node_crypto.cc

// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
// following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

#include "node.h"
#include "node_buffer.h"
#include "node_crypto.h"
#include "node_crypto_bio.h"
#include "node_crypto_groups.h"
#include "tls_wrap.h"  // TLSCallbacks

#include "async-wrap.h"
#include "async-wrap-inl.h"
#include "env.h"
#include "env-inl.h"
#include "string_bytes.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "util-inl.h"
#include "v8.h"

#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#define strcasecmp _stricmp
#endif

#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10000000L
#define OPENSSL_CONST const
#else
#define OPENSSL_CONST
#endif

#define ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(val) do {                  \
    if (!Buffer::HasInstance(val) && !val->IsString()) {      \
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Not a string or buffer");   \
    }                                                         \
  } while (0)

#define ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(val) do {                            \
    if (!Buffer::HasInstance(val)) {                          \
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Not a buffer");             \
    }                                                         \
  } while (0)

static const char PUBLIC_KEY_PFX[] =  "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----";
static const int PUBLIC_KEY_PFX_LEN = sizeof(PUBLIC_KEY_PFX) - 1;
static const char PUBRSA_KEY_PFX[] =  "-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----";
static const int PUBRSA_KEY_PFX_LEN = sizeof(PUBRSA_KEY_PFX) - 1;
static const char CERTIFICATE_PFX[] =  "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----";
static const int CERTIFICATE_PFX_LEN = sizeof(CERTIFICATE_PFX) - 1;

static const int X509_NAME_FLAGS = ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_CTRL
                                 | ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB
                                 | XN_FLAG_SEP_MULTILINE
                                 | XN_FLAG_FN_SN;

namespace node {
namespace crypto {

using v8::Array;
using v8::Boolean;
using v8::Context;
using v8::EscapableHandleScope;
using v8::Exception;
using v8::False;
using v8::FunctionCallbackInfo;
using v8::FunctionTemplate;
using v8::Handle;
using v8::HandleScope;
using v8::Integer;
using v8::Isolate;
using v8::Local;
using v8::Null;
using v8::Object;
using v8::Persistent;
using v8::PropertyAttribute;
using v8::PropertyCallbackInfo;
using v8::String;
using v8::V8;
using v8::Value;


// Forcibly clear OpenSSL's error stack on return. This stops stale errors
// from popping up later in the lifecycle of crypto operations where they
// would cause spurious failures. It's a rather blunt method, though.
// ERR_clear_error() isn't necessarily cheap either.
struct ClearErrorOnReturn {
  ~ClearErrorOnReturn() { ERR_clear_error(); }
};

static uv_rwlock_t* locks;

const char* root_certs[] = {
#include "node_root_certs.h"  // NOLINT(build/include_order)
  NULL
};

X509_STORE* root_cert_store;

// Just to generate static methods
template class SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>;
template void SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::AddMethods(Environment* env,
                                                Handle<FunctionTemplate> t);
template void SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::InitNPN(SecureContext* sc,
                                             TLSCallbacks* base);
template SSL_SESSION* SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::GetSessionCallback(
    SSL* s,
    unsigned char* key,
    int len,
    int* copy);
template int SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::NewSessionCallback(SSL* s,
                                                       SSL_SESSION* sess);
template void SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::OnClientHello(
    void* arg,
    const ClientHelloParser::ClientHello& hello);

#ifdef OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
template int SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::AdvertiseNextProtoCallback(
    SSL* s,
    const unsigned char** data,
    unsigned int* len,
    void* arg);
template int SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::SelectNextProtoCallback(
    SSL* s,
    unsigned char** out,
    unsigned char* outlen,
    const unsigned char* in,
    unsigned int inlen,
    void* arg);
#endif
template int SSLWrap<TLSCallbacks>::TLSExtStatusCallback(SSL* s, void* arg);


static void crypto_threadid_cb(CRYPTO_THREADID* tid) {
  CRYPTO_THREADID_set_numeric(tid, uv_thread_self());
}


static void crypto_lock_init(void) {
  int i, n;

  n = CRYPTO_num_locks();
  locks = new uv_rwlock_t[n];

  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    if (uv_rwlock_init(locks + i))
      abort();
}


static void crypto_lock_cb(int mode, int n, const char* file, int line) {
  assert((mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) || (mode & CRYPTO_UNLOCK));
  assert((mode & CRYPTO_READ) || (mode & CRYPTO_WRITE));

  if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) {
    if (mode & CRYPTO_READ)
      uv_rwlock_rdlock(locks + n);
    else
      uv_rwlock_wrlock(locks + n);
  } else {
    if (mode & CRYPTO_READ)
      uv_rwlock_rdunlock(locks + n);
    else
      uv_rwlock_wrunlock(locks + n);
  }
}


static int CryptoPemCallback(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u) {
  if (u) {
    size_t buflen = static_cast<size_t>(size);
    size_t len = strlen(static_cast<const char*>(u));
    len = len > buflen ? buflen : len;
    memcpy(buf, u, len);
    return len;
  }

  return 0;
}


void ThrowCryptoError(Environment* env,
                      unsigned long err,
                      const char* default_message = NULL) {
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());
  if (err != 0 || default_message == NULL) {
    char errmsg[128] = { 0 };
    ERR_error_string_n(err, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
    env->ThrowError(errmsg);
  } else {
    env->ThrowError(default_message);
  }
}


// Ensure that OpenSSL has enough entropy (at least 256 bits) for its PRNG.
// The entropy pool starts out empty and needs to fill up before the PRNG
// can be used securely.  Once the pool is filled, it never dries up again;
// its contents is stirred and reused when necessary.
//
// OpenSSL normally fills the pool automatically but not when someone starts
// generating random numbers before the pool is full: in that case OpenSSL
// keeps lowering the entropy estimate to thwart attackers trying to guess
// the initial state of the PRNG.
//
// When that happens, we will have to wait until enough entropy is available.
// That should normally never take longer than a few milliseconds.
//
// OpenSSL draws from /dev/random and /dev/urandom.  While /dev/random may
// block pending "true" randomness, /dev/urandom is a CSPRNG that doesn't
// block under normal circumstances.
//
// The only time when /dev/urandom may conceivably block is right after boot,
// when the whole system is still low on entropy.  That's not something we can
// do anything about.
inline void CheckEntropy() {
  for (;;) {
    int status = RAND_status();
    CHECK_GE(status, 0);  // Cannot fail.
    if (status != 0)
      break;

    // Give up, RAND_poll() not supported.
    if (RAND_poll() == 0)
      break;
  }
}


bool EntropySource(unsigned char* buffer, size_t length) {
  // Ensure that OpenSSL's PRNG is properly seeded.
  CheckEntropy();
  // RAND_bytes() can return 0 to indicate that the entropy data is not truly
  // random. That's okay, it's still better than V8's stock source of entropy,
  // which is /dev/urandom on UNIX platforms and the current time on Windows.
  return RAND_bytes(buffer, length) != -1;
}


void SecureContext::Initialize(Environment* env, Handle<Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(),
                                                    SecureContext::New);
  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);
  t->SetClassName(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "SecureContext"));

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "init", SecureContext::Init);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setKey", SecureContext::SetKey);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setCert", SecureContext::SetCert);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "addCACert", SecureContext::AddCACert);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "addCRL", SecureContext::AddCRL);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "addRootCerts", SecureContext::AddRootCerts);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setCiphers", SecureContext::SetCiphers);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setECDHCurve", SecureContext::SetECDHCurve);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setOptions", SecureContext::SetOptions);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setSessionIdContext",
                               SecureContext::SetSessionIdContext);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setSessionTimeout",
                               SecureContext::SetSessionTimeout);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "close", SecureContext::Close);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "loadPKCS12", SecureContext::LoadPKCS12);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getTicketKeys", SecureContext::GetTicketKeys);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setTicketKeys", SecureContext::SetTicketKeys);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t,
                            "getCertificate",
                            SecureContext::GetCertificate<true>);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t,
                            "getIssuer",
                            SecureContext::GetCertificate<false>);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "SecureContext"),
              t->GetFunction());
  env->set_secure_context_constructor_template(t);
}


void SecureContext::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  new SecureContext(env, args.This());
}


void SecureContext::Init(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = sc->env();

  OPENSSL_CONST SSL_METHOD *method = SSLv23_method();

  if (args.Length() == 1 && args[0]->IsString()) {
    const node::Utf8Value sslmethod(args[0]);

    if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv2_method") == 0) {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SSL2
      method = SSLv2_method();
#else
      return env->ThrowError("SSLv2 methods disabled");
#endif
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv2_server_method") == 0) {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SSL2
      method = SSLv2_server_method();
#else
      return env->ThrowError("SSLv2 methods disabled");
#endif
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv2_client_method") == 0) {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SSL2
      method = SSLv2_client_method();
#else
      return env->ThrowError("SSLv2 methods disabled");
#endif
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv3_method") == 0) {
      method = SSLv3_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv3_server_method") == 0) {
      method = SSLv3_server_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv3_client_method") == 0) {
      method = SSLv3_client_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv23_method") == 0) {
      method = SSLv23_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv23_server_method") == 0) {
      method = SSLv23_server_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "SSLv23_client_method") == 0) {
      method = SSLv23_client_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_server_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_server_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_client_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_client_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_1_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_1_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_1_server_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_1_server_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_1_client_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_1_client_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_2_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_2_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_2_server_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_2_server_method();
    } else if (strcmp(*sslmethod, "TLSv1_2_client_method") == 0) {
      method = TLSv1_2_client_method();
    } else {
      return env->ThrowError("Unknown method");
    }
  }

  sc->ctx_ = SSL_CTX_new(method);

  // SSL session cache configuration
  SSL_CTX_set_session_cache_mode(sc->ctx_,
                                 SSL_SESS_CACHE_SERVER |
                                 SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL |
                                 SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_AUTO_CLEAR);
  SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb(sc->ctx_, SSLWrap<Connection>::GetSessionCallback);
  SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(sc->ctx_, SSLWrap<Connection>::NewSessionCallback);

  sc->ca_store_ = NULL;
}


// Takes a string or buffer and loads it into a BIO.
// Caller responsible for BIO_free_all-ing the returned object.
static BIO* LoadBIO(Environment* env, Handle<Value> v) {
  BIO* bio = NodeBIO::New();
  if (!bio)
    return NULL;

  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  int r = -1;

  if (v->IsString()) {
    const node::Utf8Value s(v);
    r = BIO_write(bio, *s, s.length());
  } else if (Buffer::HasInstance(v)) {
    char* buffer_data = Buffer::Data(v);
    size_t buffer_length = Buffer::Length(v);
    r = BIO_write(bio, buffer_data, buffer_length);
  }

  if (r <= 0) {
    BIO_free_all(bio);
    return NULL;
  }

  return bio;
}


// Takes a string or buffer and loads it into an X509
// Caller responsible for X509_free-ing the returned object.
static X509* LoadX509(Environment* env, Handle<Value> v) {
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  BIO *bio = LoadBIO(env, v);
  if (!bio)
    return NULL;

  X509 * x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(bio, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);
  if (!x509) {
    BIO_free_all(bio);
    return NULL;
  }

  BIO_free_all(bio);
  return x509;
}


void SecureContext::SetKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  unsigned int len = args.Length();
  if (len != 1 && len != 2) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }
  if (len == 2 && !args[1]->IsString()) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  BIO *bio = LoadBIO(env, args[0]);
  if (!bio)
    return;

  node::Utf8Value passphrase(args[1]);

  EVP_PKEY* key = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bio,
                                          NULL,
                                          CryptoPemCallback,
                                          len == 1 ? NULL : *passphrase);

  if (!key) {
    BIO_free_all(bio);
    unsigned long err = ERR_get_error();
    if (!err) {
      return env->ThrowError("PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey");
    }
    return ThrowCryptoError(env, err);
  }

  SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(sc->ctx_, key);
  EVP_PKEY_free(key);
  BIO_free_all(bio);
}


int SSL_CTX_get_issuer(SSL_CTX* ctx, X509* cert, X509** issuer) {
  int ret;

  X509_STORE* store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ctx);
  X509_STORE_CTX store_ctx;

  ret = X509_STORE_CTX_init(&store_ctx, store, NULL, NULL);
  if (!ret)
    goto end;

  ret = X509_STORE_CTX_get1_issuer(issuer, &store_ctx, cert);
  X509_STORE_CTX_cleanup(&store_ctx);

 end:
  return ret;
}


// Read a file that contains our certificate in "PEM" format,
// possibly followed by a sequence of CA certificates that should be
// sent to the peer in the Certificate message.
//
// Taken from OpenSSL - editted for style.
int SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain(SSL_CTX* ctx,
                                  BIO* in,
                                  X509** cert,
                                  X509** issuer) {
  int ret = 0;
  X509* x = NULL;

  x = PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX(in, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);

  if (x == NULL) {
    SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CTX_USE_CERTIFICATE_CHAIN_FILE, ERR_R_PEM_LIB);
    goto end;
  }

  ret = SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, x);

  if (ERR_peek_error() != 0) {
    // Key/certificate mismatch doesn't imply ret==0 ...
    ret = 0;
  }

  if (ret) {
    // If we could set up our certificate, now proceed to
    // the CA certificates.
    X509 *ca;
    int r;
    unsigned long err;

    if (ctx->extra_certs != NULL) {
      sk_X509_pop_free(ctx->extra_certs, X509_free);
      ctx->extra_certs = NULL;
    }

    while ((ca = PEM_read_bio_X509(in, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL))) {
      r = SSL_CTX_add_extra_chain_cert(ctx, ca);

      if (!r) {
        X509_free(ca);
        ret = 0;
        goto end;
      }
      // Note that we must not free r if it was successfully
      // added to the chain (while we must free the main
      // certificate, since its reference count is increased
      // by SSL_CTX_use_certificate).

      // Find issuer
      if (*issuer != NULL || X509_check_issued(ca, x) != X509_V_OK)
        continue;
      *issuer = ca;
    }

    // When the while loop ends, it's usually just EOF.
    err = ERR_peek_last_error();
    if (ERR_GET_LIB(err) == ERR_LIB_PEM &&
        ERR_GET_REASON(err) == PEM_R_NO_START_LINE) {
      ERR_clear_error();
    } else  {
      // some real error
      ret = 0;
    }
  }

  // Try getting issuer from a cert store
  if (ret) {
    if (*issuer == NULL) {
      ret = SSL_CTX_get_issuer(ctx, x, issuer);
      ret = ret < 0 ? 0 : 1;
      // NOTE: get_cert_store doesn't increment reference count,
      // no need to free `store`
    } else {
      // Increment issuer reference count
      CRYPTO_add(&(*issuer)->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_X509);
    }
  }

 end:
  if (x != NULL)
    *cert = x;
  return ret;
}


void SecureContext::SetCert(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  BIO* bio = LoadBIO(env, args[0]);
  if (!bio)
    return;

  int rv = SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain(sc->ctx_,
                                         bio,
                                         &sc->cert_,
                                         &sc->issuer_);

  BIO_free_all(bio);

  if (!rv) {
    unsigned long err = ERR_get_error();
    if (!err) {
      return env->ThrowError("SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain");
    }
    return ThrowCryptoError(env, err);
  }
}


void SecureContext::AddCACert(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  bool newCAStore = false;
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  if (!sc->ca_store_) {
    sc->ca_store_ = X509_STORE_new();
    newCAStore = true;
  }

  X509* x509 = LoadX509(env, args[0]);
  if (!x509)
    return;

  X509_STORE_add_cert(sc->ca_store_, x509);
  SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(sc->ctx_, x509);

  X509_free(x509);

  if (newCAStore) {
    SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(sc->ctx_, sc->ca_store_);
  }
}


void SecureContext::AddCRL(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence compiler warning.

