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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Programming Quantum Computers</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.0/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="./external/ace/src-min-noconflict/ace.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_bitfield.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_reg.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_int.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_basicops.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_widgets.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_staff.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_scriptpanel.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://machinelevel.github.io/QCEngine/src/qcengine_panel.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="./sample_shortcuts.js"></script>
<style>
.panel-resizable {
resize: vertical;
overflow: auto;
}
.ej-no-margin {
margin: 0px !important;
/* margin-bottom:50px !important;
*/ padding: 0px !important;
padding-bottom:10px !important;
}
.xxxpad-left-only {
margin: 0px !important;
/* padding: 8px !important;
padding-left: 10px !important;
padding-right: 0px !important;
margin: 0px !important;
margin-left: 10px;
*/ }
.xxxpad-right-only {
padding: 8px !important;
/* padding-left: 0px !important;
padding-right: 10px !important;
margin: 0px !important;
margin-right: 10px;
*/ }
.less-padding {
padding: 0px !important;
margin: 0px !important;
}
.ej-btn-cstyle {
padding: 4px !important;
}
.editor {
/* background-color:#e5e5e5;
padding:0px;
margin-top:1%;
margin-left:1%;
margin-right:1%;
margin-bottom:1%;
float:bottom;
width:98%;
*/
/* resize:vertical;
overflow:auto;
*/
overflow: hidden;
width:100%;
height:400px;
}
.info-button {
background-color: #1c87c9;
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 5px 8px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 16px;
margin: 4px 2px;
cursor: pointer;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="info-buttons-div" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;">
<table cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
<img src="images/cs-title-bar-spacer.png" style="width:100%;" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:60%;">
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920167433.do" class="info-button" target="_blank">Book Info</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Quantum-Computers-Essential-Algorithms/dp/1492039683" class="info-button" target="_blank">Buy on Amazon</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="title-div">
<img src="images/cs-title-bar.jpg" width="100%" />
</div>
<br/>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="container-fluid pad-left-only">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-success" onclick="handle_run_button();">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-play"></span>
Run Program
</button>
<div class="btn-group">
<span id="example_choice_span">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
Choose a sample <span class="caret"></span></button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
</ul>
</span>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<span id="engine_choice_span">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
QCEngine <span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
</ul>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_editor_zoom(-2);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-out"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_editor_zoom(2);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in"></span>
</button>
</div>
<img src="images/icon_question.png" title="About Sim Engines" height=20 onclick="do_aboutqce_modal();" />
<img src="images/icon_docs.png" title="QCEngine Docs" height=20 onclick="do_cheatsheet_modal();" />
<span id="bug_span">
</span>
<span id="info_span">
</span>
<span id="example_github_span">
</span>
<span id="sample_info_span" style="display:none;">
<img src="images/caution.png" height="28" />
<b>This sample takes a while to run.</b>
</span>
<span id="disable_info_span" style="display:none;">
</span>
</div>
<div id="editor_boot_panel" class="panel-body panel-resizable ej-no-margin">
<div id="editor_div" class="editor"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="container-fluid pad-right-only">
<div class="row">
<div id="progress_panel" class="col-*-*" style="display:none;">
<div class="container-fluid pad-right-only">
<div class="progress">
<div id="progress_bar" class="progress-bar" role="progressbar" style="width: 25%;" aria-valuenow="25" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">25%</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-*-*" style="display:none;">
<div class="container-fluid pad-right-only">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<b>How to run this sample</b>
<div class="btn-group">
<!-- <span id="example_language_span">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
Choose a Language <span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
</ul>
</span>
-->
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_gate_zoom(-1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-out"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_gate_zoom(1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in"></span>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div id="how_to_boot_panel" class="panel-body panel-resizable">
<span id="how-to-span">(text goes here)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="image_output_div" class="col-*-*" style="display:none;">
