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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook</title>
<meta name="description" content="The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook combines instructive text with a computational DA laboratory">
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<meta name="author" content="Shawn Graham, Neha Gupta, Jolene Smith, Andreas Angourakis, Andrew Reinhard, Kate Ellenberger, Zack Batist, Joel Rivard, Ben Marwick, Michael Carter, Beth Compton, Rob Blades, & Cristina Wood">
<meta name="date" content="2018-12-14">
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<li><a href="./">ODATE</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>notice</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About the Authors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#shawn-graham"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Shawn Graham</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#neha-gupta"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Neha Gupta</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#michael-carter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Michael Carter</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#beth-compton"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Beth Compton</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#jolene-smith"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Jolene Smith</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#andreas-angourakis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Andreas Angourakis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#andrew-reinhard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Andrew Reinhard</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#kate-ellenberger"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Kate Ellenberger</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#zack-batist"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Zack Batist</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#joel-rivard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Joel Rivard</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#ben-marwick"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Ben Marwick</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#rob-blades"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Rob Blades</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#cristina-wood"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Cristina Wood</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#editorial-board"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Editorial Board</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="getting-started.html"><a href="getting-started.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Getting Started</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="instructors-how-to-use-this-text.html"><a href="instructors-how-to-use-this-text.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Instructors: How to use this text</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="students-how-to-use-this-text.html"><a href="students-how-to-use-this-text.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Students: How to use this text</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="how-to-contribute-changes-or-make-your-own-version.html"><a href="how-to-contribute-changes-or-make-your-own-version.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>How to contribute changes, or make your own version</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="how-to-access-and-use-the-computational-environment.html"><a href="how-to-access-and-use-the-computational-environment.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>How to access and use the computational environment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="colophon.html"><a href="colophon.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Colophon</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="welcome.html"><a href="welcome.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Welcome!</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="going-digital.html"><a href="going-digital.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Going Digital</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.0.1" data-path="going-digital.html"><a href="going-digital.html#further-reading"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.0.1</b> Further Reading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> So what is Digital Archaeology?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.1" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#a-distant-view"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.1</b> A distant view</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.2" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#is-digital-archaeology-part-of-the-digital-humanities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.2</b> Is digital archaeology part of the digital humanities?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.3" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#archaeological-glitch-art"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.3</b> Archaeological Glitch Art</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.4" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#the-cool-factor-and-the-tensions-of-cool"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.4</b> The ‘cool’ factor and the tensions of cool</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.5" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#takeaways"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.5</b> Takeaways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.6" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.6</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="project-management-basics.html"><a href="project-management-basics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Project Management Basics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.1" data-path="project-management-basics.html"><a href="project-management-basics.html#take-aways"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.1</b> Take-aways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.2" data-path="project-management-basics.html"><a href="project-management-basics.html#exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Github & Version Control</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.1" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#the-core-functions-of-git"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.1</b> The core functions of Git</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.2" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#key-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.2</b> Key Terms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.3" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#take-aways-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.3</b> Take-aways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.4" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#further-reading-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.4</b> Further Reading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.5" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#exercises-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.6" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#warnings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.6</b> Warnings</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Open Notebook Research & Scholarly Communication</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.1" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#how-to-ask-questions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.1</b> How to Ask Questions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.2" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#discussion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.2</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.3" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#take-aways-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.3</b> Take-aways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.4" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#further-reading-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.4</b> Further Reading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.5" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#on-privilege-and-open-notebooks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.5</b> On Privilege and Open Notebooks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.6" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#exercises-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.6</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="failing-productively.html"><a href="failing-productively.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Failing Productively</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.1" data-path="failing-productively.html"><a href="failing-productively.html#a-taxonomy-of-fails"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.1</b> A taxonomy of fails</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.2" data-path="failing-productively.html"><a href="failing-productively.html#exercises-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6" data-path="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><a href="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6</b> The Ethics of Big Data in Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6.1" data-path="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><a href="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html#exercises-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6.1</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7" data-path="effective-collaboration.html"><a href="effective-collaboration.