  BIO *bio = LoadBIO(env, args[0]);
  if (!bio)
    return;

  X509_CRL *x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(bio, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);

  if (x509 == NULL) {
    BIO_free_all(bio);
    return;
  }

  X509_STORE_add_crl(sc->ca_store_, x509);
  X509_STORE_set_flags(sc->ca_store_, X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK |
                                      X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL);
  BIO_free_all(bio);
  X509_CRL_free(x509);
}



void SecureContext::AddRootCerts(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  assert(sc->ca_store_ == NULL);

  if (!root_cert_store) {
    root_cert_store = X509_STORE_new();

    for (int i = 0; root_certs[i]; i++) {
      BIO* bp = NodeBIO::New();

      if (!BIO_write(bp, root_certs[i], strlen(root_certs[i]))) {
        BIO_free_all(bp);
        return;
      }

      X509 *x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);

      if (x509 == NULL) {
        BIO_free_all(bp);
        return;
      }

      X509_STORE_add_cert(root_cert_store, x509);

      BIO_free_all(bp);
      X509_free(x509);
    }
  }

  sc->ca_store_ = root_cert_store;
  SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(sc->ctx_, sc->ca_store_);
}


void SecureContext::SetCiphers(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return sc->env()->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  const node::Utf8Value ciphers(args[0]);
  SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(sc->ctx_, *ciphers);
}


void SecureContext::SetECDHCurve(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = sc->env();

  if (args.Length() != 1 || !args[0]->IsString())
    return env->ThrowTypeError("First argument should be a string");

  node::Utf8Value curve(args[0]);

  int nid = OBJ_sn2nid(*curve);

  if (nid == NID_undef)
    return env->ThrowTypeError("First argument should be a valid curve name");

  EC_KEY* ecdh = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(nid);

  if (ecdh == NULL)
    return env->ThrowTypeError("First argument should be a valid curve name");

  SSL_CTX_set_options(sc->ctx_, SSL_OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE);
  SSL_CTX_set_tmp_ecdh(sc->ctx_, ecdh);

  EC_KEY_free(ecdh);
}


void SecureContext::SetOptions(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1 || !args[0]->IntegerValue()) {
    return sc->env()->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  SSL_CTX_set_options(sc->ctx_, static_cast<long>(args[0]->IntegerValue()));
}


void SecureContext::SetSessionIdContext(
    const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return sc->env()->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  const node::Utf8Value sessionIdContext(args[0]);
  const unsigned char* sid_ctx =
      reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(*sessionIdContext);
  unsigned int sid_ctx_len = sessionIdContext.length();

  int r = SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(sc->ctx_, sid_ctx, sid_ctx_len);
  if (r == 1)
    return;

  BIO* bio;
  BUF_MEM* mem;
  Local<String> message;

  bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if (bio == NULL) {
    message = FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(args.GetIsolate(),
                                    "SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context error");
  } else {
    ERR_print_errors(bio);
    BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
    message = OneByteString(args.GetIsolate(), mem->data, mem->length);
    BIO_free_all(bio);
  }

  args.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(Exception::TypeError(message));
}


void SecureContext::SetSessionTimeout(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() != 1 || !args[0]->IsInt32()) {
    return sc->env()->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  int32_t sessionTimeout = args[0]->Int32Value();
  SSL_CTX_set_timeout(sc->ctx_, sessionTimeout);
}


void SecureContext::Close(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());
  sc->FreeCTXMem();
}


// Takes .pfx or .p12 and password in string or buffer format
void SecureContext::LoadPKCS12(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  BIO* in = NULL;
  PKCS12* p12 = NULL;
  EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
  X509* cert = NULL;
  STACK_OF(X509)* extraCerts = NULL;
  char* pass = NULL;
  bool ret = false;

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 1) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad parameter");
  }

  in = LoadBIO(env, args[0]);
  if (in == NULL) {
    return env->ThrowError("Unable to load BIO");
  }

  if (args.Length() >= 2) {
    ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[1]);
    size_t passlen = Buffer::Length(args[1]);
    pass = new char[passlen + 1];
    memcpy(pass, Buffer::Data(args[1]), passlen);
    pass[passlen] = '\0';
  }

  if (d2i_PKCS12_bio(in, &p12) &&
      PKCS12_parse(p12, pass, &pkey, &cert, &extraCerts) &&
      SSL_CTX_use_certificate(sc->ctx_, cert) &&
      SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(sc->ctx_, pkey)) {
    // set extra certs
    while (X509* x509 = sk_X509_pop(extraCerts)) {
      if (!sc->ca_store_) {
        sc->ca_store_ = X509_STORE_new();
        SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(sc->ctx_, sc->ca_store_);
      }

      X509_STORE_add_cert(sc->ca_store_, x509);
      SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(sc->ctx_, x509);
      X509_free(x509);
    }

    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
    X509_free(cert);
    sk_X509_free(extraCerts);

    ret = true;
  }

  PKCS12_free(p12);
  BIO_free_all(in);
  delete[] pass;

  if (!ret) {
    unsigned long err = ERR_get_error();
    const char* str = ERR_reason_error_string(err);
    return env->ThrowError(str);
  }
}


void SecureContext::GetTicketKeys(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && defined(SSL_CTX_get_tlsext_ticket_keys)
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());

  SecureContext* wrap = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  Local<Object> buff = Buffer::New(wrap->env(), 48);
  if (SSL_CTX_get_tlsext_ticket_keys(wrap->ctx_,
                                     Buffer::Data(buff),
                                     Buffer::Length(buff)) != 1) {
    return wrap->env()->ThrowError("Failed to fetch tls ticket keys");
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(buff);
#endif  // !def(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && def(SSL_CTX_get_tlsext_ticket_keys)
}


void SecureContext::SetTicketKeys(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && defined(SSL_CTX_get_tlsext_ticket_keys)
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  SecureContext* wrap = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 1 ||
      !Buffer::HasInstance(args[0]) ||
      Buffer::Length(args[0]) != 48) {
    return wrap->env()->ThrowTypeError("Bad argument");
  }

  if (SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_ticket_keys(wrap->ctx_,
                                     Buffer::Data(args[0]),
                                     Buffer::Length(args[0])) != 1) {
    return wrap->env()->ThrowError("Failed to fetch tls ticket keys");
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(true);
#endif  // !def(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && def(SSL_CTX_get_tlsext_ticket_keys)
}


template <bool primary>
void SecureContext::GetCertificate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  SecureContext* wrap = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = wrap->env();
  X509* cert;

  if (primary)
    cert = wrap->cert_;
  else
    cert = wrap->issuer_;
  if (cert == NULL)
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(Null(env->isolate()));

  int size = i2d_X509(cert, NULL);
  Local<Object> buff = Buffer::New(env, size);
  unsigned char* serialized = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(
      Buffer::Data(buff));
  i2d_X509(cert, &serialized);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(buff);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::AddMethods(Environment* env, Handle<FunctionTemplate> t) {
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getPeerCertificate", GetPeerCertificate);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getSession", GetSession);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setSession", SetSession);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "loadSession", LoadSession);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "isSessionReused", IsSessionReused);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "isInitFinished", IsInitFinished);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "verifyError", VerifyError);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getCurrentCipher", GetCurrentCipher);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "endParser", EndParser);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "renegotiate", Renegotiate);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "shutdown", Shutdown);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getTLSTicket", GetTLSTicket);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "newSessionDone", NewSessionDone);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setOCSPResponse", SetOCSPResponse);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "requestOCSP", RequestOCSP);

#ifdef SSL_set_max_send_fragment
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setMaxSendFragment", SetMaxSendFragment);
#endif  // SSL_set_max_send_fragment

#ifdef OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getNegotiatedProtocol", GetNegotiatedProto);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setNPNProtocols", SetNPNProtocols);
#endif  // OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::InitNPN(SecureContext* sc, Base* base) {
  if (base->is_server()) {
#ifdef OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
    // Server should advertise NPN protocols
    SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb(sc->ctx_,
                                          AdvertiseNextProtoCallback,
                                          base);
#endif  // OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
  } else {
#ifdef OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
    // Client should select protocol from list of advertised
    // If server supports NPN
    SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb(sc->ctx_, SelectNextProtoCallback, base);
#endif  // OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
  }

#ifdef NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
  // OCSP stapling
  SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_status_cb(sc->ctx_, TLSExtStatusCallback);
  SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_status_arg(sc->ctx_, base);
#endif  // NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
}


template <class Base>
SSL_SESSION* SSLWrap<Base>::GetSessionCallback(SSL* s,
                                               unsigned char* key,
                                               int len,
                                               int* copy) {
  Base* w = static_cast<Base*>(SSL_get_app_data(s));

  *copy = 0;
  SSL_SESSION* sess = w->next_sess_;
  w->next_sess_ = NULL;

  return sess;
}


template <class Base>
int SSLWrap<Base>::NewSessionCallback(SSL* s, SSL_SESSION* sess) {
  Base* w = static_cast<Base*>(SSL_get_app_data(s));
  Environment* env = w->ssl_env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());

  if (!w->session_callbacks_)
    return 0;

  // Check if session is small enough to be stored
  int size = i2d_SSL_SESSION(sess, NULL);
  if (size > SecureContext::kMaxSessionSize)
    return 0;

  // Serialize session
  Local<Object> buff = Buffer::New(env, size);
  unsigned char* serialized = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(
      Buffer::Data(buff));
  memset(serialized, 0, size);
  i2d_SSL_SESSION(sess, &serialized);

  Local<Object> session = Buffer::New(env,
                                      reinterpret_cast<char*>(sess->session_id),
                                      sess->session_id_length);
  Local<Value> argv[] = { session, buff };
  w->new_session_wait_ = true;
  w->MakeCallback(env->onnewsession_string(), ARRAY_SIZE(argv), argv);

  return 0;
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::OnClientHello(void* arg,
                                  const ClientHelloParser::ClientHello& hello) {
  Base* w = static_cast<Base*>(arg);
  Environment* env = w->ssl_env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());

  Local<Object> hello_obj = Object::New(env->isolate());
  Local<Object> buff = Buffer::New(
      env,
      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(hello.session_id()),
      hello.session_size());
  hello_obj->Set(env->session_id_string(), buff);
  if (hello.servername() == NULL) {
    hello_obj->Set(env->servername_string(), String::Empty(env->isolate()));
  } else {
    Local<String> servername = OneByteString(env->isolate(),
                                             hello.servername(),
                                             hello.servername_size());
    hello_obj->Set(env->servername_string(), servername);
  }
  hello_obj->Set(env->tls_ticket_string(),
                 Boolean::New(env->isolate(), hello.has_ticket()));
  hello_obj->Set(env->ocsp_request_string(),
                 Boolean::New(env->isolate(), hello.ocsp_request()));

  Local<Value> argv[] = { hello_obj };
  w->MakeCallback(env->onclienthello_string(), ARRAY_SIZE(argv), argv);
}


static Local<Object> X509ToObject(Environment* env, X509* cert) {
  EscapableHandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Local<Object> info = Object::New(env->isolate());

  BIO* bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  BUF_MEM* mem;
  if (X509_NAME_print_ex(bio,
                         X509_get_subject_name(cert),
                         0,
                         X509_NAME_FLAGS) > 0) {
    BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
    info->Set(env->subject_string(),
              OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));
  }
  (void) BIO_reset(bio);

  X509_NAME* issuer_name = X509_get_issuer_name(cert);
  if (X509_NAME_print_ex(bio, issuer_name, 0, X509_NAME_FLAGS) > 0) {
    BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
    info->Set(env->issuer_string(),
              OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));
  }
  (void) BIO_reset(bio);

  int nids[] = { NID_subject_alt_name, NID_info_access };
  Local<String> keys[] = { env->subjectaltname_string(),
                           env->infoaccess_string() };
  CHECK_EQ(ARRAY_SIZE(nids), ARRAY_SIZE(keys));
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(nids); i++) {
    int index = X509_get_ext_by_NID(cert, nids[i], -1);
    if (index < 0)
      continue;

    X509_EXTENSION* ext;
    int rv;

    ext = X509_get_ext(cert, index);
    assert(ext != NULL);

    rv = X509V3_EXT_print(bio, ext, 0, 0);
    assert(rv == 1);

    BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
    info->Set(keys[i],
              OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));

    (void) BIO_reset(bio);
  }

  EVP_PKEY* pkey = X509_get_pubkey(cert);
  RSA* rsa = NULL;
  if (pkey != NULL)
    rsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(pkey);

  if (rsa != NULL) {
      BN_print(bio, rsa->n);
      BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
      info->Set(env->modulus_string(),
                OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));
      (void) BIO_reset(bio);

      BN_print(bio, rsa->e);
      BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
      info->Set(env->exponent_string(),
                OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));
      (void) BIO_reset(bio);
  }

  if (pkey != NULL) {
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
    pkey = NULL;
  }
  if (rsa != NULL) {
    RSA_free(rsa);
    rsa = NULL;
  }

  ASN1_TIME_print(bio, X509_get_notBefore(cert));
  BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
  info->Set(env->valid_from_string(),
            OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));
  (void) BIO_reset(bio);

  ASN1_TIME_print(bio, X509_get_notAfter(cert));
  BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
  info->Set(env->valid_to_string(),
            OneByteString(env->isolate(), mem->data, mem->length));
  BIO_free_all(bio);

  unsigned int md_size, i;
  unsigned char md[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE];
  if (X509_digest(cert, EVP_sha1(), md, &md_size)) {
    const char hex[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
    char fingerprint[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE * 3];

    // TODO(indutny): Unify it with buffer's code
    for (i = 0; i < md_size; i++) {
      fingerprint[3*i] = hex[(md[i] & 0xf0) >> 4];
      fingerprint[(3*i)+1] = hex[(md[i] & 0x0f)];
      fingerprint[(3*i)+2] = ':';
    }

    if (md_size > 0) {
      fingerprint[(3*(md_size-1))+2] = '\0';
    } else {
      fingerprint[0] = '\0';
    }

    info->Set(env->fingerprint_string(),
              OneByteString(env->isolate(), fingerprint));
  }

  STACK_OF(ASN1_OBJECT)* eku = static_cast<STACK_OF(ASN1_OBJECT)*>(
      X509_get_ext_d2i(cert, NID_ext_key_usage, NULL, NULL));
  if (eku != NULL) {
    Local<Array> ext_key_usage = Array::New(env->isolate());
    char buf[256];

    int j = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < sk_ASN1_OBJECT_num(eku); i++) {
      if (OBJ_obj2txt(buf, sizeof(buf), sk_ASN1_OBJECT_value(eku, i), 1) >= 0)
        ext_key_usage->Set(j++, OneByteString(env->isolate(), buf));
    }

    sk_ASN1_OBJECT_pop_free(eku, ASN1_OBJECT_free);
    info->Set(env->ext_key_usage_string(), ext_key_usage);
  }

  if (ASN1_INTEGER* serial_number = X509_get_serialNumber(cert)) {
    if (BIGNUM* bn = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(serial_number, NULL)) {
      if (char* buf = BN_bn2hex(bn)) {
        info->Set(env->serial_number_string(),
                  OneByteString(env->isolate(), buf));
        OPENSSL_free(buf);
      }
      BN_free(bn);
    }
  }

  // Raw DER certificate
  int size = i2d_X509(cert, NULL);
  Local<Object> buff = Buffer::New(env, size);
  unsigned char* serialized = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(
      Buffer::Data(buff));
  i2d_X509(cert, &serialized);
  info->Set(env->raw_string(), buff);

  return scope.Escape(info);
}


// TODO(indutny): Split it into multiple smaller functions
template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::GetPeerCertificate(
    const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = w->ssl_env();

  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence unused variable warning.

