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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<title>The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook</title>
<meta name="description" content="The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook combines instructive text with a computational DA laboratory">
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown 0.7 and GitBook 2.6.7">
<meta property="og:title" content="The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook" />
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<meta property="og:description" content="The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook combines instructive text with a computational DA laboratory" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook combines instructive text with a computational DA laboratory" />
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<meta name="author" content="Shawn Graham, Neha Gupta, Jolene Smith, Andreas Angourakis, Andrew Reinhard, Michael Carter, & Beth Compton">
<meta name="date" content="2018-08-14">
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<li><a href="./">ODATE</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>notice</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About the Authors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#shawn-graham"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Shawn Graham</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#neha-gupta"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Neha Gupta</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#michael-carter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Michael Carter</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#beth-compton"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Beth Compton</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#jolene-smith"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Jolene Smith</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#andreas-angourakis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Andreas Angourakis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.0.1" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#andrew-reinhard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.0.1</b> Andrew Reinhard</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html#editorial-board"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Editorial Board</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="getting-started.html"><a href="getting-started.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Getting Started</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="students-how-to-use-this-text.html"><a href="students-how-to-use-this-text.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Students: How to use this text</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="how-to-contribute-changes-or-make-your-own-version.html"><a href="how-to-contribute-changes-or-make-your-own-version.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>How to contribute changes, or make your own version</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="how-to-access-and-use-the-computational-environment.html"><a href="how-to-access-and-use-the-computational-environment.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>How to access and use the computational environment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="colophon.html"><a href="colophon.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Colophon</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="welcome.html"><a href="welcome.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Welcome!</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="going-digital.html"><a href="going-digital.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Going Digital</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> So what is Digital Archaeology?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.1" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#a-distant-view"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.1</b> A distant view</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.2" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#is-digital-archaeology-part-of-the-digital-humanities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.2</b> Is digital archaeology part of the digital humanities?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.3" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#archaeological-glitch-art"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.3</b> Archaeological Glitch Art</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.4" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#the-cool-factor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.4</b> The ‘cool’ factor</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.5" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#takeaways"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.5</b> Takeaways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.6" data-path="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="so-what-is-digital-archaeology.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.6</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="project-management-basics.html"><a href="project-management-basics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Project Management Basics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.1" data-path="project-management-basics.html"><a href="project-management-basics.html#take-aways"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.1</b> Take-aways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.2" data-path="project-management-basics.html"><a href="project-management-basics.html#exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Github & Version Control</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.1" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#the-core-functions-of-git"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.1</b> The core functions of Git</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.2" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#key-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.2</b> Key Terms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.3" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#take-aways-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.3</b> Take-aways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.4" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#further-reading"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.4</b> Further Reading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.5" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#exercises-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.6" data-path="github-version-control.html"><a href="github-version-control.html#warnings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.6</b> Warnings</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Open Notebook Research & Scholarly Communication</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.1" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#how-to-ask-questions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.1</b> How to Ask Questions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.2" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#discussion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.2</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.3" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#take-aways-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.3</b> Take-aways</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.4" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#further-reading-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.4</b> Further Reading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.5" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#on-privilege-and-open-notebooks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.5</b> On Privilege and Open Notebooks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.6" data-path="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html"><a href="open-notebook-research-scholarly-communication.html#exercises-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.6</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="failing-productively.html"><a href="failing-productively.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Failing Productively</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.1" data-path="failing-productively.html"><a href="failing-productively.html#a-taxonomy-of-fails"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.1</b> A taxonomy of fails</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.2" data-path="failing-productively.html"><a href="failing-productively.html#exercises-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6" data-path="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><a href="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6</b> The Ethics of Big Data in Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6.1" data-path="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><a href="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html#discussion-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6.2" data-path="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html"><a href="the-ethics-of-big-data-in-archaeology.html#exercises-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7" data-path="the-human-problem.html"><a href="the-human-problem.