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7</b> Effective Collaboration</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7.1" data-path="effective-collaboration.html"><a href="effective-collaboration.html#the-two-sentence-pitch"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7.1</b> The Two-Sentence Pitch</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7.2" data-path="effective-collaboration.html"><a href="effective-collaboration.html#consulting-colleagues-and-stakeholders"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7.2</b> Consulting Colleagues and Stakeholders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7.3" data-path="effective-collaboration.html"><a href="effective-collaboration.html#making-a-plan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7.3</b> Making a Plan</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7.4" data-path="effective-collaboration.html"><a href="effective-collaboration.html#persisting-and-adapting-your-plan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7.4</b> Persisting and Adapting your Plan</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7.5" data-path="effective-collaboration.html"><a href="effective-collaboration.html#exercises-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="making-data-useful.html"><a href="making-data-useful.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Making Data Useful</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="proper-prior-planning.html"><a href="proper-prior-planning.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Proper Prior Planning</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="proper-prior-planning.html"><a href="proper-prior-planning.html#making-data-sensible-pre-planning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Making Data Sensible: Pre-Planning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="proper-prior-planning.html"><a href="proper-prior-planning.html#making-data-durable-preservation-and-longevity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Making Data Durable: Preservation and Longevity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="proper-prior-planning.html"><a href="proper-prior-planning.html#takeaways-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Takeaways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="proper-prior-planning.html"><a href="proper-prior-planning.html#further-reading-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="designing-data-collection-and-curation.html"><a href="designing-data-collection-and-curation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Designing Data Collection and Curation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="designing-data-collection-and-curation.html"><a href="designing-data-collection-and-curation.html#takeaways-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> Takeaways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="designing-data-collection-and-curation.html"><a href="designing-data-collection-and-curation.html#further-reading-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Cleaning Data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html#tools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> Tools</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html#cleaning-tasks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> Cleaning Tasks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html#takeaways-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> Takeaways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.4" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html#further-reading-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.4</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Arranging and Storing Data for the Long Haul (Databases!)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html#flat-tables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Flat tables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html#takeaways-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Takeaways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html#further-reading-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> Further Reading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.3" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html#exercises-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.3</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html"><a href="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Linked Open Data and Data Publishing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html"><a href="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> Using Application Programming Interfaces (APIS) to Retrieve Data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.1" data-path="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html"><a href="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html#exercises-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.1</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="scraping-data.html"><a href="scraping-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> Scraping Data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7.1" data-path="scraping-data.html"><a href="scraping-data.html#exercises-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7.1</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="finding-and-communicating-the-compelling-story.html"><a href="finding-and-communicating-the-compelling-story.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Finding and Communicating the Compelling Story</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Designing for Accessibility</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.1" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html#screen-readers-text-browsers-html-labels-and-headings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.1</b> Screen Readers, Text Browsers, HTML Labels, and Headings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.2" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html#contrast-and-styles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.2</b> Contrast and Styles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.3" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html#font"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.3</b> Font</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.4" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html#going-forward"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.4</b> Going Forward</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.5" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html#exercises-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.6" data-path="designing-for-accessibility.html"><a href="designing-for-accessibility.html#further-reading-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.6</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><a href="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Statistical Computing with R and Python Notebooks; Reproducible code</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><a href="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html#reproducible-methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Reproducible Methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><a href="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html#exercises-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Data Driven Documents</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html#d3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> D3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html#discussion-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html#exercises-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Storytelling and the Archaeological CMS: Omeka, Kora, and Mukurtu</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#the-content-management-system"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> The Content Management System</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#omeka"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> Omeka</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.3" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#kora"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.3</b> Kora</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.4" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#mukurtu"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.4</b> Mukurtu</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.5" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#exercises-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> What is Web Mapping?