  Local<Object> result;
  Local<Object> info;

  // NOTE: This is because of the odd OpenSSL behavior. On client `cert_chain`
  // contains the `peer_certificate`, but on server it doesn't
  X509* cert = w->is_server() ? SSL_get_peer_certificate(w->ssl_) : NULL;
  STACK_OF(X509)* ssl_certs = SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(w->ssl_);
  STACK_OF(X509)* peer_certs = NULL;
  if (cert == NULL && ssl_certs == NULL)
    goto done;

  if (cert == NULL && sk_X509_num(ssl_certs) == 0)
    goto done;

  // Short result requested
  if (args.Length() < 1 || !args[0]->IsTrue()) {
    result = X509ToObject(env,
                          cert == NULL ? sk_X509_value(ssl_certs, 0) : cert);
    goto done;
  }

  // Clone `ssl_certs`, because we are going to destruct it
  peer_certs = sk_X509_new(NULL);
  if (cert != NULL)
    sk_X509_push(peer_certs, cert);
  for (int i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(ssl_certs); i++) {
    cert = X509_dup(sk_X509_value(ssl_certs, i));
    if (cert == NULL)
      goto done;
    if (!sk_X509_push(peer_certs, cert))
      goto done;
  }

  // First and main certificate
  cert = sk_X509_value(peer_certs, 0);
  result = X509ToObject(env, cert);
  info = result;

  // Put issuer inside the object
  cert = sk_X509_delete(peer_certs, 0);
  while (sk_X509_num(peer_certs) > 0) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(peer_certs); i++) {
      X509* ca = sk_X509_value(peer_certs, i);
      if (X509_check_issued(ca, cert) != X509_V_OK)
        continue;

      Local<Object> ca_info = X509ToObject(env, ca);
      info->Set(env->issuercert_string(), ca_info);
      info = ca_info;

      // NOTE: Intentionally freeing cert that is not used anymore
      X509_free(cert);

      // Delete cert and continue aggregating issuers
      cert = sk_X509_delete(peer_certs, i);
      break;
    }

    // Issuer not found, break out of the loop
    if (i == sk_X509_num(peer_certs))
      break;
  }

  // Last certificate should be self-signed
  while (X509_check_issued(cert, cert) != X509_V_OK) {
    X509* ca;
    if (SSL_CTX_get_issuer(w->ssl_->ctx, cert, &ca) <= 0)
      break;

    Local<Object> ca_info = X509ToObject(env, ca);
    info->Set(env->issuercert_string(), ca_info);
    info = ca_info;

    // NOTE: Intentionally freeing cert that is not used anymore
    X509_free(cert);

    // Delete cert and continue aggregating issuers
    cert = ca;
  }

  // Self-issued certificate
  if (X509_check_issued(cert, cert) == X509_V_OK)
    info->Set(env->issuercert_string(), info);

  CHECK_NE(cert, NULL);
  X509_free(cert);

 done:
  if (peer_certs != NULL)
    sk_X509_pop_free(peer_certs, X509_free);
  if (result.IsEmpty())
    result = Object::New(env->isolate());
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::GetSession(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  SSL_SESSION* sess = SSL_get_session(w->ssl_);
  if (sess == NULL)
    return;

  int slen = i2d_SSL_SESSION(sess, NULL);
  assert(slen > 0);

  unsigned char* sbuf = new unsigned char[slen];
  unsigned char* p = sbuf;
  i2d_SSL_SESSION(sess, &p);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), sbuf, slen, BUFFER));
  delete[] sbuf;
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::SetSession(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 1 ||
      (!args[0]->IsString() && !Buffer::HasInstance(args[0]))) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad argument");
  }

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
  size_t slen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
  char* sbuf = new char[slen];
  memcpy(sbuf, Buffer::Data(args[0]), slen);

  const unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(sbuf);
  SSL_SESSION* sess = d2i_SSL_SESSION(NULL, &p, slen);

  delete[] sbuf;

  if (sess == NULL)
    return;

  int r = SSL_set_session(w->ssl_, sess);
  SSL_SESSION_free(sess);

  if (!r)
    return env->ThrowError("SSL_set_session error");
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::LoadSession(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = w->ssl_env();

  if (args.Length() >= 1 && Buffer::HasInstance(args[0])) {
    ssize_t slen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
    char* sbuf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);

    const unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(sbuf);
    SSL_SESSION* sess = d2i_SSL_SESSION(NULL, &p, slen);

    // Setup next session and move hello to the BIO buffer
    if (w->next_sess_ != NULL)
      SSL_SESSION_free(w->next_sess_);
    w->next_sess_ = sess;

    Local<Object> info = Object::New(env->isolate());
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT
    if (sess->tlsext_hostname == NULL) {
      info->Set(env->servername_string(), False(args.GetIsolate()));
    } else {
      info->Set(env->servername_string(),
                OneByteString(args.GetIsolate(), sess->tlsext_hostname));
    }
#endif
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(info);
  }
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::IsSessionReused(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  bool yes = SSL_session_reused(w->ssl_);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(yes);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::EndParser(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  w->hello_parser_.End();
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::Renegotiate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence unused variable warning.

  bool yes = SSL_renegotiate(w->ssl_) == 1;
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(yes);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::Shutdown(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  int rv = SSL_shutdown(w->ssl_);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rv);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::GetTLSTicket(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = w->ssl_env();

  SSL_SESSION* sess = SSL_get_session(w->ssl_);
  if (sess == NULL || sess->tlsext_tick == NULL)
    return;

  Local<Object> buf = Buffer::New(env,
                                  reinterpret_cast<char*>(sess->tlsext_tick),
                                  sess->tlsext_ticklen);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(buf);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::NewSessionDone(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  w->new_session_wait_ = false;
  w->NewSessionDoneCb();
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::SetOCSPResponse(
    const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
#ifdef NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  if (args.Length() < 1 || !Buffer::HasInstance(args[0]))
    return w->env()->ThrowTypeError("Must give a Buffer as first argument");

  w->ocsp_response_.Reset(args.GetIsolate(), args[0].As<Object>());
#endif  // NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::RequestOCSP(
    const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
#ifdef NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  SSL_set_tlsext_status_type(w->ssl_, TLSEXT_STATUSTYPE_ocsp);
#endif  // NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
}


#ifdef SSL_set_max_send_fragment
template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::SetMaxSendFragment(
    const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  CHECK(args.Length() >= 1 && args[0]->IsNumber());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  int rv = SSL_set_max_send_fragment(w->ssl_, args[0]->Int32Value());
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rv);
}
#endif  // SSL_set_max_send_fragment


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::IsInitFinished(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  bool yes = SSL_is_init_finished(w->ssl_);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(yes);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::VerifyError(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  // XXX(bnoordhuis) The UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT error when there is no
  // peer certificate is questionable but it's compatible with what was
  // here before.
  long x509_verify_error = X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT;
  if (X509* peer_cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(w->ssl_)) {
    X509_free(peer_cert);
    x509_verify_error = SSL_get_verify_result(w->ssl_);
  }

  if (x509_verify_error == X509_V_OK)
    return args.GetReturnValue().SetNull();

  // XXX(bnoordhuis) X509_verify_cert_error_string() is not actually thread-safe
  // in the presence of invalid error codes.  Probably academical but something
  // to keep in mind if/when node ever grows multi-isolate capabilities.
  const char* reason = X509_verify_cert_error_string(x509_verify_error);
  const char* code = reason;
#define CASE_X509_ERR(CODE) case X509_V_ERR_##CODE: code = #CODE; break;
  switch (x509_verify_error) {
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT)
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL)
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE)
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE)
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_NOT_YET_VALID)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_HAS_EXPIRED)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CRL_NOT_YET_VALID)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CRL_HAS_EXPIRED)
    CASE_X509_ERR(ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD)
    CASE_X509_ERR(ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD)
    CASE_X509_ERR(ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD)
    CASE_X509_ERR(ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD)
    CASE_X509_ERR(OUT_OF_MEM)
    CASE_X509_ERR(DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT)
    CASE_X509_ERR(SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN)
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY)
    CASE_X509_ERR(UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_REVOKED)
    CASE_X509_ERR(INVALID_CA)
    CASE_X509_ERR(PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED)
    CASE_X509_ERR(INVALID_PURPOSE)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_UNTRUSTED)
    CASE_X509_ERR(CERT_REJECTED)
  }
#undef CASE_X509_ERR

  Isolate* isolate = args.GetIsolate();
  Local<String> reason_string = OneByteString(isolate, reason);
  Local<Value> exception_value = Exception::Error(reason_string);
  Local<Object> exception_object = exception_value->ToObject();
  exception_object->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(isolate, "code"),
                        OneByteString(isolate, code));
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(exception_object);
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::GetCurrentCipher(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = w->ssl_env();

  OPENSSL_CONST SSL_CIPHER* c = SSL_get_current_cipher(w->ssl_);
  if (c == NULL)
    return;

  Local<Object> info = Object::New(env->isolate());
  const char* cipher_name = SSL_CIPHER_get_name(c);
  info->Set(env->name_string(), OneByteString(args.GetIsolate(), cipher_name));
  const char* cipher_version = SSL_CIPHER_get_version(c);
  info->Set(env->version_string(),
            OneByteString(args.GetIsolate(), cipher_version));
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(info);
}


#ifdef OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
template <class Base>
int SSLWrap<Base>::AdvertiseNextProtoCallback(SSL* s,
                                              const unsigned char** data,
                                              unsigned int* len,
                                              void* arg) {
  Base* w = static_cast<Base*>(arg);
  Environment* env = w->env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());

  if (w->npn_protos_.IsEmpty()) {
    // No initialization - no NPN protocols
    *data = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>("");
    *len = 0;
  } else {
    Local<Object> obj = PersistentToLocal(env->isolate(), w->npn_protos_);
    *data = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(Buffer::Data(obj));
    *len = Buffer::Length(obj);
  }

  return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
}


template <class Base>
int SSLWrap<Base>::SelectNextProtoCallback(SSL* s,
                                           unsigned char** out,
                                           unsigned char* outlen,
                                           const unsigned char* in,
                                           unsigned int inlen,
                                           void* arg) {
  Base* w = static_cast<Base*>(arg);
  Environment* env = w->env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());

  // Release old protocol handler if present
  w->selected_npn_proto_.Reset();

  if (w->npn_protos_.IsEmpty()) {
    // We should at least select one protocol
    // If server is using NPN
    *out = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(const_cast<char*>("http/1.1"));
    *outlen = 8;

    // set status: unsupported
    w->selected_npn_proto_.Reset(env->isolate(), False(env->isolate()));

    return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
  }

  Local<Object> obj = PersistentToLocal(env->isolate(), w->npn_protos_);
  const unsigned char* npn_protos =
      reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(Buffer::Data(obj));
  size_t len = Buffer::Length(obj);

  int status = SSL_select_next_proto(out, outlen, in, inlen, npn_protos, len);
  Handle<Value> result;
  switch (status) {
    case OPENSSL_NPN_UNSUPPORTED:
      result = Null(env->isolate());
      break;
    case OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED:
      result = OneByteString(env->isolate(), *out, *outlen);
      break;
    case OPENSSL_NPN_NO_OVERLAP:
      result = False(env->isolate());
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  if (!result.IsEmpty())
    w->selected_npn_proto_.Reset(env->isolate(), result);

  return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::GetNegotiatedProto(
    const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  if (w->is_client()) {
    if (w->selected_npn_proto_.IsEmpty() == false) {
      args.GetReturnValue().Set(w->selected_npn_proto_);
    }
    return;
  }

  const unsigned char* npn_proto;
  unsigned int npn_proto_len;

  SSL_get0_next_proto_negotiated(w->ssl_, &npn_proto, &npn_proto_len);

  if (!npn_proto)
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      OneByteString(args.GetIsolate(), npn_proto, npn_proto_len));
}


template <class Base>
void SSLWrap<Base>::SetNPNProtocols(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Base* w = Unwrap<Base>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 1 || !Buffer::HasInstance(args[0]))
    return w->env()->ThrowTypeError("Must give a Buffer as first argument");

  w->npn_protos_.Reset(args.GetIsolate(), args[0].As<Object>());
}
#endif  // OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED


#ifdef NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB
template <class Base>
int SSLWrap<Base>::TLSExtStatusCallback(SSL* s, void* arg) {
  Base* w = static_cast<Base*>(arg);
  Environment* env = w->env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());

  if (w->is_client()) {
    // Incoming response
    const unsigned char* resp;
    int len = SSL_get_tlsext_status_ocsp_resp(s, &resp);
    Local<Value> arg;
    if (resp == NULL) {
      arg = Null(env->isolate());
    } else {
      arg = Buffer::New(
          env,
          reinterpret_cast<char*>(const_cast<unsigned char*>(resp)),
          len);
    }

    w->MakeCallback(env->onocspresponse_string(), 1, &arg);

    // Somehow, client is expecting different return value here
    return 1;
  } else {
    // Outgoing response
    if (w->ocsp_response_.IsEmpty())
      return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_NOACK;

    Local<Object> obj = PersistentToLocal(env->isolate(), w->ocsp_response_);
    char* resp = Buffer::Data(obj);
    size_t len = Buffer::Length(obj);

    // OpenSSL takes control of the pointer after accepting it
    char* data = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(len));
    assert(data != NULL);
    memcpy(data, resp, len);

    if (!SSL_set_tlsext_status_ocsp_resp(s, data, len))
      free(data);
    w->ocsp_response_.Reset();

    return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
  }
}
#endif  // NODE__HAVE_TLSEXT_STATUS_CB


void Connection::OnClientHelloParseEnd(void* arg) {
  Connection* conn = static_cast<Connection*>(arg);

