting Functions</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-32" name="toctree-checkbox-32" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-32"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.reporting: Reporting Functions</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.reporting.HTMLReport.html">nilearn.reporting.HTMLReport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.reporting.get_clusters_table.html">nilearn.reporting.get_clusters_table</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.reporting.make_glm_report.html">nilearn.reporting.make_glm_report</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/signal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.signal</span></code>: Preprocessing Time Series</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-33" name="toctree-checkbox-33" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-33"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.signal: Preprocessing Time Series</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.signal.butterworth.html">nilearn.signal.butterworth</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.signal.clean.html">nilearn.signal.clean</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.signal.high_variance_confounds.html">nilearn.signal.high_variance_confounds</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/surface.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.surface</span></code>: Manipulating Surface Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-34" name="toctree-checkbox-34" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-34"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of nilearn.surface: Manipulating Surface Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.surface.load_surf_data.html">nilearn.surface.load_surf_data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.surface.load_surf_mesh.html">nilearn.surface.load_surf_mesh</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.surface.vol_to_surf.html">nilearn.surface.vol_to_surf</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Development</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../development.html">Contributing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance.html">Maintenance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../changes/whats_new.html">What’s new</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../authors.html">Team</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/nilearn/nilearn">GitHub Repository</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</aside>
<div class="main">
<div class="content">
<div class="article-container">
<a href="#" class="back-to-top muted-link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8v12z"></path>
</svg>
<span>Back to top</span>
</a>
<div class="content-icon-container">
<div class="edit-this-page">
<a class="muted-link" href="https://github.com/nilearn/nilearn/edit/main/doc/decoding/space_net.rst" title="Edit this page">
<svg aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
<path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/>
<path d="M4 20h4l10.5 -10.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 -4 -4l-10.5 10.5v4" />
<line x1="13.5" y1="6.5" x2="17.5" y2="10.5" />
</svg>
<span class="visually-hidden">Edit this page</span>
</a>
</div><div class="theme-toggle-container theme-toggle-content">
<button class="theme-toggle">
<div class="visually-hidden">Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme</div>
<svg class="theme-icon-when-auto"><use href="#svg-sun-half"></use></svg>
<svg class="theme-icon-when-dark"><use href="#svg-moon"></use></svg>
<svg class="theme-icon-when-light"><use href="#svg-sun"></use></svg>
</button>
</div>
<label class="toc-overlay-icon toc-content-icon" for="__toc">
<div class="visually-hidden">Toggle table of contents sidebar</div>
<i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-toc"></use></svg></i>
</label>
</div>
<article role="main">
<section id="spacenet-decoding-with-spatial-structure-for-better-maps">
<span id="space-net"></span><h1><span class="section-number">5.4. </span>SpaceNet: decoding with spatial structure for better maps<a class="headerlink" href="#spacenet-decoding-with-spatial-structure-for-better-maps" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<section id="the-spacenet-decoder">
<h2><span class="section-number">5.4.1. </span>The SpaceNet decoder<a class="headerlink" href="#the-spacenet-decoder" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor.html#nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor" title="nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetRegressor</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../modules/generated/nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier.html#nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier" title="nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nilearn.decoding.SpaceNetClassifier</span></code></a>
implements spatial penalties which improve brain decoding power as well as decoder maps:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>penalty=”tvl1”: priors inspired from TV (Total Variation) [Michel <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-michel2011" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>], TV-L1 [Baldassarre <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-baldassarre2012" id="id2" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>], [Gramfort <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-gramfort2013" id="id3" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>3<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>].</p></li>
<li><p>penalty=”graph-net”: GraphNet prior [Grosenick <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-grosenick2013" id="id4" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>4<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>].</p></li>
</ul>
<p>These regularize <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-classification"><span class="xref std std-term">classification</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-regression"><span class="xref std std-term">regression</span></a>
problems in brain imaging. The results are brain maps which are both
sparse (i.e regression coefficients are zero everywhere, except at
predictive <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-voxel"><span class="xref std std-term">voxels</span></a>) and structured (blobby). The superiority of TV-L1
over methods without structured priors like the Lasso, <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-SVM"><span class="xref std std-term">SVM</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-ANOVA"><span class="xref std std-term">ANOVA</span></a>,
Ridge, etc. for yielding more interpretable maps and improved
prediction scores is now well established [Baldassarre <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-baldassarre2012" id="id5" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>], [Gramfort <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-gramfort2013" id="id6" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>3<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>], [Grosenick <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-grosenick2013" id="id7" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>4<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>].</p>
<p>Note that TV-L1 prior leads to a difficult optimization problem, and so can be slow to run.