<div class="container-fluid pad-right-only">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<b>Image output</b>
<div class="btn-group">
<!-- <span id="example_language_span">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
Choose a Language <span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
</ul>
</span>
-->
</div>
</div>
<div id="image_boot_panel" class="panel-body panel-resizable">
<span id="image_info_span"></span>
<table id="images_table">
<tr>
<td align="center" style="padding: 10px; border: 4px solid #ddd;">
<canvas id="display_ground_truth"></canvas><br/>
<span id="display_ground_truth_span"></span>
</td>
<td align="center" style="padding: 10px; border: 4px solid #ddd;">
<canvas id="display_qfull_res"></canvas><br/>
<span id="display_qfull_res_span"></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="padding: 10px; border: 4px solid #ddd;">
<canvas id="display_monte_carlo"></canvas><br/>
<span id="display_monte_carlo_span"></span>
</td>
<td align="center" style="padding: 10px; border: 4px solid #ddd;">
<canvas id="display_qss"></canvas><br/>
<span id="display_qss_span"></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="padding: 10px; border: 4px solid #ddd;">
<canvas id="display_confidence"></canvas><br/>
<span id="display_confidence_span"></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 10px; border: 4px solid #ddd;">
<canvas id="display_cwtable"></canvas><br/>
<span id="display_cwtable_span"></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-*-*">
<div class="container-fluid pad-right-only">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<b>Program gates</b>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_gate_zoom(-1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-out"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_gate_zoom(1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in"></span>
</button>
</div>
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-default">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-new-window"></span>
</button>
-->
</div>
<div id="staff_boot_panel" class="panel-body panel-resizable">
<div id="staff_popin_div" class="right" style="resize: both; overflow: auto;">
<!-- <img src="images/click_tag.png" height="32" /><br/> -->
<canvas id="draw_gate_canvas"></canvas>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-*-*">
<div class="container-fluid pad-right-only">
<div id="circle_boot_panel_parent" class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<b>State vector</b>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_circle_zoom(-1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-out"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_circle_zoom(1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in"></span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default ej-btn-cstyle">
<img src="images/circ_style_00a.png" height="18" onclick="click_circle_style(0);"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default ej-btn-cstyle">
<img src="images/circ_style_01a.png" height="18" onclick="click_circle_style(1);"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default ej-btn-cstyle">
<img src="images/circ_style_10a.png" height="18" onclick="click_circle_style(2);"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default ej-btn-cstyle">
<img src="images/circ_style_11a.png" height="18" onclick="click_circle_style(3);"></span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default ej-btn-cstyle">
<img src="images/circ_fill_small.png" height="18" onclick="click_circle_fill(-1);"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default ej-btn-cstyle">
<img src="images/circ_fill_big.png" height="18" onclick="click_circle_fill(1);"></span>
</button>
</div>
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-default">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-new-window"></span>
</button>
-->
</div>
<div id="circle_boot_panel" class="panel-body panel-resizable">
<!-- <div id="circle_div" class="right" style="resize: both; overflow: auto;">
-->
<canvas id="circle_canvas"></canvas>
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
</div>
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<b>Program output</b>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_output_zoom(-1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-out"></span>
</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="click_output_zoom(1);">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in"></span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default" onclick="clear_output(false);" title="Clear output">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-erase"></span>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="panel-body panel-resizable">
<textarea id="script_output_textarea" style="font-family:monospace; font-size:12pt; width:100%; height:100px; resize:both;">
(program output goes here)
</textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="AboutQCE_runModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="AboutQCE_runModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title" id="AboutQCE_runModalLabel">QCEngine Notes</h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
QCEngine is intended to be a lightweight quantum computation simulator,
useful for quick sketches and demonstrations.
<br/>
<br/>
It will let you run JavaScript code, simulating the quantum computing as
though you had a real QC, up to about 25 qubits (depending on your browser).
The best way to get familiar with QCEngine is to run the book samples on
this page, along with the <b><a href="./docs/build/index.html" target="_blank">QCEngine Docs</a></b>.