  // Write all accumulated data
  int r = BIO_write(conn->bio_read_,
                    reinterpret_cast<char*>(conn->hello_data_),
                    conn->hello_offset_);
  conn->HandleBIOError(conn->bio_read_, "BIO_write", r);
  conn->SetShutdownFlags();
}


#ifdef SSL_PRINT_DEBUG
# define DEBUG_PRINT(...) fprintf (stderr, __VA_ARGS__)
#else
# define DEBUG_PRINT(...)
#endif


int Connection::HandleBIOError(BIO *bio, const char* func, int rv) {
  if (rv >= 0)
    return rv;

  int retry = BIO_should_retry(bio);
  (void) retry;  // unused if !defined(SSL_PRINT_DEBUG)

  if (BIO_should_write(bio)) {
    DEBUG_PRINT("[%p] BIO: %s want write. should retry %d\n",
                ssl_,
                func,
                retry);
    return 0;

  } else if (BIO_should_read(bio)) {
    DEBUG_PRINT("[%p] BIO: %s want read. should retry %d\n", ssl_, func, retry);
    return 0;

  } else {
    char ssl_error_buf[512];
    ERR_error_string_n(rv, ssl_error_buf, sizeof(ssl_error_buf));

    HandleScope scope(ssl_env()->isolate());
    Local<Value> exception =
        Exception::Error(OneByteString(ssl_env()->isolate(), ssl_error_buf));
    object()->Set(ssl_env()->error_string(), exception);

    DEBUG_PRINT("[%p] BIO: %s failed: (%d) %s\n",
                ssl_,
                func,
                rv,
                ssl_error_buf);

    return rv;
  }

  return 0;
}


int Connection::HandleSSLError(const char* func,
                               int rv,
                               ZeroStatus zs,
                               SyscallStatus ss) {
  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence unused variable warning.

  if (rv > 0)
    return rv;
  if (rv == 0 && zs == kZeroIsNotAnError)
    return rv;

  int err = SSL_get_error(ssl_, rv);

  if (err == SSL_ERROR_NONE) {
    return 0;

  } else if (err == SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE) {
    DEBUG_PRINT("[%p] SSL: %s want write\n", ssl_, func);
    return 0;

  } else if (err == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
    DEBUG_PRINT("[%p] SSL: %s want read\n", ssl_, func);
    return 0;

  } else if (err == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN) {
    HandleScope scope(ssl_env()->isolate());

    Local<Value> exception =
        Exception::Error(ssl_env()->zero_return_string());
    object()->Set(ssl_env()->error_string(), exception);
    return rv;

  } else if (err == SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL && ss == kIgnoreSyscall) {
    return 0;

  } else {
    HandleScope scope(ssl_env()->isolate());
    BUF_MEM* mem;
    BIO *bio;

    assert(err == SSL_ERROR_SSL || err == SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL);

    // XXX We need to drain the error queue for this thread or else OpenSSL
    // has the possibility of blocking connections? This problem is not well
    // understood. And we should be somehow propagating these errors up
    // into JavaScript. There is no test which demonstrates this problem.
    // https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1719
    bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
    if (bio != NULL) {
      ERR_print_errors(bio);
      BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &mem);
      Local<Value> exception = Exception::Error(
          OneByteString(ssl_env()->isolate(),
            mem->data,
            mem->length));
      object()->Set(ssl_env()->error_string(), exception);
      BIO_free_all(bio);
    }

    return rv;
  }

  return 0;
}


void Connection::ClearError() {
#ifndef NDEBUG
  HandleScope scope(ssl_env()->isolate());

  // We should clear the error in JS-land
  Local<String> error_key = ssl_env()->error_string();
  Local<Value> error = object()->Get(error_key);
  assert(error->BooleanValue() == false);
#endif  // NDEBUG
}


void Connection::SetShutdownFlags() {
  HandleScope scope(ssl_env()->isolate());

  int flags = SSL_get_shutdown(ssl_);

  if (flags & SSL_SENT_SHUTDOWN) {
    Local<String> sent_shutdown_key = ssl_env()->sent_shutdown_string();
    object()->Set(sent_shutdown_key, True(ssl_env()->isolate()));
  }

  if (flags & SSL_RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN) {
    Local<String> received_shutdown_key = ssl_env()->received_shutdown_string();
    object()->Set(received_shutdown_key, True(ssl_env()->isolate()));
  }
}


void Connection::NewSessionDoneCb() {
  HandleScope scope(env()->isolate());

  MakeCallback(env()->onnewsessiondone_string(), 0, NULL);
}


void Connection::Initialize(Environment* env, Handle<Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(),
                                                    Connection::New);
  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);
  t->SetClassName(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Connection"));

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "encIn", Connection::EncIn);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "clearOut", Connection::ClearOut);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "clearIn", Connection::ClearIn);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "encOut", Connection::EncOut);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "clearPending", Connection::ClearPending);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "encPending", Connection::EncPending);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "start", Connection::Start);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "close", Connection::Close);

  SSLWrap<Connection>::AddMethods(env, t);

#ifdef OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t,
                            "getNegotiatedProtocol",
                            Connection::GetNegotiatedProto);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t,
                            "setNPNProtocols",
                            Connection::SetNPNProtocols);
#endif


#ifdef SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_SERVERNAME_CB
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getServername", Connection::GetServername);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setSNICallback",  Connection::SetSNICallback);
#endif

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Connection"),
              t->GetFunction());
}


int VerifyCallback(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX* ctx) {
  // Quoting SSL_set_verify(3ssl):
  //
  //   The VerifyCallback function is used to control the behaviour when
  //   the SSL_VERIFY_PEER flag is set. It must be supplied by the
  //   application and receives two arguments: preverify_ok indicates,
  //   whether the verification of the certificate in question was passed
  //   (preverify_ok=1) or not (preverify_ok=0). x509_ctx is a pointer to
  //   the complete context used for the certificate chain verification.
  //
  //   The certificate chain is checked starting with the deepest nesting
  //   level (the root CA certificate) and worked upward to the peer's
  //   certificate.  At each level signatures and issuer attributes are
  //   checked.  Whenever a verification error is found, the error number is
  //   stored in x509_ctx and VerifyCallback is called with preverify_ok=0.
  //   By applying X509_CTX_store_* functions VerifyCallback can locate the
  //   certificate in question and perform additional steps (see EXAMPLES).
  //   If no error is found for a certificate, VerifyCallback is called
  //   with preverify_ok=1 before advancing to the next level.
  //
  //   The return value of VerifyCallback controls the strategy of the
  //   further verification process. If VerifyCallback returns 0, the
  //   verification process is immediately stopped with "verification
  //   failed" state. If SSL_VERIFY_PEER is set, a verification failure
  //   alert is sent to the peer and the TLS/SSL handshake is terminated. If
  //   VerifyCallback returns 1, the verification process is continued. If
  //   VerifyCallback always returns 1, the TLS/SSL handshake will not be
  //   terminated with respect to verification failures and the connection
  //   will be established. The calling process can however retrieve the
  //   error code of the last verification error using
  //   SSL_get_verify_result(3) or by maintaining its own error storage
  //   managed by VerifyCallback.
  //
  //   If no VerifyCallback is specified, the default callback will be
  //   used.  Its return value is identical to preverify_ok, so that any
  //   verification failure will lead to a termination of the TLS/SSL
  //   handshake with an alert message, if SSL_VERIFY_PEER is set.
  //
  // Since we cannot perform I/O quickly enough in this callback, we ignore
  // all preverify_ok errors and let the handshake continue. It is
  // imparative that the user use Connection::VerifyError after the
  // 'secure' callback has been made.
  return 1;
}


#ifdef SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_SERVERNAME_CB
int Connection::SelectSNIContextCallback_(SSL *s, int *ad, void* arg) {
  Connection* conn = static_cast<Connection*>(SSL_get_app_data(s));
  Environment* env = conn->env();
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  const char* servername = SSL_get_servername(s, TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name);

  if (servername) {
    conn->servername_.Reset(env->isolate(),
                            OneByteString(env->isolate(), servername));

    // Call the SNI callback and use its return value as context
    if (!conn->sniObject_.IsEmpty()) {
      conn->sniContext_.Reset();

      Local<Value> arg = PersistentToLocal(env->isolate(), conn->servername_);
      Local<Value> ret = conn->MakeCallback(env->onselect_string(), 1, &arg);

      // If ret is SecureContext
      Local<FunctionTemplate> secure_context_constructor_template =
          env->secure_context_constructor_template();
      if (secure_context_constructor_template->HasInstance(ret)) {
        conn->sniContext_.Reset(env->isolate(), ret);
        SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(ret.As<Object>());
        InitNPN(sc, conn);
        SSL_set_SSL_CTX(s, sc->ctx_);
      } else {
        return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_NOACK;
      }
    }
  }

  return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
}
#endif

void Connection::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  if (args.Length() < 1 || !args[0]->IsObject()) {
    env->ThrowError("First argument must be a tls module SecureContext");
    return;
  }

  SecureContext* sc = Unwrap<SecureContext>(args[0]->ToObject());

  bool is_server = args[1]->BooleanValue();

  SSLWrap<Connection>::Kind kind =
      is_server ? SSLWrap<Connection>::kServer : SSLWrap<Connection>::kClient;
  Connection* conn = new Connection(env, args.This(), sc, kind);
  conn->bio_read_ = NodeBIO::New();
  conn->bio_write_ = NodeBIO::New();

  SSL_set_app_data(conn->ssl_, conn);

  if (is_server)
    SSL_set_info_callback(conn->ssl_, SSLInfoCallback);

  InitNPN(sc, conn);

#ifdef SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_SERVERNAME_CB
  if (is_server) {
    SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_servername_callback(sc->ctx_, SelectSNIContextCallback_);
  } else if (args[2]->IsString()) {
    const node::Utf8Value servername(args[2]);
    SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(conn->ssl_, *servername);
  }
#endif

  SSL_set_bio(conn->ssl_, conn->bio_read_, conn->bio_write_);

#ifdef SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS
  long mode = SSL_get_mode(conn->ssl_);
  SSL_set_mode(conn->ssl_, mode | SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS);
#endif


  int verify_mode;
  if (is_server) {
    bool request_cert = args[2]->BooleanValue();
    if (!request_cert) {
      // Note reject_unauthorized ignored.
      verify_mode = SSL_VERIFY_NONE;
    } else {
      bool reject_unauthorized = args[3]->BooleanValue();
      verify_mode = SSL_VERIFY_PEER;
      if (reject_unauthorized)
        verify_mode |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT;
    }
  } else {
    // Note request_cert and reject_unauthorized are ignored for clients.
    verify_mode = SSL_VERIFY_NONE;
  }


  // Always allow a connection. We'll reject in javascript.
  SSL_set_verify(conn->ssl_, verify_mode, VerifyCallback);

  if (is_server) {
    SSL_set_accept_state(conn->ssl_);
  } else {
    SSL_set_connect_state(conn->ssl_);
  }
}


void Connection::SSLInfoCallback(const SSL *ssl_, int where, int ret) {
  if (!(where & (SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_START | SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_DONE)))
    return;

  // Be compatible with older versions of OpenSSL. SSL_get_app_data() wants
  // a non-const SSL* in OpenSSL <= 0.9.7e.
  SSL* ssl = const_cast<SSL*>(ssl_);
  Connection* conn = static_cast<Connection*>(SSL_get_app_data(ssl));
  Environment* env = conn->env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());

  if (where & SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_START) {
    conn->MakeCallback(env->onhandshakestart_string(), 0, NULL);
  }

  if (where & SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_DONE) {
    conn->MakeCallback(env->onhandshakedone_string(), 0, NULL);
  }
}


void Connection::EncIn(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = conn->env();

  if (args.Length() < 3) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Takes 3 parameters");
  }

  if (!Buffer::HasInstance(args[0])) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Second argument should be a buffer");
  }

  char* buffer_data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  size_t buffer_length = Buffer::Length(args[0]);

  size_t off = args[1]->Int32Value();
  size_t len = args[2]->Int32Value();

  if (!Buffer::IsWithinBounds(off, len, buffer_length))
    return env->ThrowError("off + len > buffer.length");

  int bytes_written;
  char* data = buffer_data + off;

  if (conn->is_server() && !conn->hello_parser_.IsEnded()) {
    // Just accumulate data, everything will be pushed to BIO later
    if (conn->hello_parser_.IsPaused()) {
      bytes_written = 0;
    } else {
      // Copy incoming data to the internal buffer
      // (which has a size of the biggest possible TLS frame)
      size_t available = sizeof(conn->hello_data_) - conn->hello_offset_;
      size_t copied = len < available ? len : available;
      memcpy(conn->hello_data_ + conn->hello_offset_, data, copied);
      conn->hello_offset_ += copied;

      conn->hello_parser_.Parse(conn->hello_data_, conn->hello_offset_);
      bytes_written = copied;
    }
  } else {
    bytes_written = BIO_write(conn->bio_read_, data, len);
    conn->HandleBIOError(conn->bio_read_, "BIO_write", bytes_written);
    conn->SetShutdownFlags();
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(bytes_written);
}


void Connection::ClearOut(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = conn->env();

  if (args.Length() < 3) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Takes 3 parameters");
  }

  if (!Buffer::HasInstance(args[0])) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Second argument should be a buffer");
  }

  char* buffer_data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  size_t buffer_length = Buffer::Length(args[0]);

  size_t off = args[1]->Int32Value();
  size_t len = args[2]->Int32Value();

  if (!Buffer::IsWithinBounds(off, len, buffer_length))
    return env->ThrowError("off + len > buffer.length");

  if (!SSL_is_init_finished(conn->ssl_)) {
    int rv;

    if (conn->is_server()) {
      rv = SSL_accept(conn->ssl_);
      conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_accept:ClearOut",
                           rv,
                           kZeroIsAnError,
                           kSyscallError);
    } else {
      rv = SSL_connect(conn->ssl_);
      conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_connect:ClearOut",
                           rv,
                           kZeroIsAnError,
                           kSyscallError);
    }

    if (rv < 0) {
      return args.GetReturnValue().Set(rv);
    }
  }

  int bytes_read = SSL_read(conn->ssl_, buffer_data + off, len);
  conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_read:ClearOut",
                       bytes_read,
                       kZeroIsNotAnError,
                       kSyscallError);
  conn->SetShutdownFlags();

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(bytes_read);
}


void Connection::ClearPending(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  int bytes_pending = BIO_pending(conn->bio_read_);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(bytes_pending);
}


void Connection::EncPending(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  int bytes_pending = BIO_pending(conn->bio_write_);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(bytes_pending);
}


void Connection::EncOut(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = conn->env();

  if (args.Length() < 3) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Takes 3 parameters");
  }

  if (!Buffer::HasInstance(args[0])) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Second argument should be a buffer");
  }

  char* buffer_data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  size_t buffer_length = Buffer::Length(args[0]);

  size_t off = args[1]->Int32Value();
  size_t len = args[2]->Int32Value();

  if (!Buffer::IsWithinBounds(off, len, buffer_length))
    return env->ThrowError("off + len > buffer.length");

  int bytes_read = BIO_read(conn->bio_write_, buffer_data + off, len);

  conn->HandleBIOError(conn->bio_write_, "BIO_read:EncOut", bytes_read);
  conn->SetShutdownFlags();