Under the hood, a few heuristics are used to make things a bit faster. These include:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Feature preprocessing, where an F-test is used to eliminate
non-predictive <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-voxel"><span class="xref std std-term">voxels</span></a>, thus reducing the size of the brain
mask in a principled way.</p></li>
<li><p>Continuation is used along the regularization path, where the
solution of the optimization problem for a given value of the
regularization parameter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alpha</span></code> is used as initialization
for the next regularization (smaller) value on the regularization
grid.</p></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Implementation:</strong> See [Dohmatob <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-dohmatob2015" id="id8" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>5<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>] and [Dohmatob <em>et al.</em><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#footcite-dohmatob2014" id="id9" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>6<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>] for technical details regarding the implementation of SpaceNet.</p>
</section>
<section id="related-example">
<h2><span class="section-number">5.4.2. </span>Related example<a class="headerlink" href="#related-example" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_oasis_vbm_space_net.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-02-decoding-plot-oasis-vbm-space-net-py"><span class="std std-ref">Age prediction on OASIS dataset with SpaceNet</span></a>.</p>
<figure class="align-default">
<img alt="../_images/sphx_glr_plot_oasis_vbm_space_net_002.png" src="../_images/sphx_glr_plot_oasis_vbm_space_net_002.png" />
</figure>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Empirical comparisons using this method have been removed from
documentation in version 0.7 to keep its computational cost low. You can
easily try SpaceNet instead of FREM in <a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_mixed_gambles_frem.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-02-decoding-plot-mixed-gambles-frem-py"><span class="std std-ref">mixed gambles study</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../auto_examples/02_decoding/plot_haxby_frem.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-02-decoding-plot-haxby-frem-py"><span class="std std-ref">Haxby study</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="frem.html#frem"><span class="std std-ref">FREM</span></a>, a pipeline ensembling many models that yields very
good decoding performance at a lower computational cost.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="references">
<h2><span class="section-number">5.4.3. </span>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<div class="docutils container" id="id10">
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="footcite-michel2011" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Vincent Michel, Alexandre Gramfort, Gaël Varoquaux, Evelyn Eger, and Bertrand Thirion. Total variation regularization for fMRI-based prediction of behaviour. <em>IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging</em>, 30(7):1328 – 1340, February 2011. URL: <a class="reference external" href="https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00563468">https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00563468</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2011.2113378">doi:10.1109/TMI.2011.2113378</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="footcite-baldassarre2012" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<span class="backrefs">(<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id2">1</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id5">2</a>)</span>
<p>Luca Baldassarre, Janaina Mourao-Miranda, and Massimiliano Pontil. Structured sparsity models for brain decoding from fmri data. In <em>2012 Second International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in NeuroImaging</em>, volume, 5–8. 2012. URL: <a class="reference external" href="http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Pontil/reading/neurosparse_prni.pdf">http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Pontil/reading/neurosparse_prni.pdf</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/PRNI.2012.31">doi:10.1109/PRNI.2012.31</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="footcite-gramfort2013" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>3<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<span class="backrefs">(<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id3">1</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id6">2</a>)</span>
