core.py

#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
GCF bindings to python
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import os
import math
import warnings
import ctypes  # NOQA
import numpy as np
from obspy import UTCDateTime
from obspy.core import Stream, Trace, AttribDict
from obspy.core.util.libnames import _load_cdll

# supported sampling rates outside range 1-250 Hz
# key:value = samplingrate:fractional_time_denominator
_SPS_MAP = {
    0.1: 1,
    0.125: 1,
    0.2: 1,
    0.25: 1,
    0.5: 1,
    400: 8,
    500: 2,
    625: 5,
    800: 16,
    1000: 4,
    1250: 5,
    2000: 8,
    2500: 10,
    4000: 16,
    5000: 20
}
# Unsupported sampling rates in range 1-250 Hz
_SPS_RESERVED = [157, 161, 162, 164, 167, 171, 174, 175, 176, 179, 181, 182,
                 191, 193, 194]
# Valid differential gains
_VALID_GAIN = [-1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64]
# Min/max data values
_GCF_MIN = -2147483648
_GCF_MAX = 2147483647

# Mapping between error codes set by reader and messages
_ERRORMSG = {
    -1: "data block %d is not a data block",
    1: "stream ID in header of data block %d use extended system ID format",
    2: "stream ID in header of data block %d use double-extended "
       "system ID format",
    3: "unknown compression in data block %d",
    4: "to few/many data samples indicated in block header of data block %d",
    5: "start time of first data sample in data block %d is negative",
    9: "failure to decode header values of data block %d",
    10: "failure to decode data block %d (last data != RIC)",
    11: "1'st first difference != 0 in data block %d",
    21: "failure to decode data block %d (last data != RIC, 1'st first "
        "difference != 0)"
}


class _GcfSeg(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [
      ('streamID', ctypes.c_char * 7),
      ('systemID', ctypes.c_char * 7),
      ('start', ctypes.c_int32),
      ('t_numerator', ctypes.c_int),
      ('t_denominator', ctypes.c_int),
      ('t_leap', ctypes.c_int),
      ('gain', ctypes.c_int),
      ('sysType', ctypes.c_int),
      ('digi', ctypes.c_int),
      ('ttl', ctypes.c_int),
      ('blk', ctypes.c_int),
      ('err', ctypes.c_int),
      ('sps', ctypes.c_int),
      ('sps_denom', ctypes.c_int),
      ('compr', ctypes.c_int),
      ('FIC', ctypes.c_int32),
      ('RIC', ctypes.c_int32),
      ('n_data', ctypes.c_int32),
      ('n_alloc', ctypes.c_int32),
      ('data', ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int32))
    ]


class _GcfFile(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [
      ('n_blk', ctypes.c_int),
      ('n_seg', ctypes.c_int),
      ('n_alloc', ctypes.c_int),
      ('n_errHead', ctypes.c_int),
      ('n_errData', ctypes.c_int),
      ('seg', ctypes.POINTER(_GcfSeg))
    ]


def compatible_sps(sps):
    """
    Checks if a sampling rate is compatible with the GCF format

    :type sps: float, int
    :param sps: sampling rate to test
    :rtype: bool
    :returns: True if sampling rate is compatible else False
    """
    is_compat = True
    if not (isinstance(sps, int) or isinstance(sps, float)):
        is_compat = False
    else:
        if sps >= 1 and sps <= 250:
            if int(sps)-sps != 0 or sps in _SPS_RESERVED:
                is_compat = False
        elif sps not in _SPS_MAP:
            is_compat = False
    return is_compat


def get_time_denominator(sps):
    """
    Returns the time fractional offset denominator, d, associated with an
    input sampling rate.

    Any data written to a gcf file must have its first sample sampled at a
    fractional time:
        n/d
    where 0 <= n < d

    :type sps: float, int
    :param sps: sampling rate (samples per second)
    :rtype: int
    :returns: fractional offset denominator, if 0 input sampling rate is not
        compatible with implemented GCF format, if 1 first data sample must be
        sampled in integer time
    """
    denom = 0
    if compatible_sps(sps):
        if sps <= 250:
            denom = 1
        else:
            denom = _SPS_MAP[sps]
    return denom


def merge_gcf_stream(st):
    """
    Merges GCF stream (replacing Stream.merge(-1) for headonly=True)