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(bytes_read);
}


void Connection::ClearIn(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = conn->env();

  if (args.Length() < 3) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Takes 3 parameters");
  }

  if (!Buffer::HasInstance(args[0])) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Second argument should be a buffer");
  }

  char* buffer_data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  size_t buffer_length = Buffer::Length(args[0]);

  size_t off = args[1]->Int32Value();
  size_t len = args[2]->Int32Value();

  if (!Buffer::IsWithinBounds(off, len, buffer_length))
    return env->ThrowError("off + len > buffer.length");

  if (!SSL_is_init_finished(conn->ssl_)) {
    int rv;
    if (conn->is_server()) {
      rv = SSL_accept(conn->ssl_);
      conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_accept:ClearIn",
                           rv,
                           kZeroIsAnError,
                           kSyscallError);
    } else {
      rv = SSL_connect(conn->ssl_);
      conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_connect:ClearIn",
                           rv,
                           kZeroIsAnError,
                           kSyscallError);
    }

    if (rv < 0) {
      return args.GetReturnValue().Set(rv);
    }
  }

  int bytes_written = SSL_write(conn->ssl_, buffer_data + off, len);

  conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_write:ClearIn",
                       bytes_written,
                       len == 0 ? kZeroIsNotAnError : kZeroIsAnError,
                       kSyscallError);
  conn->SetShutdownFlags();

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(bytes_written);
}


void Connection::Start(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());

  int rv = 0;
  if (!SSL_is_init_finished(conn->ssl_)) {
    if (conn->is_server()) {
      rv = SSL_accept(conn->ssl_);
      conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_accept:Start",
                           rv,
                           kZeroIsAnError,
                           kSyscallError);
    } else {
      rv = SSL_connect(conn->ssl_);
      conn->HandleSSLError("SSL_connect:Start",
                           rv,
                           kZeroIsAnError,
                           kSyscallError);
    }
  }
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rv);
}


void Connection::Close(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());

  if (conn->ssl_ != NULL) {
    SSL_free(conn->ssl_);
    conn->ssl_ = NULL;
  }
}


#ifdef SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_SERVERNAME_CB
void Connection::GetServername(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());

  if (conn->is_server() && !conn->servername_.IsEmpty()) {
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(conn->servername_);
  } else {
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);
  }
}


void Connection::SetSNICallback(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Connection* conn = Unwrap<Connection>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = conn->env();

  if (args.Length() < 1 || !args[0]->IsFunction()) {
    return env->ThrowError("Must give a Function as first argument");
  }

  Local<Object> obj = Object::New(env->isolate());
  obj->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(args.GetIsolate(), "onselect"), args[0]);
  conn->sniObject_.Reset(args.GetIsolate(), obj);
}
#endif


void CipherBase::Initialize(Environment* env, Handle<Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "init", Init);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "initiv", InitIv);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "update", Update);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "final", Final);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setAutoPadding", SetAutoPadding);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getAuthTag", GetAuthTag);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setAuthTag", SetAuthTag);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setAAD", SetAAD);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "CipherBase"),
              t->GetFunction());
}


void CipherBase::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  assert(args.IsConstructCall() == true);
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  CipherKind kind = args[0]->IsTrue() ? kCipher : kDecipher;
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  new CipherBase(env, args.This(), kind);
}


void CipherBase::Init(const char* cipher_type,
                      const char* key_buf,
                      int key_buf_len) {
  HandleScope scope(env()->isolate());

  assert(cipher_ == NULL);
  cipher_ = EVP_get_cipherbyname(cipher_type);
  if (cipher_ == NULL) {
    return env()->ThrowError("Unknown cipher");
  }

  unsigned char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH];
  unsigned char iv[EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH];

  int key_len = EVP_BytesToKey(cipher_,
                               EVP_md5(),
                               NULL,
                               reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(key_buf),
                               key_buf_len,
                               1,
                               key,
                               iv);

  EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init(&ctx_);
  EVP_CipherInit_ex(&ctx_, cipher_, NULL, NULL, NULL, kind_ == kCipher);
  if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length(&ctx_, key_len)) {
    EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(&ctx_);
    return env()->ThrowError("Invalid key length");
  }

  EVP_CipherInit_ex(&ctx_,
                    NULL,
                    NULL,
                    reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(key),
                    reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(iv),
                    kind_ == kCipher);
  initialised_ = true;
}


void CipherBase::Init(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 2 ||
      !(args[0]->IsString() && Buffer::HasInstance(args[1]))) {
    return cipher->env()->ThrowError("Must give cipher-type, key");
  }

  const node::Utf8Value cipher_type(args[0]);
  const char* key_buf = Buffer::Data(args[1]);
  ssize_t key_buf_len = Buffer::Length(args[1]);
  cipher->Init(*cipher_type, key_buf, key_buf_len);
}


void CipherBase::InitIv(const char* cipher_type,
                        const char* key,
                        int key_len,
                        const char* iv,
                        int iv_len) {
  HandleScope scope(env()->isolate());

  cipher_ = EVP_get_cipherbyname(cipher_type);
  if (cipher_ == NULL) {
    return env()->ThrowError("Unknown cipher");
  }

  /* OpenSSL versions up to 0.9.8l failed to return the correct
     iv_length (0) for ECB ciphers */
  if (EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher_) != iv_len &&
      !(EVP_CIPHER_mode(cipher_) == EVP_CIPH_ECB_MODE && iv_len == 0)) {
    return env()->ThrowError("Invalid IV length");
  }
  EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init(&ctx_);
  EVP_CipherInit_ex(&ctx_, cipher_, NULL, NULL, NULL, kind_ == kCipher);
  if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length(&ctx_, key_len)) {
    EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(&ctx_);
    return env()->ThrowError("Invalid key length");
  }

  EVP_CipherInit_ex(&ctx_,
                    NULL,
                    NULL,
                    reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(key),
                    reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(iv),
                    kind_ == kCipher);
  initialised_ = true;
}


void CipherBase::InitIv(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = cipher->env();

  if (args.Length() < 3 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return env->ThrowError("Must give cipher-type, key, and iv as argument");
  }

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[1]);
  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[2]);

  const node::Utf8Value cipher_type(args[0]);
  ssize_t key_len = Buffer::Length(args[1]);
  const char* key_buf = Buffer::Data(args[1]);
  ssize_t iv_len = Buffer::Length(args[2]);
  const char* iv_buf = Buffer::Data(args[2]);
  cipher->InitIv(*cipher_type, key_buf, key_len, iv_buf, iv_len);
}


bool CipherBase::IsAuthenticatedMode() const {
  // check if this cipher operates in an AEAD mode that we support.
  if (!cipher_)
    return false;
  int mode = EVP_CIPHER_mode(cipher_);
  return mode == EVP_CIPH_GCM_MODE;
}


bool CipherBase::GetAuthTag(char** out, unsigned int* out_len) const {
  // only callable after Final and if encrypting.
  if (initialised_ || kind_ != kCipher || !auth_tag_)
    return false;
  *out_len = auth_tag_len_;
  *out = new char[auth_tag_len_];
  memcpy(*out, auth_tag_, auth_tag_len_);
  return true;
}


void CipherBase::GetAuthTag(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());

  char* out = NULL;
  unsigned int out_len = 0;

  if (cipher->GetAuthTag(&out, &out_len)) {
    Local<Object> buf = Buffer::Use(env, out, out_len);
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(buf);
  } else {
    env->ThrowError("Attempting to get auth tag in unsupported state");
  }
}


bool CipherBase::SetAuthTag(const char* data, unsigned int len) {
  if (!initialised_ || !IsAuthenticatedMode() || kind_ != kDecipher)
    return false;
  delete[] auth_tag_;
  auth_tag_len_ = len;
  auth_tag_ = new char[len];
  memcpy(auth_tag_, data, len);
  return true;
}


void CipherBase::SetAuthTag(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());

  Local<Object> buf = args[0].As<Object>();
  if (!buf->IsObject() || !Buffer::HasInstance(buf))
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Argument must be a Buffer");

  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());

  if (!cipher->SetAuthTag(Buffer::Data(buf), Buffer::Length(buf)))
    env->ThrowError("Attempting to set auth tag in unsupported state");
}


bool CipherBase::SetAAD(const char* data, unsigned int len) {
  if (!initialised_ || !IsAuthenticatedMode())
    return false;
  int outlen;
  if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(&ctx_,
                        NULL,
                        &outlen,
                        reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data),
                        len)) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}


void CipherBase::SetAAD(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);

  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());

  if (!cipher->SetAAD(Buffer::Data(args[0]), Buffer::Length(args[0])))
    env->ThrowError("Attempting to set AAD in unsupported state");
}


bool CipherBase::Update(const char* data,
                        int len,
                        unsigned char** out,
                        int* out_len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return 0;

  // on first update:
  if (kind_ == kDecipher && IsAuthenticatedMode() && auth_tag_ != NULL) {
    EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(&ctx_,
                        EVP_CTRL_GCM_SET_TAG,
                        auth_tag_len_,
                        reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(auth_tag_));
    delete[] auth_tag_;
    auth_tag_ = NULL;
  }

  *out_len = len + EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(&ctx_);
  *out = new unsigned char[*out_len];
  return EVP_CipherUpdate(&ctx_,
                          *out,
                          out_len,
                          reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data),
                          len);
}


void CipherBase::Update(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());

  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());

  ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(args[0]);

  unsigned char* out = NULL;
  bool r;
  int out_len = 0;

  // Only copy the data if we have to, because it's a string
  if (args[0]->IsString()) {
    Local<String> string = args[0].As<String>();
    enum encoding encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[1], BINARY);
    if (!StringBytes::IsValidString(env->isolate(), string, encoding))
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad input string");
    size_t buflen = StringBytes::StorageSize(env->isolate(), string, encoding);
    char* buf = new char[buflen];
    size_t written = StringBytes::Write(env->isolate(),
                                        buf,
                                        buflen,
                                        string,
                                        encoding);
    r = cipher->Update(buf, written, &out, &out_len);
    delete[] buf;
  } else {
    char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
    size_t buflen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
    r = cipher->Update(buf, buflen, &out, &out_len);
  }

  if (!r) {
    delete[] out;
    return ThrowCryptoError(env,
                            ERR_get_error(),
                            "Trying to add data in unsupported state");
  }

  Local<Object> buf = Buffer::New(env, reinterpret_cast<char*>(out), out_len);
  if (out)
    delete[] out;

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(buf);
}


bool CipherBase::SetAutoPadding(bool auto_padding) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return false;
  return EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding(&ctx_, auto_padding);
}


void CipherBase::SetAutoPadding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());
  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());
  cipher->SetAutoPadding(args.Length() < 1 || args[0]->BooleanValue());
}


bool CipherBase::Final(unsigned char** out, int *out_len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return false;

  *out = new unsigned char[EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(&ctx_)];
  int r = EVP_CipherFinal_ex(&ctx_, *out, out_len);

  if (r && kind_ == kCipher) {
    delete[] auth_tag_;
    auth_tag_ = NULL;
    if (IsAuthenticatedMode()) {
      auth_tag_len_ = EVP_GCM_TLS_TAG_LEN;  // use default tag length
      auth_tag_ = new char[auth_tag_len_];
      memset(auth_tag_, 0, auth_tag_len_);
      EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(&ctx_,
                          EVP_CTRL_GCM_GET_TAG,
                          auth_tag_len_,
                          reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(auth_tag_));
    }
  }

  EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(&ctx_);
  initialised_ = false;

  return r == 1;
}


void CipherBase::Final(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());

  CipherBase* cipher = Unwrap<CipherBase>(args.Holder());

  unsigned char* out_value = NULL;
  int out_len = -1;
  Local<Value> outString;

  bool r = cipher->Final(&out_value, &out_len);

  if (out_len <= 0 || !r) {
    delete[] out_value;
    out_value = NULL;
    out_len = 0;
    if (!r) {
      const char* msg = cipher->IsAuthenticatedMode() ?
          "Unsupported state or unable to authenticate data" :
          "Unsupported state";

      return ThrowCryptoError(env,
                              ERR_get_error(),
                              msg);
    }
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      Buffer::New(env, reinterpret_cast<char*>(out_value), out_len));
  delete[] out_value;
}


void Hmac::Initialize(Environment* env, v8::Handle<v8::Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "init", HmacInit);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "update", HmacUpdate);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "digest", HmacDigest);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Hmac"), t->GetFunction());
}


void Hmac::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  new Hmac(env, args.This());
}


void Hmac::HmacInit(const char* hash_type, const char* key, int key_len) {
  HandleScope scope(env()->isolate());

  assert(md_ == NULL);
  md_ = EVP_get_digestbyname(hash_type);
  if (md_ == NULL) {
    return env()->ThrowError("Unknown message digest");
  }
  HMAC_CTX_init(&ctx_);
  if (key_len == 0) {
    HMAC_Init(&ctx_, "", 0, md_);
  } else {
    HMAC_Init(&ctx_, key, key_len, md_);
  }
  initialised_ = true;
}


void Hmac::HmacInit(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Hmac* hmac = Unwrap<Hmac>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = hmac->env();

  if (args.Length() < 2 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return env->ThrowError("Must give hashtype string, key as arguments");
  }

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[1]);

  const node::Utf8Value hash_type(args[0]);
  const char* buffer_data = Buffer::Data(args[1]);
  size_t buffer_length = Buffer::Length(args[1]);
  hmac->HmacInit(*hash_type, buffer_data, buffer_length);
}


bool Hmac::HmacUpdate(const char* data, int len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return false;
  HMAC_Update(&ctx_, reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data), len);
  return true;
}


void Hmac::HmacUpdate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Hmac* hmac = Unwrap<Hmac>(args.Holder());

  ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(args[0]);

  // Only copy the data if we have to, because it's a string
  bool r;
  if (args[0]->IsString()) {
    Local<String> string = args[0].As<String>();
    enum encoding encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[1], BINARY);
    if (!StringBytes::IsValidString(env->isolate(), string, encoding))
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad input string");
    size_t buflen = StringBytes::StorageSize(env->isolate(), string, encoding);
    char* buf = new char[buflen];
    size_t written = StringBytes::Write(env->isolate(),
                                        buf,
                                        buflen,
                                        string,
                                        encoding);
    r = hmac->HmacUpdate(buf, written);
    delete[] buf;
  } else {
    char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
    size_t buflen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
    r = hmac->HmacUpdate(buf, buflen);
  }

  if (!r) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("HmacUpdate fail");
  }
}


bool Hmac::HmacDigest(unsigned char** md_value, unsigned int* md_len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return false;
  *md_value = new unsigned char[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE];
  HMAC_Final(&ctx_, *md_value, md_len);
  HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&ctx_);
  initialised_ = false;
  return true;
}


void Hmac::HmacDigest(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Hmac* hmac = Unwrap<Hmac>(args.Holder());

  enum encoding encoding = BUFFER;
  if (args.Length() >= 1) {
    encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[0]->ToString(), BUFFER);
  }

  unsigned char* md_value = NULL;
  unsigned int md_len = 0;

  bool r = hmac->HmacDigest(&md_value, &md_len);
  if (!r) {
    md_value = NULL;
    md_len = 0;
  }