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7</b> The Human Problem</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="making-data-useful.html"><a href="making-data-useful.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Making Data Useful</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="designing-data-collection.html"><a href="designing-data-collection.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Designing Data Collection</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="designing-data-collection.html"><a href="designing-data-collection.html#discussion-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="designing-data-collection.html"><a href="designing-data-collection.html#exercises-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Cleaning Data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html#discussion-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="cleaning-data.html"><a href="cleaning-data.html#exercises-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Arranging and Storing Data for the Long Haul (Databases!)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html#discussion-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html"><a href="arranging-and-storing-data-for-the-long-haul-databases.html#exercises-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html"><a href="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Linked Open Data and Data Publishing</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html"><a href="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html#discussion-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html"><a href="linked-open-data-and-data-publishing.html#exercises-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html"><a href="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Using Application Programming Interfaces (APIS) to Retrieve Data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html"><a href="using-application-programming-interfaces-apis-to-retrieve-data.html#exercises-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="scraping-data.html"><a href="scraping-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> Scraping Data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.1" data-path="scraping-data.html"><a href="scraping-data.html#exercises-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.1</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="finding-and-communicating-the-compelling-story.html"><a href="finding-and-communicating-the-compelling-story.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Finding and Communicating the Compelling Story</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><a href="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Statistical Computing with R and Python Notebooks; Reproducible code</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.1" data-path="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><a href="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html#discussion-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.2" data-path="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html"><a href="statistical-computing-with-r-and-python-notebooks-reproducible-code.html#exercises-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.2</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Data Driven Documents</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html#d3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> D3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html#discussion-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="data-driven-documents.html"><a href="data-driven-documents.html#exercises-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Storytelling and the Archaeological CMS: Omeka, Kora, and Mukurtu</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#the-content-management-system"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> The Content Management System</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#omeka"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> Omeka</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#kora"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> Kora</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.4" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#mukurtu"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.4</b> Mukurtu</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.5" data-path="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html"><a href="storytelling-and-the-archaeological-cms-omeka-kora-and-mukurtu.html#exercises-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> What is Web Mapping?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#overview-of-map-services"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> Overview of Map Services</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#making-a-web-map-with-leaflet"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> Making a web map with Leaflet</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.3" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#exercises-15"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.3</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.4" data-path="what-is-web-mapping.html"><a href="what-is-web-mapping.html#resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.4</b> Resources</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Virtual Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#theory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> Theory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#method"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> Method</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.3" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#practice"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.3</b> Practice</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.4" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#discussion-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.4</b> Discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.5" data-path="virtual-archaeology.html"><a href="virtual-archaeology.html#exercises-16"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Archaeogaming</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.1" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#archaeological-reception"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.1</b> Archaeological Reception</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.2" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#games-as-archaeology"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.2</b> Games as Archaeology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.3" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#archaeogaming-projects-past-and-present"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.3</b> Archaeogaming Projects Past and Present</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.4" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#is-archaeogaming-archaeology-a-future-of-the-discipline."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.4</b> Is Archaeogaming Archaeology? A Future of the Discipline.</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.5" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#exercises-17"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.5</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.6" data-path="archaeogaming.html"><a href="archaeogaming.html#further-reading-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.6</b> Further Reading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Social media as Public Engagement & Scholarly Communication in Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.1" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html#discussion-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.2" data-path="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html"><a href="social-media-as-public-engagement-scholarly-communication-in-archaeology.html#exercises-18"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.2</b> exercises</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Computational Creativity</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.1" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#twitterbots-with-tracery"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.1</b> Twitterbots with Tracery</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.2" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#chatbots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.2</b> Chatbots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.3" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#sonification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.3</b> Sonification</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.4" data-path="computational-creativity.html"><a href="computational-creativity.html#worldbuilding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.4</b> Worldbuilding</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="eliding-the-digital-and-the-physical.html"><a href="eliding-the-digital-and-the-physical.