    :type st: :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream`
    :param st: GCF Stream object with no data
    :rtype: :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream`
    :returns: Stream object containing header and data.
    """
    traces = []
    for tr in st:
        delta = tr.stats.delta
        starttime = tr.stats.starttime
        endtime = tr.stats.endtime
        for trace in traces:
            if tr.id == trace.id and delta == trace.stats.delta \
              and not starttime == trace.stats.starttime:
                if 0 < starttime - trace.stats.endtime <= delta:
                    trace.stats.npts += tr.stats.npts
                    break
                elif 0 < trace.stats.starttime - endtime <= delta:
                    trace.stats.starttime = UTCDateTime(starttime)
                    trace.stats.npts += tr.stats.npts
                    break
        else:
            traces.append(tr)
    return Stream(traces=traces)


def _is_gcf(filename):
    """
    Checks whether a file is GCF or not.

    :type filename: str
    :param filename: path to GCF file to be checked.
    :rtype: bool
    :return: True if a object pointed to by path is a GCF file.
    """
    is_gcf = True
    if not os.path.isfile(filename) or os.path.getsize(filename) % 1024:
        # File either does not point at a file object or file is not of
        # proper size
        is_gcf = False
    else:
        # Load shared library
        gcf_io = _load_cdll("gcf")

        # declare function argument and return types
        gcf_io.read_gcf.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p,
                                    ctypes.POINTER(_GcfFile),
                                    ctypes.c_int]
        gcf_io.read_gcf.restype = ctypes.c_int
        gcf_io.free_GcfFile.argtypes = [ctypes.POINTER(_GcfFile)]
        gcf_io.free_GcfFile.restype = None

        # Decode first block
        obj = _GcfFile()
        b_filename = filename.encode('utf-8')
        ret = gcf_io.read_gcf(b_filename, obj, 3)
        if ret or (obj.n_errHead and obj.seg[0].err not in (10, 11, 21)) \
                or obj.n_errData:
            is_gcf = False
            if filename[-4:] == ".gcf":
                print("file: %s" % (filename))
                print("ret: %d" % (ret))
                print("n-blocks: %d" % os.path.getsize(filename)/1024.)
                print("obj.n_blk = %d" % (obj.n_blk))
                print("obj.n_errHead = %d" % (obj.n_errHead))
                print("obj.n_errData = %d" % (obj.n_errData))

        # release allocated memory
        gcf_io.free_GcfFile(obj)
    return is_gcf


def _read_gcf(filename, headonly=False, network='', station='',
              locationcode='', bandcode="H", instrumentcode="H",
              channel_prefix=None, blockmerge=True, cleanoverlap=True,
              errorret=False, **kwargs):
    """
    Reads a GCF file and returns a :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream`

    Only GCF data records are supported. Function supports format as described
    by GCF Reference
    `SWA-RFC-GCFR Issue F, December 2021
    <https://www.guralp.com/apps/ok?doc=GCF_format>`

    .. warning::
            This function should NOT be called directly, it registers via the
            ObsPy :func:`~obspy.core.stream.read` function, call this instead.

    :type filename: str
    :param filename: path to GCF file to read
    :type headonly: bool, optional
    :param headonly: if True only read block headers
    :type network: str, optional
    :param network: network code to use
    :type station: str, optional
    :param station: station code to use, if not specified unitID in gcf header
       will be used (first 4 characters in stream_id)
    :type locationcode: str, optional
    :param locationcode: location code to use
    :type bandcode: str, optional
    :param bandcode: 1-character band code to use, ignored if channel_prefix
        is input
    :type instrumentcode: str, optional
    :param instrumentcode: 1-character instrument code to use, ignored if
        channel_prefix is input
    :type channel_prefix: str, optional
    :param channel_prefix: 2-character channel prefix to use, if not input
        channel_prefix = bandcode+instrumentcode
    :type blockmerge: bool, optional
    :param blockmerge: if True merge blocks if aligned
    :type cleanoverlap: bool, optional
    :param cleanoverlap: ignored if blockmerge is False, if True, remove
        overlapping identical data prior to merging blocks, if False
        overlapping blocks will not be merged even if data in overlap is
        identical
    :type errorret: bool, optional
    :param errorret: if True block and header issues will be set in
        trace.stats.gcf.stat for each :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace`
        object in returned :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object, else
        function will raise raise an IOError with an appropriate
        error message
    :rtype: :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream`
    :returns: Stream object