  Local<Value> rc = StringBytes::Encode(env->isolate(),
                                        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(md_value),
                                        md_len,
                                        encoding);
  delete[] md_value;
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rc);
}


void Hash::Initialize(Environment* env, v8::Handle<v8::Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "update", HashUpdate);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "digest", HashDigest);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Hash"), t->GetFunction());
}


void Hash::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  if (args.Length() == 0 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return env->ThrowError("Must give hashtype string as argument");
  }

  const node::Utf8Value hash_type(args[0]);

  Hash* hash = new Hash(env, args.This());
  if (!hash->HashInit(*hash_type)) {
    return env->ThrowError("Digest method not supported");
  }
}


bool Hash::HashInit(const char* hash_type) {
  assert(md_ == NULL);
  md_ = EVP_get_digestbyname(hash_type);
  if (md_ == NULL)
    return false;
  EVP_MD_CTX_init(&mdctx_);
  EVP_DigestInit_ex(&mdctx_, md_, NULL);
  initialised_ = true;
  return true;
}


bool Hash::HashUpdate(const char* data, int len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return false;
  EVP_DigestUpdate(&mdctx_, data, len);
  return true;
}


void Hash::HashUpdate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Hash* hash = Unwrap<Hash>(args.Holder());

  ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(args[0]);

  // Only copy the data if we have to, because it's a string
  bool r;
  if (args[0]->IsString()) {
    Local<String> string = args[0].As<String>();
    enum encoding encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[1], BINARY);
    if (!StringBytes::IsValidString(env->isolate(), string, encoding))
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad input string");
    size_t buflen = StringBytes::StorageSize(env->isolate(), string, encoding);
    char* buf = new char[buflen];
    size_t written = StringBytes::Write(env->isolate(),
                                        buf,
                                        buflen,
                                        string,
                                        encoding);
    r = hash->HashUpdate(buf, written);
    delete[] buf;
  } else {
    char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
    size_t buflen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
    r = hash->HashUpdate(buf, buflen);
  }

  if (!r) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("HashUpdate fail");
  }
}


void Hash::HashDigest(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Hash* hash = Unwrap<Hash>(args.Holder());

  if (!hash->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  enum encoding encoding = BUFFER;
  if (args.Length() >= 1) {
    encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[0]->ToString(), BUFFER);
  }

  unsigned char md_value[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE];
  unsigned int md_len;

  EVP_DigestFinal_ex(&hash->mdctx_, md_value, &md_len);
  EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&hash->mdctx_);
  hash->initialised_ = false;

  Local<Value> rc = StringBytes::Encode(env->isolate(),
                                        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(md_value),
                                        md_len,
                                        encoding);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rc);
}


void SignBase::CheckThrow(SignBase::Error error) {
  HandleScope scope(env()->isolate());

  switch (error) {
    case kSignUnknownDigest:
      return env()->ThrowError("Unknown message digest");

    case kSignNotInitialised:
      return env()->ThrowError("Not initialised");

    case kSignInit:
    case kSignUpdate:
    case kSignPrivateKey:
    case kSignPublicKey:
      {
        unsigned long err = ERR_get_error();
        if (err)
          return ThrowCryptoError(env(), err);
        switch (error) {
          case kSignInit:
            return env()->ThrowError("EVP_SignInit_ex failed");
          case kSignUpdate:
            return env()->ThrowError("EVP_SignUpdate failed");
          case kSignPrivateKey:
            return env()->ThrowError("PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey failed");
          case kSignPublicKey:
            return env()->ThrowError("PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY failed");
          default:
            abort();
        }
      }

    case kSignOk:
      return;
  }
}




void Sign::Initialize(Environment* env, v8::Handle<v8::Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "init", SignInit);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "update", SignUpdate);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "sign", SignFinal);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Sign"), t->GetFunction());
}


void Sign::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  new Sign(env, args.This());
}


SignBase::Error Sign::SignInit(const char* sign_type) {
  assert(md_ == NULL);
  md_ = EVP_get_digestbyname(sign_type);
  if (!md_)
    return kSignUnknownDigest;

  EVP_MD_CTX_init(&mdctx_);
  if (!EVP_SignInit_ex(&mdctx_, md_, NULL))
    return kSignInit;
  initialised_ = true;

  return kSignOk;
}


void Sign::SignInit(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Sign* sign = Unwrap<Sign>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() == 0 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return sign->env()->ThrowError("Must give signtype string as argument");
  }

  const node::Utf8Value sign_type(args[0]);
  sign->CheckThrow(sign->SignInit(*sign_type));
}


SignBase::Error Sign::SignUpdate(const char* data, int len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return kSignNotInitialised;
  if (!EVP_SignUpdate(&mdctx_, data, len))
    return kSignUpdate;
  return kSignOk;
}


void Sign::SignUpdate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Sign* sign = Unwrap<Sign>(args.Holder());

  ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(args[0]);

  // Only copy the data if we have to, because it's a string
  Error err;
  if (args[0]->IsString()) {
    Local<String> string = args[0].As<String>();
    enum encoding encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[1], BINARY);
    if (!StringBytes::IsValidString(env->isolate(), string, encoding))
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad input string");
    size_t buflen = StringBytes::StorageSize(env->isolate(), string, encoding);
    char* buf = new char[buflen];
    size_t written = StringBytes::Write(env->isolate(),
                                        buf,
                                        buflen,
                                        string,
                                        encoding);
    err = sign->SignUpdate(buf, written);
    delete[] buf;
  } else {
    char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
    size_t buflen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
    err = sign->SignUpdate(buf, buflen);
  }

  sign->CheckThrow(err);
}


SignBase::Error Sign::SignFinal(const char* key_pem,
                                int key_pem_len,
                                const char* passphrase,
                                unsigned char** sig,
                                unsigned int *sig_len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return kSignNotInitialised;

  BIO* bp = NULL;
  EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
  bool fatal = true;

  bp = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if (bp == NULL)
    goto exit;

  if (!BIO_write(bp, key_pem, key_pem_len))
    goto exit;

  pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bp,
                                 NULL,
                                 CryptoPemCallback,
                                 const_cast<char*>(passphrase));
  if (pkey == NULL)
    goto exit;

  if (EVP_SignFinal(&mdctx_, *sig, sig_len, pkey))
    fatal = false;

  initialised_ = false;

 exit:
  if (pkey != NULL)
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
  if (bp != NULL)
    BIO_free_all(bp);

  EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&mdctx_);

  if (fatal)
    return kSignPrivateKey;

  return kSignOk;
}


void Sign::SignFinal(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Sign* sign = Unwrap<Sign>(args.Holder());

  unsigned char* md_value;
  unsigned int md_len;

  unsigned int len = args.Length();
  enum encoding encoding = BUFFER;
  if (len >= 2 && args[1]->IsString()) {
    encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[1]->ToString(), BUFFER);
  }

  node::Utf8Value passphrase(args[2]);

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
  size_t buf_len = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
  char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);

  md_len = 8192;  // Maximum key size is 8192 bits
  md_value = new unsigned char[md_len];

  Error err = sign->SignFinal(
      buf,
      buf_len,
      len >= 3 && !args[2]->IsNull() ? *passphrase : NULL,
      &md_value,
      &md_len);
  if (err != kSignOk) {
    delete[] md_value;
    md_value = NULL;
    md_len = 0;
    return sign->CheckThrow(err);
  }

  Local<Value> rc = StringBytes::Encode(env->isolate(),
                                        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(md_value),
                                        md_len,
                                        encoding);
  delete[] md_value;
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rc);
}


void Verify::Initialize(Environment* env, v8::Handle<v8::Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "init", VerifyInit);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "update", VerifyUpdate);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "verify", VerifyFinal);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Verify"),
              t->GetFunction());
}


void Verify::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  new Verify(env, args.This());
}


SignBase::Error Verify::VerifyInit(const char* verify_type) {
  assert(md_ == NULL);
  md_ = EVP_get_digestbyname(verify_type);
  if (md_ == NULL)
    return kSignUnknownDigest;

  EVP_MD_CTX_init(&mdctx_);
  if (!EVP_VerifyInit_ex(&mdctx_, md_, NULL))
    return kSignInit;
  initialised_ = true;

  return kSignOk;
}


void Verify::VerifyInit(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Verify* verify = Unwrap<Verify>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() == 0 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return verify->env()->ThrowError("Must give verifytype string as argument");
  }

  const node::Utf8Value verify_type(args[0]);
  verify->CheckThrow(verify->VerifyInit(*verify_type));
}


SignBase::Error Verify::VerifyUpdate(const char* data, int len) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return kSignNotInitialised;

  if (!EVP_VerifyUpdate(&mdctx_, data, len))
    return kSignUpdate;

  return kSignOk;
}


void Verify::VerifyUpdate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Verify* verify = Unwrap<Verify>(args.Holder());

  ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(args[0]);

  // Only copy the data if we have to, because it's a string
  Error err;
  if (args[0]->IsString()) {
    Local<String> string = args[0].As<String>();
    enum encoding encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[1], BINARY);
    if (!StringBytes::IsValidString(env->isolate(), string, encoding))
      return env->ThrowTypeError("Bad input string");
    size_t buflen = StringBytes::StorageSize(env->isolate(), string, encoding);
    char* buf = new char[buflen];
    size_t written = StringBytes::Write(env->isolate(),
                                        buf,
                                        buflen,
                                        string,
                                        encoding);
    err = verify->VerifyUpdate(buf, written);
    delete[] buf;
  } else {
    char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
    size_t buflen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
    err = verify->VerifyUpdate(buf, buflen);
  }

  verify->CheckThrow(err);
}


SignBase::Error Verify::VerifyFinal(const char* key_pem,
                                    int key_pem_len,
                                    const char* sig,
                                    int siglen,
                                    bool* verify_result) {
  if (!initialised_)
    return kSignNotInitialised;

  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence compiler warning.

  EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
  BIO* bp = NULL;
  X509* x509 = NULL;
  bool fatal = true;
  int r = 0;

  bp = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if (bp == NULL)
    goto exit;

  if (!BIO_write(bp, key_pem, key_pem_len))
    goto exit;

  // Check if this is a PKCS#8 or RSA public key before trying as X.509.
  // Split this out into a separate function once we have more than one
  // consumer of public keys.
  if (strncmp(key_pem, PUBLIC_KEY_PFX, PUBLIC_KEY_PFX_LEN) == 0) {
    pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(bp, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  } else if (strncmp(key_pem, PUBRSA_KEY_PFX, PUBRSA_KEY_PFX_LEN) == 0) {
    RSA* rsa = PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(bp, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);
    if (rsa) {
      pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
      if (pkey)
        EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(pkey, rsa);
      RSA_free(rsa);
    }
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  } else {
    // X.509 fallback
    x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);
    if (x509 == NULL)
      goto exit;

    pkey = X509_get_pubkey(x509);
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  }

  fatal = false;
  r = EVP_VerifyFinal(&mdctx_,
                      reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(sig),
                      siglen,
                      pkey);

 exit:
  if (pkey != NULL)
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
  if (bp != NULL)
    BIO_free_all(bp);
  if (x509 != NULL)
    X509_free(x509);

  EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&mdctx_);
  initialised_ = false;

  if (fatal)
    return kSignPublicKey;

  *verify_result = r == 1;
  return kSignOk;
}


void Verify::VerifyFinal(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Verify* verify = Unwrap<Verify>(args.Holder());

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
  char* kbuf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  ssize_t klen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);

  ASSERT_IS_STRING_OR_BUFFER(args[1]);
  // BINARY works for both buffers and binary strings.
  enum encoding encoding = BINARY;
  if (args.Length() >= 3) {
    encoding = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[2]->ToString(), BINARY);
  }

  ssize_t hlen = StringBytes::Size(env->isolate(), args[1], encoding);

  // only copy if we need to, because it's a string.
  char* hbuf;
  if (args[1]->IsString()) {
    hbuf = new char[hlen];
    ssize_t hwritten = StringBytes::Write(env->isolate(),
                                          hbuf,
                                          hlen,
                                          args[1],
                                          encoding);
    assert(hwritten == hlen);
  } else {
    hbuf = Buffer::Data(args[1]);
  }

  bool verify_result;
  Error err = verify->VerifyFinal(kbuf, klen, hbuf, hlen, &verify_result);
  if (args[1]->IsString())
    delete[] hbuf;
  if (err != kSignOk)
    return verify->CheckThrow(err);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(verify_result);
}


template <PublicKeyCipher::Operation operation,
          PublicKeyCipher::EVP_PKEY_cipher_init_t EVP_PKEY_cipher_init,
          PublicKeyCipher::EVP_PKEY_cipher_t EVP_PKEY_cipher>
bool PublicKeyCipher::Cipher(const char* key_pem,
                             int key_pem_len,
                             const char* passphrase,
                             int padding,
                             const unsigned char* data,
                             int len,
                             unsigned char** out,
                             size_t* out_len) {
  EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
  EVP_PKEY_CTX* ctx = NULL;
  BIO* bp = NULL;
  X509* x509 = NULL;
  bool fatal = true;

  bp = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if (bp == NULL)
    goto exit;

  if (!BIO_write(bp, key_pem, key_pem_len))
    goto exit;

  // Check if this is a PKCS#8 or RSA public key before trying as X.509 and
  // private key.
  if (operation == kEncrypt &&
      strncmp(key_pem, PUBLIC_KEY_PFX, PUBLIC_KEY_PFX_LEN) == 0) {
    pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(bp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  } else if (operation == kEncrypt &&
             strncmp(key_pem, PUBRSA_KEY_PFX, PUBRSA_KEY_PFX_LEN) == 0) {
    RSA* rsa = PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(bp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    if (rsa) {
      pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
      if (pkey)
        EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(pkey, rsa);
      RSA_free(rsa);
    }
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  } else if (operation == kEncrypt &&
             strncmp(key_pem, CERTIFICATE_PFX, CERTIFICATE_PFX_LEN) == 0) {
    x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, CryptoPemCallback, NULL);
    if (x509 == NULL)
      goto exit;

    pkey = X509_get_pubkey(x509);
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  } else {
    pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bp,
                                   NULL,
                                   CryptoPemCallback,
                                   const_cast<char*>(passphrase));
    if (pkey == NULL)
      goto exit;
  }

  ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, NULL);
  if (!ctx)
    goto exit;
  if (EVP_PKEY_cipher_init(ctx) <= 0)
    goto exit;
  if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(ctx, padding) <= 0)
    goto exit;

  if (EVP_PKEY_cipher(ctx, NULL, out_len, data, len) <= 0)
    goto exit;