<br/>
<br/>
For more serious development tasks, there are many other simulation engines available:
<br/>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="qiskit.org" target="_default">Qiskit</a></b> -
An open-source software development kit (SDK) for working with OpenQASM and the
IBM Q quantum processors. Create quantum computing programs, compile, and execute them online
in a real quantum processors.</li>
<li><b><a href="https://quantum-computing.ibm.com" target="_default">IBM Q Experience</a></b> -
A complete online environment, containing tools and information for programming quantum
simulations as well as physical quantum computers.</li>
<li><b><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/development-kit" target="_default">Microsoft QDK</a></b> -
A complete software development system for developing and running programs for quantum computers.</li>
<li><b><a href="https://www.dwavesys.com/take-leap" target="_default">D-Wave</a></b> -
A physical QPU using a quantum annealing model. See Example 10-2 ("Kitten and Tiger") for a good example
of use. The D-Wave website provides a rich set of libraries and educational materials.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.quantumplayground.net" target="_default">Google QC Playground</a></b> -
An approachable online environment for discovering quantum computing.</li>
</ul>
...just to name a few.
<br/>
<br/>
If you have questions or comments
about running these book samples, the authors would love to hear from you
at <b><a href="mailto:octopus@qcengine.com">octopus@qcengine.com</a></b>.
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This sheet provides a quick-reference for most common QCEngine commands.
The best way to become familiar with QCEngine commands is to try running the book
samples in this page.
If you find things missing or unclear, the authors would love to hear from you
at <b><a href="mailto:octopus@qcengine.com">octopus@qcengine.com</a></b>.
<br/>
<br/>
<b>"qc." Commands:</b> Commands such as <code>qc.reset()</code> and <code>qc.cnot(t,c)</code> execute
using a quantum computation simulator. In most cases, they take a <b>target mask</b> and a <b>condition mask</b>,
to specify which qubits the instructions act on. Some commands also take a rotation angle.
<br/>
<br/>
<b>Qubit Masks:</b> Qubits are be specified using an integer, where each bit corresponds to one of the
qubits in the quantum computer.
<br/>
<br/>
(...this is under sonstruction)
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<b>Have a favorite quantum simulator, or even a real QPU?</b>
<br/>
We'd love to add your sample code here.
<br/>
<br/>
Providing these samples for as many systems as possible helps our readers, so please contact us
at <b><a href="mailto:octopus@qcengine.com">octopus@qcengine.com</a></b>.
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The Qiskit versions of examples in this book are written in Python, designed to run
as Qiskit notebooks, at <a href="https://qiskit.org" target="_blank">https://qiskit.org</a>.
<br/><br/>
Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK) for working with OpenQASM and the
IBM Q quantum processors. Create quantum computing programs, compile, and execute them online
in a real quantum processors.
<br/><br/>
To run this sample, go to the Qiskit site and create a new notebook, and then paste this
sample code into it.
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The D-Wave versions of examples in this book are written in Python, designed to run either in simulation or on
actual D-Wave hardware, using the D-Wave libraries at <a href="https://www.dwavesys.com/take-leap" target="_blank">https://www.dwavesys.com/take-leap</a>.
<br/><br/>
DWave provides a complete software development kit for working with their simulators and hardware.
<br/><br/>
To run this sample, go to the DWave site and create an account, and follow the installation instructions,
and run this Python script.
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The OpenQASM versions of examples in this book are designed to run
using the <b>IBM Q Experience Quantum Composer</b>, at <a href="https://quantum-computing.ibm.com" target="_blank">https://quantum-computing.ibm.com</a>.
<br/><br/>
The <b>Quantum Composer</b> is a graphical user interface for programming a quantum processor.
<br/><br/>
To run this sample, go to the Q Experience site and create new circuit using the Circuit Composer,
then paste the code into the Circuit Editor.
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The Q# (pronounced "Q Sharp") versions of examples in this book are designed to run
using the <b>Microsoft QDK</b>, at <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/development-kit" target="_blank">https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/development-kit</a>.
<br/><br/>
Q# is a quantum-focused programming language with native type, operators, and other abstraction.
<br/><br/>
To run this sample, go to the QDK site and create a new IQ# Notebook, and then paste this
sample code into it.
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