    ..rubric:: Exceptions

    Function will raise :class:IOError on problems to read file

    .. rubric:: GCF header data

    GCF specific meta data will be set for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the returned
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object under attribute
        ``stats.gcf``, more precisely the following attributes will be set:

        ``stats.gcf.system_id`` : str
            system_id set in block header
        ``stats.gcf.stream_id`` : str
            6-character stream_id set in block, typically consists of:
             (4-character unitID) + (1-character orientation code) + (int, tap)
        ``stats.gcf.sys_type`` : int
            system_id type:
             ``0`` - regular
             ``1`` - extended
             ``2`` - double extended
        ``stats.gcf.t_leap`` : bool
            1 if block start at leap second, else 0
        ``stats.gcf.gain`` : int
            variable gain setting (if ``-1`` not used)
        ``stats.gcf.digi`` : int
            digitizer type, combine with ``stats.gcf.sys_type`` to find the
            digitizer according to:
            ==================  ==============  ===========================
            stats.gcf.sys_type  stats.gcf.digi  digitizer
            ==================  ==============  ===========================
            0                   0               unknown (probably DM24 Mk2)
            1                   0               DM24
            1                   1               CD24
            2                   0               Affinity
            2                   1               Minimus
            ==================  ==============  ===========================
        ``stats.gcf.ttl`` : int
            tap-table-lookup to retrieve sequence of decimation filters used
            (see
            `GCF reference<https://www.guralp.com/apps/ok?doc=GCF_format>`
            for further info)
        ``stats.gcf.blk`` : int
            Lowest block number in gcf file of blocks included in trace (count
            start at 0)
        ``stats.gcf.FIC`` : int
            Forward Integration Constant (i.e. first data value)
        ``stats.gcf.RIC`` : int
            Reverse Integration Constant (ideally last data value)
        ``stats.gcf.stat`` : int
            Status code, available codes are:
            ==== ===========================================================
            code description
            ==== ===========================================================
            -1   not a data block
            0    no detected block issues
            1    stream ID use extended system ID format
            2    stream ID use double-extended system ID format
            3    unknown compression
            4    to few/many data samples indicated in block header
            5    start of first data sample is negative
            9    failure to decode header values
            10   failure to decode data values (last data != RIC, may be due
                  to bad RIC!!!)
            11   first first difference != 0 (may not be critical!!!)
            21   status codes 10 + 11
            ==== ===========================================================

    ..rubric:: Example

        >>> from obspy import read
        >>> st = read("/path/to/20160603_1955n.gcf", format="GCF")
    """
    if not os.path.exists(filename):
        raise IOError("file %s could not be located (erroneous path?)"
                      % (filename))

    stream = None
    # Load shared library
    try:
        gcf_io = _load_cdll("gcf")
    except Exception as e:
        raise IOError(str(e))
    else:
        # declare function argument and return types
        gcf_io.read_gcf.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p,
                                    ctypes.POINTER(_GcfFile),
                                    ctypes.c_int]
        gcf_io.read_gcf.restype = ctypes.c_int
        gcf_io.free_GcfFile.argtypes = [ctypes.POINTER(_GcfFile)]
        gcf_io.free_GcfFile.restype = None
        # set reader mode
        if headonly:
            if not blockmerge:
                mode = -2
            else:
                mode = -1
        else:
            if not blockmerge:
                mode = 2
            elif not cleanoverlap:
                mode = 1
            else:
                mode = 0