  *out = new unsigned char[*out_len];

  if (EVP_PKEY_cipher(ctx, *out, out_len, data, len) <= 0)
    goto exit;

  fatal = false;

 exit:
  if (pkey != NULL)
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
  if (bp != NULL)
    BIO_free_all(bp);
  if (ctx != NULL)
    EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(ctx);

  return !fatal;
}


template <PublicKeyCipher::Operation operation,
          PublicKeyCipher::EVP_PKEY_cipher_init_t EVP_PKEY_cipher_init,
          PublicKeyCipher::EVP_PKEY_cipher_t EVP_PKEY_cipher>
void PublicKeyCipher::Cipher(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
  char* kbuf = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  ssize_t klen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[1]);
  char* buf = Buffer::Data(args[1]);
  ssize_t len = Buffer::Length(args[1]);

  int padding = args[2]->Uint32Value();

  String::Utf8Value passphrase(args[3]);

  unsigned char* out_value = NULL;
  size_t out_len = -1;

  bool r = Cipher<operation, EVP_PKEY_cipher_init, EVP_PKEY_cipher>(
      kbuf,
      klen,
      args.Length() >= 3 && !args[2]->IsNull() ? *passphrase : NULL,
      padding,
      reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(buf),
      len,
      &out_value,
      &out_len);

  if (out_len <= 0 || !r) {
    delete[] out_value;
    out_value = NULL;
    out_len = 0;
    if (!r) {
      return ThrowCryptoError(env,
        ERR_get_error());
    }
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      Buffer::New(env, reinterpret_cast<char*>(out_value), out_len));
  delete[] out_value;
}


void DiffieHellman::Initialize(Environment* env, Handle<Object> target) {
  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  static enum PropertyAttribute attributes =
      static_cast<PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontDelete);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "generateKeys", GenerateKeys);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "computeSecret", ComputeSecret);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getPrime", GetPrime);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getGenerator", GetGenerator);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getPublicKey", GetPublicKey);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "getPrivateKey", GetPrivateKey);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setPublicKey", SetPublicKey);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "setPrivateKey", SetPrivateKey);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetAccessor(env->verify_error_string(),
                                     DiffieHellman::VerifyErrorGetter,
                                     NULL,
                                     Handle<Value>(),
                                     v8::DEFAULT,
                                     attributes);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "DiffieHellman"),
              t->GetFunction());

  Local<FunctionTemplate> t2 = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(),
                                                     DiffieHellmanGroup);
  t2->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t2, "generateKeys", GenerateKeys);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t2, "computeSecret", ComputeSecret);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t2, "getPrime", GetPrime);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t2, "getGenerator", GetGenerator);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t2, "getPublicKey", GetPublicKey);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t2, "getPrivateKey", GetPrivateKey);

  t2->InstanceTemplate()->SetAccessor(env->verify_error_string(),
                                      DiffieHellman::VerifyErrorGetter,
                                      NULL,
                                      Handle<Value>(),
                                      v8::DEFAULT,
                                      attributes);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "DiffieHellmanGroup"),
              t2->GetFunction());
}


bool DiffieHellman::Init(int primeLength, int g) {
  dh = DH_new();
  DH_generate_parameters_ex(dh, primeLength, g, 0);
  bool result = VerifyContext();
  if (!result)
    return false;
  initialised_ = true;
  return true;
}


bool DiffieHellman::Init(const char* p, int p_len, int g) {
  dh = DH_new();
  dh->p = BN_bin2bn(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(p), p_len, 0);
  dh->g = BN_new();
  if (!BN_set_word(dh->g, g))
    return false;
  bool result = VerifyContext();
  if (!result)
    return false;
  initialised_ = true;
  return true;
}


bool DiffieHellman::Init(const char* p, int p_len, const char* g, int g_len) {
  dh = DH_new();
  dh->p = BN_bin2bn(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(p), p_len, 0);
  dh->g = BN_bin2bn(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(g), g_len, 0);
  bool result = VerifyContext();
  if (!result)
    return false;
  initialised_ = true;
  return true;
}


void DiffieHellman::DiffieHellmanGroup(
    const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = new DiffieHellman(env, args.This());

  if (args.Length() != 1 || !args[0]->IsString()) {
    return env->ThrowError("No group name given");
  }

  bool initialized = false;

  const node::Utf8Value group_name(args[0]);
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(modp_groups); ++i) {
    const modp_group* it = modp_groups + i;

    if (strcasecmp(*group_name, it->name) != 0)
      continue;

    initialized = diffieHellman->Init(it->prime,
                                      it->prime_size,
                                      it->gen,
                                      it->gen_size);
    if (!initialized)
      env->ThrowError("Initialization failed");
    return;
  }

  env->ThrowError("Unknown group");
}


void DiffieHellman::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman =
      new DiffieHellman(env, args.This());
  bool initialized = false;

  if (args.Length() == 2) {
    if (args[0]->IsInt32()) {
      if (args[1]->IsInt32()) {
        initialized = diffieHellman->Init(args[0]->Int32Value(),
                                          args[1]->Int32Value());
      }
    } else {
      if (args[1]->IsInt32()) {
        initialized = diffieHellman->Init(Buffer::Data(args[0]),
                                          Buffer::Length(args[0]),
                                          args[1]->Int32Value());
      } else {
        initialized = diffieHellman->Init(Buffer::Data(args[0]),
                                          Buffer::Length(args[0]),
                                          Buffer::Data(args[1]),
                                          Buffer::Length(args[1]));
      }
    }
  }

  if (!initialized) {
    return env->ThrowError("Initialization failed");
  }
}


void DiffieHellman::GenerateKeys(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  if (!DH_generate_key(diffieHellman->dh)) {
    return env->ThrowError("Key generation failed");
  }

  int dataSize = BN_num_bytes(diffieHellman->dh->pub_key);
  char* data = new char[dataSize];
  BN_bn2bin(diffieHellman->dh->pub_key,
            reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(data));

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), data, dataSize, BUFFER));
  delete[] data;
}


void DiffieHellman::GetPrime(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  int dataSize = BN_num_bytes(diffieHellman->dh->p);
  char* data = new char[dataSize];
  BN_bn2bin(diffieHellman->dh->p, reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(data));

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), data, dataSize, BUFFER));
  delete[] data;
}


void DiffieHellman::GetGenerator(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  int dataSize = BN_num_bytes(diffieHellman->dh->g);
  char* data = new char[dataSize];
  BN_bn2bin(diffieHellman->dh->g, reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(data));

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), data, dataSize, BUFFER));
  delete[] data;
}


void DiffieHellman::GetPublicKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  if (diffieHellman->dh->pub_key == NULL) {
    return env->ThrowError("No public key - did you forget to generate one?");
  }

  int dataSize = BN_num_bytes(diffieHellman->dh->pub_key);
  char* data = new char[dataSize];
  BN_bn2bin(diffieHellman->dh->pub_key,
            reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(data));

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), data, dataSize, BUFFER));
  delete[] data;
}


void DiffieHellman::GetPrivateKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  if (diffieHellman->dh->priv_key == NULL) {
    return env->ThrowError("No private key - did you forget to generate one?");
  }

  int dataSize = BN_num_bytes(diffieHellman->dh->priv_key);
  char* data = new char[dataSize];
  BN_bn2bin(diffieHellman->dh->priv_key,
            reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(data));

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), data, dataSize, BUFFER));
  delete[] data;
}


void DiffieHellman::ComputeSecret(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence compiler warning.
  BIGNUM* key = NULL;

  if (args.Length() == 0) {
    return env->ThrowError("First argument must be other party's public key");
  } else {
    ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
    key = BN_bin2bn(
        reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(Buffer::Data(args[0])),
        Buffer::Length(args[0]),
        0);
  }

  int dataSize = DH_size(diffieHellman->dh);
  char* data = new char[dataSize];

  int size = DH_compute_key(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(data),
                            key,
                            diffieHellman->dh);

  if (size == -1) {
    int checkResult;
    int checked;

    checked = DH_check_pub_key(diffieHellman->dh, key, &checkResult);
    BN_free(key);
    delete[] data;

    if (!checked) {
      return env->ThrowError("Invalid key");
    } else if (checkResult) {
      if (checkResult & DH_CHECK_PUBKEY_TOO_SMALL) {
        return env->ThrowError("Supplied key is too small");
      } else if (checkResult & DH_CHECK_PUBKEY_TOO_LARGE) {
        return env->ThrowError("Supplied key is too large");
      } else {
        return env->ThrowError("Invalid key");
      }
    } else {
      return env->ThrowError("Invalid key");
    }
  }

  BN_free(key);
  assert(size >= 0);

  // DH_size returns number of bytes in a prime number
  // DH_compute_key returns number of bytes in a remainder of exponent, which
  // may have less bytes than a prime number. Therefore add 0-padding to the
  // allocated buffer.
  if (size != dataSize) {
    assert(dataSize > size);
    memmove(data + dataSize - size, data, size);
    memset(data, 0, dataSize - size);
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(Encode(env->isolate(), data, dataSize, BUFFER));
  delete[] data;
}


void DiffieHellman::SetPublicKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = diffieHellman->env();

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  if (args.Length() == 0) {
    return env->ThrowError("First argument must be public key");
  } else {
    ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
    diffieHellman->dh->pub_key = BN_bin2bn(
        reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(Buffer::Data(args[0])),
        Buffer::Length(args[0]), 0);
  }
}


void DiffieHellman::SetPrivateKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = diffieHellman->env();

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_) {
    return env->ThrowError("Not initialized");
  }

  if (args.Length() == 0) {
    return env->ThrowError("First argument must be private key");
  } else {
    ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
    diffieHellman->dh->priv_key = BN_bin2bn(
        reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(Buffer::Data(args[0])),
        Buffer::Length(args[0]),
        0);
  }
}


void DiffieHellman::VerifyErrorGetter(Local<String> property,
                                      const PropertyCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  DiffieHellman* diffieHellman = Unwrap<DiffieHellman>(args.Holder());

  if (!diffieHellman->initialised_)
    return diffieHellman->env()->ThrowError("Not initialized");

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(diffieHellman->verifyError_);
}


bool DiffieHellman::VerifyContext() {
  int codes;
  if (!DH_check(dh, &codes))
    return false;
  verifyError_ = codes;
  return true;
}


class PBKDF2Request : public AsyncWrap {
 public:
  PBKDF2Request(Environment* env,
                Local<Object> object,
                const EVP_MD* digest,
                ssize_t passlen,
                char* pass,
                ssize_t saltlen,
                char* salt,
                ssize_t iter,
                ssize_t keylen)
      : AsyncWrap(env, object, AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_CRYPTO),
        digest_(digest),
        error_(0),
        passlen_(passlen),
        pass_(pass),
        saltlen_(saltlen),
        salt_(salt),
        keylen_(keylen),
        key_(static_cast<char*>(malloc(keylen))),
        iter_(iter) {
    if (key() == NULL)
      FatalError("node::PBKDF2Request()", "Out of Memory");
  }

  ~PBKDF2Request() {
    persistent().Reset();
  }

  uv_work_t* work_req() {
    return &work_req_;
  }

  inline const EVP_MD* digest() const {
    return digest_;
  }

  inline ssize_t passlen() const {
    return passlen_;
  }

  inline char* pass() const {
    return pass_;
  }

  inline ssize_t saltlen() const {
    return saltlen_;
  }

  inline char* salt() const {
    return salt_;
  }

  inline ssize_t keylen() const {
    return keylen_;
  }

  inline char* key() const {
    return key_;
  }

  inline ssize_t iter() const {
    return iter_;
  }

  inline void release() {
    free(pass_);
    passlen_ = 0;
    free(salt_);
    saltlen_ = 0;
    free(key_);
    keylen_ = 0;
  }

  inline int error() const {
    return error_;
  }

  inline void set_error(int err) {
    error_ = err;
  }

  uv_work_t work_req_;

 private:
  const EVP_MD* digest_;
  int error_;
  ssize_t passlen_;
  char* pass_;
  ssize_t saltlen_;
  char* salt_;
  ssize_t keylen_;
  char* key_;
  ssize_t iter_;
};


void EIO_PBKDF2(PBKDF2Request* req) {
  req->set_error(PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(
    req->pass(),
    req->passlen(),
    reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(req->salt()),
    req->saltlen(),
    req->iter(),
    req->digest(),
    req->keylen(),
    reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(req->key())));
  memset(req->pass(), 0, req->passlen());
  memset(req->salt(), 0, req->saltlen());
}


void EIO_PBKDF2(uv_work_t* work_req) {
  PBKDF2Request* req = ContainerOf(&PBKDF2Request::work_req_, work_req);
  EIO_PBKDF2(req);
}


void EIO_PBKDF2After(PBKDF2Request* req, Local<Value> argv[2]) {
  if (req->error()) {
    argv[0] = Undefined(req->env()->isolate());
    argv[1] = Encode(req->env()->isolate(), req->key(), req->keylen(), BUFFER);
    memset(req->key(), 0, req->keylen());
  } else {
    argv[0] = Exception::Error(req->env()->pbkdf2_error_string());
    argv[1] = Undefined(req->env()->isolate());
  }
}


void EIO_PBKDF2After(uv_work_t* work_req, int status) {
  assert(status == 0);
  PBKDF2Request* req = ContainerOf(&PBKDF2Request::work_req_, work_req);
  Environment* env = req->env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());
  Local<Value> argv[2];
  EIO_PBKDF2After(req, argv);
  req->MakeCallback(env->ondone_string(), ARRAY_SIZE(argv), argv);
  req->release();
  delete req;
}


void PBKDF2(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  const EVP_MD* digest = NULL;
  const char* type_error = NULL;
  char* pass = NULL;
  char* salt = NULL;
  ssize_t passlen = -1;
  ssize_t saltlen = -1;
  ssize_t keylen = -1;
  ssize_t iter = -1;
  PBKDF2Request* req = NULL;
  Local<Object> obj;

  if (args.Length() != 5 && args.Length() != 6) {
    type_error = "Bad parameter";
    goto err;
  }

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);
  passlen = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
  if (passlen < 0) {
    type_error = "Bad password";
    goto err;
  }

  pass = static_cast<char*>(malloc(passlen));
  if (pass == NULL) {
    FatalError("node::PBKDF2()", "Out of Memory");
  }
  memcpy(pass, Buffer::Data(args[0]), passlen);