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#overview-of-map-services"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> Overview of Map Services</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#making-a-web-map-with-leaflet"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> Making a web map with Leaflet</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.3" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#exercises-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.3</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.4" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.4</b> Resources</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Virtual Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.1" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#basic-principles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.1</b> Basic principles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.2" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#main-challenge"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.2</b> Main Challenge</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.3" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#the-archaeological-narrative"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.3</b> The Archaeological Narrative</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.4" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#theoretical-pragmatism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.4</b> Theoretical Pragmatism</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.5" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#phenomenology-and-virtual-archaeology"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.5</b> Phenomenology and Virtual Archaeology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.6" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#lasting-considerations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.6</b> Lasting Considerations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.7" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#exercises-15"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.7</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Archaeogaming</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.1" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#archaeological-reception"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.1</b> Archaeological Reception</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.2" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#games-as-archaeology"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.2</b> Games as Archaeology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.3" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#archaeogaming-projects-past-and-present"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.3</b> Archaeogaming Projects Past and Present</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.4" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#is-archaeogaming-archaeology-a-future-of-the-discipline."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.4</b> Is Archaeogaming Archaeology? A Future of the Discipline.</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.5" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#exercises-16"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.6" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#further-reading-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.6</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Social Media as Public Engagement & Scholarly Communication in Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.1" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html#social-media-as-outreach"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.1</b> Social Media as Outreach</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.2" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html#social-media-to-keep-current-on-research"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.2</b> Social Media to Keep Current on Research</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.3" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html#four-moves-or-getting-at-the-truth"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.3</b> Four Moves, or, Getting at the Truth</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.4" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html#exercises-17"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.4</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9</b> Computational Creativity</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.1" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#twitterbots-with-tracery"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.1</b> Twitterbots with Tracery</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.2" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#chatbots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.2</b> Chatbots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.3" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#sonification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.3</b> Sonification</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.4" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#worldbuilding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.4</b> Worldbuilding</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="eliding-the-digital-and-the-physical.html"><a href="eliding-the-digital-and-the-physical.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Eliding the Digital and the Physical</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 3D Photogrammetry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html#basic-principles-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Basic principles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html#further-readings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> Further Readings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html#exercises-19"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> 3D Printing, Raspberry Pi and “Maker” Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html#overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html#d-printing---a-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> 3d Printing - a Workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.3" data-path="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html#using-raspberry-pi-in-the-field"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.3</b> Using Raspberry Pi in the Field</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4" data-path="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html#discussion-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4</b> Discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.5" data-path="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-raspberry-pi-and-maker-archaeology.html#further-reading-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.5</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><a href="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Place-based Interpretation with Locative Augmented Reality</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><a href="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html#projection-mapping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> Projection Mapping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><a href="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html#exercises-20"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Artificial Intelligence in Digital Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html#agent-based-modeling-abm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> Agent-based modeling (ABM)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Computer Vision and Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html#convolutional-neural-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Convolutional Neural Networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html#applications"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> Applications</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html#exercises-21"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.3</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="digital-archaeologys-place-in-the-world.html"><a href="digital-archaeologys-place-in-the-world.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Digital Archaeology’s Place in the World</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="marketing-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="marketing-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Marketing Digital Archaeology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Sustainability & Power in Digital Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html#exercises-22"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="on-the-horizons-where-digital-archaeology-might-go-next.html"><a href="on-the-horizons-where-digital-archaeology-might-go-next.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> On the Horizons: Where Digital Archaeology Might Go Next</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook</a>
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<div id="eliding-the-digital-and-the-physical" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Part 4</span> Eliding the Digital and the Physical</h1>
<p>Digital data overlays the world we live in. Archaeologically, this has been the case since the emergence of computational approaches to archaeology in the 1970s. Practically, this has meant better visualizations, better analyses, better ways to cope with the data. The last twenty years however have seen digital data <em>permeate</em> the physical world in ways hitherto impossible. Perhaps you’ve walked down the street and been curious about a building you’ve seen. A few moments with your smartphone, and the information is there. A notification pops up, telling you about other similar buildings nearby. A bicycle rental stand is nearby - you free one with the app on your phone (which has automatically adjusted the price based on the density of other bicycles nearby that are being used).</p>
<p>It makes no practical difference, these days, to make a hard-and-vast distinction between the digital and the physical. A car crashes into a telephone pole, and internet service goes out for a neighborhood. A bug in the code causes the airline reservation system to go down. In this section we consider some of the ways digital techs of use to archaeologists smear across the digital and physical realms. Once you become familiar with some of the ways these technologies work, you will be better able to judge whether a given use at a site, in a project, in an article, is a valid or useful intervention.</p>
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