        # read file
        obj = _GcfFile()
        b_filename = filename.encode('utf-8')
        ret = gcf_io.read_gcf(b_filename, obj, mode)
        if ret == -1:
            if os.path.isfile(filename):
                raise IOError("cannot open file %s in read mode (missing "
                              "read permissions for user?)" % (filename))
            else:
                raise IOError("%s is not a file" % (filename))
        elif ret == 1:
            raise IOError("file %s is not a GCF data file" % (filename))
        elif ret:
            raise IOError("failed to read file %s (unknown error code %d "
                          "returned)" % (filename, ret))
        else:
            err_msg = ""
            # So far so good, set up trace objects
            traces = []
            for i in range(int(obj.n_seg)):
                if obj.seg[i].err and not errorret:
                    err_msg = _ERRORMSG.get(
                        obj.seg[i].err,
                        "unknown error code (%d) set for data block %%d" %
                        (obj.seg[i].err)
                        ) % (i+1)
                    break
                chn = obj.seg[i].streamID.decode('utf-8')[-2]
                channel = ((channel_prefix if channel_prefix else
                           bandcode+instrumentcode) + chn).upper()
                if headonly or obj.seg[i].n_data <= 0:
                    data = None
                else:
                    data = np.array(obj.seg[i].data[:obj.seg[i].n_data],
                                    dtype=np.int32)
                sps = obj.seg[i].sps*1./obj.seg[i].sps_denom
                dt = obj.seg[i].t_leap
                start = obj.seg[i].start+obj.seg[i].t_numerator * \
                    1./obj.seg[i].t_denominator-dt
                def_stat = obj.seg[i].streamID[:4].decode('utf-8')
                stats = {
                    "network": network,
                    "station": station if station else def_stat,
                    "channel": channel,
                    "sampling_rate": sps,
                    "starttime": UTCDateTime(start),
                    "npts": obj.seg[i].n_data,
                    "gcf": AttribDict({
                        "system_id": obj.seg[i].systemID.decode('utf-8'),
                        "stream_id": obj.seg[i].streamID.decode('utf-8'),
                        "sys_type": obj.seg[i].sysType,
                        "t_leap": True if obj.seg[i].t_leap else False,
                        "gain": obj.seg[i].gain,
                        "digi": obj.seg[i].digi,
                        "ttl": obj.seg[i].ttl,
                        "blk": obj.seg[i].blk,
                        "FIC": obj.seg[i].FIC,
                        "RIC": obj.seg[i].RIC,
                        "stat": obj.seg[i].err
                    })
                }
                if data is not None:
                    traces.append(Trace(data=data, header=stats))
                else:
                    traces.append(Trace(header=stats))

            # Set up the stream object
            if not err_msg:
                stream = Stream(traces=traces)

            # Free memory allocated by the C-function
            gcf_io.free_GcfFile(obj)

            if err_msg:
                raise IOError(err_msg)
    return stream


def _write_gcf(stream, filename, stream_id=None, system_id=None, is_leap=False,
               gain=None, ttl=None, digi=None, sys_type=None, missalign=0.1,
               **kwargs):
    """
    Writes a :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` or a :class:`
    ~obspy.core.trace.Trace` to a GCF file

    Only GCF data records are supported. Function supports format as described
    by GCF Reference
    `SWA-RFC-GCFR Issue F, December 2021
      <https://www.guralp.com/apps/ok?doc=GCF_format>`

    .. warning::
            This function should NOT be called directly, it registers via the
            ObsPy :func:`~obspy.core.stream.write` function, call this
            instead.

    :type stream: :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` or
                  :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace`
    :param stream: waveform to write to file,
    :type filename: str
    :param filename: path to GCF file to read
    :type stream_id: str
    :param stream_id: 6-character stream ID, first 4 characters (the unit ID)
        should be in the range 0-9, A-Z fifth character should be the
        orientation code (e.g. Z, N, E) and the last character an integer
        yielding the tap the data were output from in the digitizer. If not
        specified stream_id will be taken from ``stats.gcf.stream_id`` for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the input
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object if present else stream_id
        will be constructed as:
        ``stats.station.ljust(4, x)[:4]+stats.channel[-1]+'0'``
    :type system_id: str
    :param system_id: 4- to 6-character SysID (4 if ``sys_type`` is 2, 5 if
        ``sys_type`` is 1 and 6 if ``sys_type`` is 0). If not specified
       system_id  will be taken from ``stats.gcf.system_id`` for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the input
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object and if present else system_id
        will be extracted from ``stream_id`` starting from first character.
    :type is_leap: int
    :param is_leap: should be set to ``True`` if first sample is sampled at an
        integer second that is a leap second. If not specified value will be
        taken from ``stats.gcf.t_leap`` for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the input
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` if present else the default value
        is ``0``
    :type gain: int
    :param gain: digitizer gain (permitted values are 2^n; n <= 6, and -1 if
        combined with ``sys_type`` = 0), if not specified gain will be taken
        from ``stats.gcf.gain`` for each :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace`
        object in the input  :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object if
        present else the default value is ``0``.
    :type ttl: int
    :param ttl: tap-table-lookup reference. if not specified ttl will be
        taken from t``stats.gcf.gain`` for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the input
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object if present else the default
        value is ``0``
    :type digi: int
    :param digi: digitizer type (permitted values are 0 or 1), if not
        specified type will be taken from ``stats.gcf.digi`` for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the input
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object if present else the default
        value is ``0``
    :type sys_type: int
    :param sys_type: system_id type (permitted values are 0, 1, or 2), if not
        specified sys_type will be taken from ``stats.gcf.sys_type`` for each
        :class:`~obspy.core.trace.Trace` object in the input
        :class:`~obspy.core.stream.Stream` object if present else the default
        value is ``0``
    :type missalign: float
    :param missalign: fraction of a sampling interval (permitted range is
        0-0.5) of tolerated missalignment of starttime. If not specified
        default value is ``0.1``