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[1]);
  saltlen = Buffer::Length(args[1]);
  if (saltlen < 0) {
    type_error = "Bad salt";
    goto err;
  }

  salt = static_cast<char*>(malloc(saltlen));
  if (salt == NULL) {
    FatalError("node::PBKDF2()", "Out of Memory");
  }
  memcpy(salt, Buffer::Data(args[1]), saltlen);

  if (!args[2]->IsNumber()) {
    type_error = "Iterations not a number";
    goto err;
  }

  iter = args[2]->Int32Value();
  if (iter < 0) {
    type_error = "Bad iterations";
    goto err;
  }

  if (!args[3]->IsNumber()) {
    type_error = "Key length not a number";
    goto err;
  }

  keylen = args[3]->Int32Value();
  if (keylen < 0) {
    type_error = "Bad key length";
    goto err;
  }

  if (args[4]->IsString()) {
    node::Utf8Value digest_name(args[4]);
    digest = EVP_get_digestbyname(*digest_name);
    if (digest == NULL) {
      type_error = "Bad digest name";
      goto err;
    }
  }

  if (digest == NULL) {
    digest = EVP_sha1();
  }

  obj = Object::New(env->isolate());
  req = new PBKDF2Request(env,
                          obj,
                          digest,
                          passlen,
                          pass,
                          saltlen,
                          salt,
                          iter,
                          keylen);

  if (args[5]->IsFunction()) {
    obj->Set(env->ondone_string(), args[5]);
    // XXX(trevnorris): This will need to go with the rest of domains.
    if (env->in_domain())
      obj->Set(env->domain_string(), env->domain_array()->Get(0));
    uv_queue_work(env->event_loop(),
                  req->work_req(),
                  EIO_PBKDF2,
                  EIO_PBKDF2After);
  } else {
    Local<Value> argv[2];
    EIO_PBKDF2(req);
    EIO_PBKDF2After(req, argv);
    if (argv[0]->IsObject())
      env->isolate()->ThrowException(argv[0]);
    else
      args.GetReturnValue().Set(argv[1]);
  }
  return;

 err:
  free(salt);
  free(pass);
  return env->ThrowTypeError(type_error);
}


// Only instantiate within a valid HandleScope.
class RandomBytesRequest : public AsyncWrap {
 public:
  RandomBytesRequest(Environment* env, Local<Object> object, size_t size)
      : AsyncWrap(env, object, AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_CRYPTO),
        error_(0),
        size_(size),
        data_(static_cast<char*>(malloc(size))) {
    if (data() == NULL)
      FatalError("node::RandomBytesRequest()", "Out of Memory");
  }

  ~RandomBytesRequest() {
    persistent().Reset();
  }

  uv_work_t* work_req() {
    return &work_req_;
  }

  inline size_t size() const {
    return size_;
  }

  inline char* data() const {
    return data_;
  }

  inline void release() {
    free(data_);
    size_ = 0;
  }

  inline void return_memory(char** d, size_t* len) {
    *d = data_;
    data_ = NULL;
    *len = size_;
    size_ = 0;
  }

  inline unsigned long error() const {
    return error_;
  }

  inline void set_error(unsigned long err) {
    error_ = err;
  }

  uv_work_t work_req_;

 private:
  unsigned long error_;
  size_t size_;
  char* data_;
};


template <bool pseudoRandom>
void RandomBytesWork(uv_work_t* work_req) {
  RandomBytesRequest* req =
      ContainerOf(&RandomBytesRequest::work_req_, work_req);
  int r;

  // Ensure that OpenSSL's PRNG is properly seeded.
  CheckEntropy();

  if (pseudoRandom == true) {
    r = RAND_pseudo_bytes(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(req->data()),
                          req->size());
  } else {
    r = RAND_bytes(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(req->data()), req->size());
  }

  // RAND_bytes() returns 0 on error. RAND_pseudo_bytes() returns 0 when the
  // result is not cryptographically strong - but that's not an error.
  if (r == 0 && pseudoRandom == false) {
    req->set_error(ERR_get_error());
  } else if (r == -1) {
    req->set_error(static_cast<unsigned long>(-1));
  }
}


// don't call this function without a valid HandleScope
void RandomBytesCheck(RandomBytesRequest* req, Local<Value> argv[2]) {
  if (req->error()) {
    char errmsg[256] = "Operation not supported";

    if (req->error() != static_cast<unsigned long>(-1))
      ERR_error_string_n(req->error(), errmsg, sizeof errmsg);

    argv[0] = Exception::Error(OneByteString(req->env()->isolate(), errmsg));
    argv[1] = Null(req->env()->isolate());
    req->release();
  } else {
    char* data = NULL;
    size_t size;
    req->return_memory(&data, &size);
    argv[0] = Null(req->env()->isolate());
    argv[1] = Buffer::Use(data, size);
  }
}


void RandomBytesAfter(uv_work_t* work_req, int status) {
  assert(status == 0);
  RandomBytesRequest* req =
      ContainerOf(&RandomBytesRequest::work_req_, work_req);
  Environment* env = req->env();
  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
  Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());
  Local<Value> argv[2];
  RandomBytesCheck(req, argv);
  req->MakeCallback(env->ondone_string(), ARRAY_SIZE(argv), argv);
  delete req;
}


template <bool pseudoRandom>
void RandomBytes(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());

  // maybe allow a buffer to write to? cuts down on object creation
  // when generating random data in a loop
  if (!args[0]->IsUint32()) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Argument #1 must be number > 0");
  }

  const uint32_t size = args[0]->Uint32Value();
  if (size > Buffer::kMaxLength) {
    return env->ThrowTypeError("size > Buffer::kMaxLength");
  }

  Local<Object> obj = Object::New(env->isolate());
  RandomBytesRequest* req = new RandomBytesRequest(env, obj, size);

  if (args[1]->IsFunction()) {
    obj->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(args.GetIsolate(), "ondone"), args[1]);
    // XXX(trevnorris): This will need to go with the rest of domains.
    if (env->in_domain())
      obj->Set(env->domain_string(), env->domain_array()->Get(0));
    uv_queue_work(env->event_loop(),
                  req->work_req(),
                  RandomBytesWork<pseudoRandom>,
                  RandomBytesAfter);
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(obj);
  } else {
    Local<Value> argv[2];
    RandomBytesWork<pseudoRandom>(req->work_req());
    RandomBytesCheck(req, argv);
    delete req;

    if (!argv[0]->IsNull())
      env->isolate()->ThrowException(argv[0]);
    else
      args.GetReturnValue().Set(argv[1]);
  }
}


void GetSSLCiphers(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  SSL_CTX* ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLSv1_server_method());
  if (ctx == NULL) {
    return env->ThrowError("SSL_CTX_new() failed.");
  }

  SSL* ssl = SSL_new(ctx);
  if (ssl == NULL) {
    SSL_CTX_free(ctx);
    return env->ThrowError("SSL_new() failed.");
  }

  Local<Array> arr = Array::New(env->isolate());
  STACK_OF(SSL_CIPHER)* ciphers = SSL_get_ciphers(ssl);

  for (int i = 0; i < sk_SSL_CIPHER_num(ciphers); ++i) {
    SSL_CIPHER* cipher = sk_SSL_CIPHER_value(ciphers, i);
    arr->Set(i, OneByteString(args.GetIsolate(), SSL_CIPHER_get_name(cipher)));
  }

  SSL_free(ssl);
  SSL_CTX_free(ctx);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(arr);
}


class CipherPushContext {
 public:
  explicit CipherPushContext(Environment* env)
      : arr(Array::New(env->isolate())),
        env_(env) {
  }

  inline Environment* env() const { return env_; }

  Local<Array> arr;

 private:
  Environment* env_;
};


template <class TypeName>
static void array_push_back(const TypeName* md,
                            const char* from,
                            const char* to,
                            void* arg) {
  CipherPushContext* ctx = static_cast<CipherPushContext*>(arg);
  ctx->arr->Set(ctx->arr->Length(), OneByteString(ctx->env()->isolate(), from));
}


void GetCiphers(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());
  CipherPushContext ctx(env);
  EVP_CIPHER_do_all_sorted(array_push_back<EVP_CIPHER>, &ctx);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(ctx.arr);
}


void GetHashes(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());
  CipherPushContext ctx(env);
  EVP_MD_do_all_sorted(array_push_back<EVP_MD>, &ctx);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(ctx.arr);
}


void Certificate::Initialize(Environment* env, Handle<Object> target) {
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Local<FunctionTemplate> t = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate(), New);

  t->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);

  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "verifySpkac", VerifySpkac);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "exportPublicKey", ExportPublicKey);
  NODE_SET_PROTOTYPE_METHOD(t, "exportChallenge", ExportChallenge);

  target->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Certificate"),
              t->GetFunction());
}


void Certificate::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope handle_scope(args.GetIsolate());
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  new Certificate(env, args.This());
}


bool Certificate::VerifySpkac(const char* data, unsigned int len) {
  bool i = 0;
  EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
  NETSCAPE_SPKI* spki = NULL;

  spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(data, len);
  if (spki == NULL)
    goto exit;

  pkey = X509_PUBKEY_get(spki->spkac->pubkey);
  if (pkey == NULL)
    goto exit;

  i = NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify(spki, pkey) > 0;

 exit:
  if (pkey != NULL)
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);

  if (spki != NULL)
    NETSCAPE_SPKI_free(spki);

  return i;
}


void Certificate::VerifySpkac(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  HandleScope scope(args.GetIsolate());

  Certificate* certificate = Unwrap<Certificate>(args.Holder());
  Environment* env = certificate->env();
  bool i = false;

  if (args.Length() < 1)
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Missing argument");

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);

  size_t length = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
  if (length == 0)
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(i);

  char* data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  assert(data != NULL);

  i = certificate->VerifySpkac(data, length);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(i);
}


const char* Certificate::ExportPublicKey(const char* data, int len) {
  char* buf = NULL;
  EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
  NETSCAPE_SPKI* spki = NULL;

  BIO* bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if (bio == NULL)
    goto exit;

  spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(data, len);
  if (spki == NULL)
    goto exit;

  pkey = NETSCAPE_SPKI_get_pubkey(spki);
  if (pkey == NULL)
    goto exit;

  if (PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(bio, pkey) <= 0)
    goto exit;

  BIO_write(bio, "\0", 1);
  BUF_MEM* ptr;
  BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &ptr);

  buf = new char[ptr->length];
  memcpy(buf, ptr->data, ptr->length);

 exit:
  if (pkey != NULL)
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);

  if (spki != NULL)
    NETSCAPE_SPKI_free(spki);

  if (bio != NULL)
    BIO_free_all(bio);

  return buf;
}


void Certificate::ExportPublicKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Certificate* certificate = Unwrap<Certificate>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 1)
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Missing argument");

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);

  size_t length = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
  if (length == 0)
    return args.GetReturnValue().SetEmptyString();

  char* data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  assert(data != NULL);

  const char* pkey = certificate->ExportPublicKey(data, length);
  if (pkey == NULL)
    return args.GetReturnValue().SetEmptyString();

  Local<Value> out = Encode(env->isolate(), pkey, strlen(pkey), BUFFER);

  delete[] pkey;

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(out);
}


const char* Certificate::ExportChallenge(const char* data, int len) {
  NETSCAPE_SPKI* sp = NULL;

  sp = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(data, len);
  if (sp == NULL)
    return NULL;

  const char* buf = NULL;
  buf = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ASN1_STRING_data(sp->spkac->challenge));

  return buf;
}


void Certificate::ExportChallenge(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  Certificate* crt = Unwrap<Certificate>(args.Holder());

  if (args.Length() < 1)
    return env->ThrowTypeError("Missing argument");

  ASSERT_IS_BUFFER(args[0]);

  size_t len = Buffer::Length(args[0]);
  if (len == 0)
    return args.GetReturnValue().SetEmptyString();

  char* data = Buffer::Data(args[0]);
  assert(data != NULL);

  const char* cert = crt->ExportChallenge(data, len);
  if (cert == NULL)
    return args.GetReturnValue().SetEmptyString();

  Local<Value> outString = Encode(env->isolate(), cert, strlen(cert), BUFFER);

  delete[] cert;

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(outString);
}


void InitCryptoOnce() {
  SSL_library_init();
  OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms();
  SSL_load_error_strings();

  crypto_lock_init();
  CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(crypto_lock_cb);
  CRYPTO_THREADID_set_callback(crypto_threadid_cb);

  // Turn off compression. Saves memory and protects against CRIME attacks.
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_COMP)
#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x00908000L
  STACK_OF(SSL_COMP)* comp_methods = SSL_COMP_get_compression_method();
#else
  STACK_OF(SSL_COMP)* comp_methods = SSL_COMP_get_compression_methods();
#endif
  sk_SSL_COMP_zero(comp_methods);
  assert(sk_SSL_COMP_num(comp_methods) == 0);
#endif

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
  ERR_load_ENGINE_strings();
  ENGINE_load_builtin_engines();
#endif  // !OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
}


#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
void SetEngine(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
  CHECK(args.Length() >= 2 && args[0]->IsString());
  unsigned int flags = args[1]->Uint32Value();

  ClearErrorOnReturn clear_error_on_return;
  (void) &clear_error_on_return;  // Silence compiler warning.

  const node::Utf8Value engine_id(args[0]);
  ENGINE* engine = ENGINE_by_id(*engine_id);

  // Engine not found, try loading dynamically
  if (engine == NULL) {
    engine = ENGINE_by_id("dynamic");
    if (engine != NULL) {
      if (!ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(engine, "SO_PATH", *engine_id, 0) ||
          !ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(engine, "LOAD", NULL, 0)) {
        ENGINE_free(engine);
        engine = NULL;
      }
    }
  }

  if (engine == NULL) {
    int err = ERR_get_error();
    if (err == 0) {
      char tmp[1024];
      snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "Engine \"%s\" was not found", *engine_id);
      return env->ThrowError(tmp);
    } else {
      return ThrowCryptoError(env, err);
    }
  }

  int r = ENGINE_set_default(engine, flags);
  ENGINE_free(engine);
  if (r == 0)
    return ThrowCryptoError(env, ERR_get_error());
}
#endif  // !OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE


// FIXME(bnoordhuis) Handle global init correctly.
void InitCrypto(Handle<Object> target,
                Handle<Value> unused,
                Handle<Context> context,
                void* priv) {
  static uv_once_t init_once = UV_ONCE_INIT;
  uv_once(&init_once, InitCryptoOnce);

  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(context);
  SecureContext::Initialize(env, target);
  Connection::Initialize(env, target);
  CipherBase::Initialize(env, target);
  DiffieHellman::Initialize(env, target);
  Hmac::Initialize(env, target);
  Hash::Initialize(env, target);
  Sign::Initialize(env, target);
  Verify::Initialize(env, target);
  Certificate::Initialize(env, target);

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "setEngine", SetEngine);
#endif  // !OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "PBKDF2", PBKDF2);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "randomBytes", RandomBytes<false>);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "pseudoRandomBytes", RandomBytes<true>);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "getSSLCiphers", GetSSLCiphers);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "getCiphers", GetCiphers);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target, "getHashes", GetHashes);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target,
                  "publicEncrypt",
                  PublicKeyCipher::Cipher<PublicKeyCipher::kEncrypt,
                                          EVP_PKEY_encrypt_init,
                                          EVP_PKEY_encrypt>);
  NODE_SET_METHOD(target,
                  "privateDecrypt",
                  PublicKeyCipher::Cipher<PublicKeyCipher::kDecrypt,
                                          EVP_PKEY_decrypt_init,
                                          EVP_PKEY_decrypt>);
}

}  // namespace crypto
}  // namespace node

NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_BUILTIN(crypto, node::crypto::InitCrypto)