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Eliding the Digital and the Physical</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 3D Photogrammetry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html#basic-principles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Basic principles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html#further-readings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> Further Readings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="d-photogrammetry.html"><a href="d-photogrammetry.html#exercises-20"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> exercises</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="d-printing-the-internet-of-things-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-the-internet-of-things-and-maker-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> 3D Printing, the Internet of Things and “Maker” Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="d-printing-the-internet-of-things-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-the-internet-of-things-and-maker-archaeology.html#d-printing---a-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> 3d Printing - a Workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="d-printing-the-internet-of-things-and-maker-archaeology.html"><a href="d-printing-the-internet-of-things-and-maker-archaeology.html#using-raspberry-pi-in-the-field"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> Using Raspberry Pi in the Field</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><a href="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Place-based Interpretation with Locative Augmented Reality</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><a href="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html#projection-mapping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> Projection Mapping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html"><a href="place-based-interpretation-with-locative-augmented-reality.html#exercises-22"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> exercises</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Artificial Intelligence in Digital Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="artificial-intelligence-in-digital-archaeology.html#agent-based-modeling-abm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> Agent-based modeling (ABM)</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Computer Vision and Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html#convolutional-neural-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Convolutional Neural Networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html#applications"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> Applications</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html"><a href="computer-vision-and-archaeology.html#exercises-23"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.3</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="digital-archaeologys-place-in-the-world.html"><a href="digital-archaeologys-place-in-the-world.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Digital Archaeology’s Place in the World</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="marketing-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="marketing-digital-archaeology.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Marketing Digital Archaeology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="marketing-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="marketing-digital-archaeology.html#exercises-24"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> exercises</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html#discussion-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html"><a href="sustainability-power-in-digital-archaeology.html#exercises-25"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> exercises</a></li>
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<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">The Open Digital Archaeology Textbook</a>
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<div id="going-digital" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Part 1</span> Going Digital</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Digital archaeology should exist to assist us in the performance of archaeology as a whole. It should not be a secret knowledge, nor a distinct school of thought, but rather simply seen as archaeology done well, using all of the tools available to and in better recovering, understanding and presenting the past. In the end, there is no such thing as digital archaeology. What exists, or at least what should exist, are intelligent and practical ways of applying the use of computers to archaeology that better enable us to pursue both our theoretical questions and our methodological applications. <span class="citation">(Evans, Daly, and MyiLibrary <a href="#ref-evans_digital_2006">2006</a>)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p>While we agree with the first part of the sentiment, the second part is rather up for debate. We believe that there <em>is</em> such a thing as digital archaeology. Digital tools exist in a meshwork of legal and cultural obligations, and moreso than any other tool humans have yet come up with, have the capability to exert their own agency upon the user. Digital tools and their use are not theory-free nor without theoretical implications. There is no such thing as neutral, when digital tools are employed. This is why digital archaeology is - or should be - a distinct subfield of the wider archaeological project.</p>
<p>In a conversation initiated on Twitter on March 10, 2017, Graham asked the question (<a href="https://twitter.com/electricarchaeo/status/840199677572186112">the thread for which discussion starts here</a>), ‘is digital archaeology the same as using computers in archaeology?’ The resulting conversation ranged widely over everything from the topic of study to the ways in which computational power enables the researcher to ask questions that were not previously feasible to ask. Other researchers <a href="https://twitter.com/lornarichardson/status/840224965567868928">sounded a note of caution</a> against the kind of ‘technological fetishism’ that digital work can often fall pray to, especially given the larger issues of gender and ‘solutionitis’ that emerge given the white, 20-35 year old demographic of many tech workers (for criticisms of technological solutionism or utopianism in archaeology, see the work of Colleen Morgan (2012) Joyce, Tringham, Morozov, Kansa ). Others <a href="https://twitter.com/ewg118/status/840268038146514944">sounded a warning</a> that to think of digital archaeology as something distinct from archaeology risks ‘going the way of DH’ and instead appealed for a holistic understanding.</p>
<div class="figure">
<img src="images/treeverse-what-is-da.png" alt="A visualization of the conversation tree on Twitter from Graham’s query" />
<p class="caption">A visualization of the conversation tree on Twitter from Graham’s query</p>
</div>
<p>Hanna Marie Pageau succintly captured these issues, when over a series of tweets <a href="https://twitter.com/tinysapien/status/840213509623406593">beginning here</a> she wrote,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>‘Digital archaeology has an obvious digital component. However, saying it’s simply using a computer is like saying being a computer scientist means you use a computer to do science. There is an implied addition [to the] topic of specific methods that brings you from an archaeologist using a computer to being an archaeologist who studies digital archaeology. I would argue that archaeogaming is the most straight forward example. Because while gaming is usually thought of as digital, it could study table top gaming and not technically be digital in nature. However if you’re studying ethics of representation in games you’re going from just using a computer as a tool to it being THE medium.’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In which case, an important aspect of digital archaeology that differentiates it from the use of computing power to answer archaeological questions is this question of purpose. In this section, we take up this question beginning with the question of <em>teaching</em> digital approaches. We progress by suggesting that digital archaeology is akin to work at the intersection of art and public archaeology and digital humanities. We provide you the necessary basics for setting up your own digital archaeological practice. Entrance into the world of digital archaeology requires organizational ability and facility with versioning files. It is allied with the practice of open notebook science, and it attempts to future-proof by using the simplest file formats and avoiding proprietary software where possible. These are the basics on which the rest of digital archaeological practice is founded.</p>
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<h3>References</h3>
<div id="refs" class="references">
<div id="ref-evans_digital_2006">
<p>Evans, Thomas L., Patrick T. Daly, and MyiLibrary, eds. 2006. <em>Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory</em>. London ; New York: Routledge. <a href="http://proxy.library.carleton.ca/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=29182" class="uri">http://proxy.library.carleton.ca/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=29182</a>.</p>
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