    ..Note::

    Sampling rate is restricted, most sampling rates between 1-250 samples
    per second (minus a few exceptions)are supported, for greater or lower
    sampling rates format support can be checked with function
    :func:compatible_sps.

    First data sample in each trace may only be sampled at non-integer second
    if sampling rate > 250. For sampling rates > 250 first data sample in
    each trace must start at an integer nominator of the denominator
    associated with the ampling rate. e.g. for a sampling rate of 1000
    samples per second the associated denominator is 4 hence first data sample
    must be sampled at either ss.00 (0/4), ss.25 (1/4), ss.50 (2/4), or ss.75
    (3/4). Use function :func:get_time_denominator to get the associated
    denominator.

    The GCF format is only guaranteed to support 32-bit signed integer values.
    While data with values out of range may be properly stored in the GCF
    format (if first and last data sample can be represented as a 32-bit
    signed integer as well as all first difference values of the dat avector)
    the current implementaion only permitts input data to be representable as
    a 32-bit signed integer. If input waveforms cannot be representable as
    32-bit signed integers they will be clipped at -2,147,483,648 and
    2,147,483,647

    ..rubric:: Exceptions

    :class:TypeError will be raised upon unsupported input
    :class:IOError will be raised upon failure to output file

    ..rubric:: Example

    >>> st.write('GCF-filename.gcf', format='GCF') #doctest: +SKIP

    """
    # Make sure we have a Stream or Trace object
    if not isinstance(stream, Stream):
        if not isinstance(stream, Trace):
            raise TypeError("write requires either a Stream or a Trace object")
        else:
            stream = Stream(traces=stream)

    # Check output path
    if os.path.exists(filename) and not os.path.isfile(filename):
        IOError("path %s exists but is not a file object" % (filename))
    d, f = os.path.split(filename)
    if d and not os.path.exists(d):
        try:
            os.makedirs(d)
        except Exception:
            raise IOError("failed to create output directorie(s) %s" % (d))

    # check missalign parameter for supported range
    if missalign < 0 or missalign > 0.5:
        raise TypeError("argument missalign out of range (permitted range "
                        "0 - 0.5)")

    ret = 0
    # Load shared library
    try:
        gcf_io = _load_cdll("gcf")
    except Exception as e:
        raise IOError(str(e))
    else:
        # declare function argument and return types
        gcf_io.write_gcf.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(_GcfFile)]
        gcf_io.write_gcf.restype = ctypes.c_int

        # prepare the GcfFile object
        obj = _GcfFile()
        obj.n_seg = len(stream)
        obj.seg = (_GcfSeg * obj.n_seg)()
        obj.n_alloc = obj.n_seg
        ctypes.cast(obj.seg, ctypes.POINTER(_GcfSeg))

        for i, trace in enumerate(stream):
            gcf_stats = trace.stats.gcf if hasattr(trace.stats, 'gcf') \
                else None

            # Input checks, all of these are checked in the C-writer function
            #  but still duplicated here for clarity and ease of formatting
            #  proper exception messages

            # Check data type
            if not isinstance(trace.data[0], np.int32):
                data = trace.data.clip(_GCF_MIN, _GCF_MAX)
                data = np.require(data, dtype=np.int32,
                                  requirements=['C_CONTIGUOUS'])
                if not np.all(data == trace.data):
                    msg = 'data in trace %d fitted into signed 32-integers'
                    warnings.warn(msg)
                trace.data = data
            else:
                trace.data = np.ascontiguousarray(trace.data)