<p>Alexandre Gramfort, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux. Identifying predictive regions from fMRI with TV-L1 prior. In <em>Pattern Recognition in Neuroimaging (PRNI)</em>. Philadelphia, United States, June 2013. IEEE. URL: <a class="reference external" href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00839984">https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00839984</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="footcite-grosenick2013" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>4<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<span class="backrefs">(<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id4">1</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id7">2</a>)</span>
<p>Logan Grosenick, Brad Klingenberg, Kiefer Katovich, Brian Knutson, and Jonathan E. Taylor. Interpretable whole-brain prediction analysis with graphnet. <em>NeuroImage</em>, 72:304–321, 2013. URL: <a class="reference external" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811912012487">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811912012487</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.062">doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.062</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="footcite-dohmatob2015" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id8">5</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Elvis Dohmatob, Michael Eickenberg, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux. Speeding-up model-selection in GraphNet via early-stopping and univariate feature-screening. In <em>PRNI</em>. Stanford, United States, June 2015. URL: <a class="reference external" href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01147731">https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01147731</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="footcite-dohmatob2014" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id9">6</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Elvis Dohmatob, Alexandre Gramfort, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux. Benchmarking solvers for TV-l1 least-squares and logistic regression in brain imaging. In <em>PRNI 2014 - 4th International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in NeuroImaging</em>. Tübingen, Germany, June 2014. IEEE. URL: <a class="reference external" href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00991743">https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00991743</a>.</p>
</aside>
</aside>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</article>
</div>
<footer>
<div class="related-pages">
<a class="next-page" href="searchlight.html">
<div class="page-info">
<div class="context">
<span>Next</span>
</div>
<div class="title"><span class="section-number">5.5. </span>Searchlight : finding voxels containing information</div>
</div>
<svg class="furo-related-icon"><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg>
</a>
<a class="prev-page" href="frem.html">
<svg class="furo-related-icon"><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg>
<div class="page-info">
<div class="context">
<span>Previous</span>
</div>
<div class="title"><span class="section-number">5.3. </span>FREM: fast ensembling of regularized models for robust decoding</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-of-page">
<div class="left-details">
<div class="copyright">
Copyright © The nilearn developers 2010-2023
</div>
Made with <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> and <a class="muted-link" href="https://pradyunsg.me">@pradyunsg</a>'s
<a href="https://github.com/pradyunsg/furo">Furo</a>
</div>
<div class="right-details">
<div class="icons">
<a class="muted-link fa-brands fa-solid fa-github fa-2x" href="https://github.com/nilearn/nilearn" aria-label="GitHub"></a>
<a class="muted-link fa-brands fa-solid fa-twitter fa-2x" href="https://twitter.com/nilearn" aria-label="Twitter"></a>
<a class="muted-link fa-brands fa-solid fa-mastodon fa-2x" href="https://fosstodon.org/@nilearn" aria-label="Mastodon"></a>
<a class="muted-link fa-brands fa-solid fa-discord fa-2x" href="https://discord.gg/SsQABEJHkZ" aria-label="Discord"></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
<aside class="toc-drawer">
<div class="toc-sticky toc-scroll">
<div class="toc-title-container">
<span class="toc-title">
On this page
</span>
</div>
<div class="toc-tree-container">
<div class="toc-tree">
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">5.4. SpaceNet: decoding with spatial structure for better maps</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-spacenet-decoder">5.4.1. The SpaceNet decoder</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#related-example">5.4.2. Related example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">5.4.3. References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</aside>
</div>
</div><script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js?v=b3ba4146"></script>
<script src="../_static/doctools.js?v=888ff710"></script>
<script src="../_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=4825356b"></script>
<script src="../_static/scripts/furo.js?v=32e29ea5"></script>
<script src="../_static/clipboard.min.js?v=a7894cd8"></script>
<script src="../_static/copybutton.js?v=4ea706d9"></script>
<script src="../_static/design-tabs.js?v=36754332"></script>
</body>
</html>