            # Check sampling rate
            sps_denom = 1
            if not compatible_sps(trace.stats.sampling_rate):
                sps = ".3f" % (trace.stats.sampling_rate) if \
                               trace.stats.sampling_rate < 1 else \
                               "%d" % (trace.stats.sampling_rate)
                raise ValueError("trace sampling rate, %s, in trace %d not "
                                 "supported in GCF format" % (sps, i+1))
            else:
                sps = trace.stats.sampling_rate
                if sps < 1:
                    if sps < 0.12:
                        sps_denom = 10
                    elif sps < 0.19:
                        sps_denom = 8
                    elif sps < 0.24:
                        sps_denom = 5
                    elif sps < 0.49:
                        sps_denom = 4
                    else:
                        sps_denom = 2
                    sps = 1
                sps = int(sps)

            # check start time
            sec = trace.stats.starttime.timestamp
            t_numerator = 0
            if sps <= 250:
                # fractional start time not supported, allow for rounding of
                #  up 10% of the sampling interval
                # hmm is this enough for sampling rates < 1 Hz
                start = int(round(sec))
                if abs(start-sec) > 1./sps*missalign:
                    raise TypeError("fractional start time not supported for "
                                    "sampling rates <= 250 Hz (in trace %d)" %
                                    (i+1))
            else:
                # fractional start time supported but restricted, allow for
                # 10% missalignment
                start = int(math.floor(sec))
                dt = sec-start
                t_denom = _SPS_MAP[sps]
                numerator = dt*t_denom
                t_numerator = int(round(numerator))
                if abs(numerator-t_numerator)/t_denom > missalign/sps:
                    raise TypeError("start time in trace %d not aligned with "
                                    "supported (fractional) start time" %
                                    (i+1))

            # Check if is_leap is set else set
            use_is_leap = 0
            if is_leap is not None:
                use_is_leap = 1 if is_leap else 0
            elif hasattr(gcf_stats, "is_leap"):
                use_is_leap = 1 if gcf_stats.is_leap else 0

            # Check if gain is set else set
            use_gain = 0
            gain_in_stats = False
            if gain is not None:
                use_gain = gain
            elif hasattr(gcf_stats, "gain"):
                gain_in_stats = True
                use_gain = gcf_stats.gain
            if use_gain not in _VALID_GAIN:
                if gain is None:
                    gains = ', '.join(["%d" % g for g in _VALID_GAIN])
                    raise TypeError("bad value on stats.gcf.gain, %s, in "
                                    "stats.gcf in trace %d (permitted values:"
                                    " %s)" % (use_gain, i+1, gains))
                else:
                    gains = ', '.join(["%d" % g for g in _VALID_GAIN])
                    raise TypeError("bad value on argument gain, %s "
                                    "(permitted values: %s)" %
                                    (use_gain, gains))

            # Check if ttl is set else set
            use_ttl = 0
            if ttl is not None:
                use_ttl = ttl
            elif hasattr(gcf_stats, "ttl"):
                use_ttl = gcf_stats.ttl

            # Check if type is set else set
            use_digi = 0
            if digi is not None:
                use_digi = digi
            elif hasattr(gcf_stats, "digi"):
                use_digi = gcf_stats.digi
            if use_digi not in [0, 1]:
                if digi is None:
                    raise TypeError("bad value on stats.gcf.digi, %s, in "
                                    "trace %d (permitted values: 0, 1)" %
                                    (use_digi, i+1))
                else:
                    raise TypeError("bad value on argument digi, %s "
                                    "(permitted values: 0, 1)" % (use_digi))

            # Check if sys_type is set else set
            use_sys_type = 0
            st_in_stats = False
            if sys_type is not None:
                use_sys_type = sys_type
            elif hasattr(gcf_stats, "sys_type"):
                st_in_stats = True
                use_sys_type = gcf_stats.sys_type
            if use_sys_type not in [0, 1, 2]:
                if digi is None:
                    raise TypeError("bad value on stats.gcf.digi, %s, in "
                                    "trace %d (permitted values: 0, 1, 2)"
                                    % (use_sys_type, i+1))
                else:
                    raise TypeError("bad value on argument digi, %s, "
                                    "in trace %d (permitted values: 0, 1, 2)"
                                    % (use_sys_type, i+1))
            elif use_sys_type != 0 and use_gain == -1:
                if gain_in_stats and st_in_stats:
                    raise TypeError("value -1 on stats.gcf.gain may only be "
                                    "combined with value 0 on "
                                    "stats.gcf.sys_type (in trace %s)" % (i+1))
                elif gain_in_stats:
                    raise TypeError("value -1 on stats.gcf.gain may only be "
                                    "combined with value 0 on argument "
                                    "sys_type (in trace %s)" % (i+1))
                elif st_in_stats:
                    raise TypeError("value -1 on argument gain may only be "
                                    "combined with value 0 on "
                                    "stats.gcf.sys_type (in trace %s)" % (i+1))
                else:
                    raise TypeError("value -1 on argument gain may only be "
                                    "combined with value 0 on argument "
                                    "sys_type")

            # Check if stream_id is set else build
            if stream_id is not None:
                use_stream_id = stream_id
            elif gcf_stats is not None and hasattr(gcf_stats, "stream_id"):
                use_stream_id = gcf_stats.stream_id.upper()
            else:
                use_stream_id = (trace.stats.station.ljust(4, "X")[:4] +
                                 (trace.stats.channel[-1]
                                  if trace.stats.channel
                                  else 'X')+'0').upper()
            if len(use_stream_id) != 6:
                if stream_id is None:
                    raise TypeError("bad value on stats.gcf.stream_id, %s, in "
                                    "trace %d (must be 6-character long)" %
                                    (use_stream_id, i+1))
                else:
                    raise TypeError("bad value on argument stream_id, %s (must"
                                    " be 6-character long)" % (use_stream_id))

            # Check if system_id is set else set
            len_system_id = 6 if use_sys_type == 0 \
                else (5 if use_sys_type == 1 else 4)
            use_system_id = use_stream_id[:len_system_id]
            si_in_stats = False
            if system_id is not None:
                use_system_id = system_id.upper()
            elif gcf_stats is not None and hasattr(gcf_stats, "system_id"):
                si_in_stats = True
                use_system_id = gcf_stats.system_id.upper()
            if len(use_system_id) > len_system_id:
                if st_in_stats and si_in_stats:
                    raise TypeError("stats.gcf.system_id not compatible with "
                                    "stats.gcf.sys_type in trace %d (max "
                                    "length %d characters )" %
                                    (i+1, len_system_id))
                elif st_in_stats:
                    raise TypeError("argument system_id not compatible with "
                                    "stats.gcf.sys_type in trace %d (max "
                                    "length %d characters )" %
                                    (i+1, len_system_id))
                elif si_in_stats:
                    raise TypeError("stats.gcf.system_id not compatible with "
                                    "argument sys_type in trace %d (max length"
                                    " %d characters )" % (i+1, len_system_id))
                else:
                    raise TypeError("argument system_id not compatible with "
                                    "argument sys_type (max length %d "
                                    "characters )" % (len_system_id))

            # Populate segment
            tr = _GcfSeg()
            tr.streamID = use_stream_id.encode('utf-8')
            tr.systemID = use_system_id.encode('utf-8')
            tr.start = start
            tr.t_numerator = t_numerator
            tr.t_leap = use_is_leap
            tr.gain = use_gain
            tr.sysType = use_sys_type
            tr.digi = use_digi
            tr.ttl = use_ttl
            tr.sps = sps
            tr.sps_denom = sps_denom
            tr.n_data = trace.data.size
            tr.n_alloc = trace.data.size
            tr.data = trace.data.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int32))

            # Add segment to file object
            obj.seg[i] = tr

        # Write to file
        ret = gcf_io.write_gcf(filename.encode('utf-8'), obj)
        if ret == 0:
            pass
        elif ret == -2:
            raise IOError("failed to write to disc")
        elif ret == -1:
            raise IOError("failed to open file to write to")
        elif ret == 1:
            raise TypeError("no data or inconsistent headers")
        elif ret == 2:
            raise TypeError("unsupported sampling rate")
        elif ret == 3:
            raise TypeError("bad fractional start time")
        elif ret == 4:
            raise TypeError("unsupported gain")
        elif ret == 5:
            raise TypeError("unsupported instrument type")
        elif ret == 6:
            raise TypeError("to long system_id")
        else:
            raise IOError("unknown error code %d" % (ret))