dtypes.py

"""
Define extension dtypes.
"""
from __future__ import annotations

import re
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    MutableMapping,
    cast,
)

import numpy as np
import pytz

from pandas._libs.interval import Interval
from pandas._libs.properties import cache_readonly
from pandas._libs.tslibs import (
    BaseOffset,
    NaT,
    Period,
    Timestamp,
    dtypes,
    timezones,
    to_offset,
    tz_compare,
)
from pandas._typing import (
    Dtype,
    DtypeObj,
    Ordered,
    npt,
    type_t,
)

from pandas.core.dtypes.base import (
    ExtensionDtype,
    register_extension_dtype,
)
from pandas.core.dtypes.generic import (
    ABCCategoricalIndex,
    ABCIndex,
)
from pandas.core.dtypes.inference import (
    is_bool,
    is_list_like,
)

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from datetime import tzinfo

    import pyarrow

    from pandas import (
        Categorical,
        Index,
    )
    from pandas.core.arrays import (
        DatetimeArray,
        IntervalArray,
        PandasArray,
        PeriodArray,
    )

str_type = str


class PandasExtensionDtype(ExtensionDtype):
    """
    A np.dtype duck-typed class, suitable for holding a custom dtype.

    THIS IS NOT A REAL NUMPY DTYPE
    """

    type: Any
    kind: Any
    # The Any type annotations above are here only because mypy seems to have a
    # problem dealing with multiple inheritance from PandasExtensionDtype
    # and ExtensionDtype's @properties in the subclasses below. The kind and
    # type variables in those subclasses are explicitly typed below.
    subdtype = None
    str: str_type
    num = 100
    shape: tuple[int, ...] = ()
    itemsize = 8
    base: DtypeObj | None = None
    isbuiltin = 0
    isnative = 0
    _cache_dtypes: dict[str_type, PandasExtensionDtype] = {}

    def __repr__(self) -> str_type:
        """
        Return a string representation for a particular object.
        """
        return str(self)

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        raise NotImplementedError("sub-classes should implement an __hash__ method")

    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[str_type, Any]:
        # pickle support; we don't want to pickle the cache
        return {k: getattr(self, k, None) for k in self._metadata}

    @classmethod
    def reset_cache(cls) -> None:
        """clear the cache"""
        cls._cache_dtypes = {}


class CategoricalDtypeType(type):
    """
    the type of CategoricalDtype, this metaclass determines subclass ability
    """

    pass


@register_extension_dtype
class CategoricalDtype(PandasExtensionDtype, ExtensionDtype):
    """
    Type for categorical data with the categories and orderedness.

    Parameters
    ----------
    categories : sequence, optional
        Must be unique, and must not contain any nulls.
        The categories are stored in an Index,
        and if an index is provided the dtype of that index will be used.
    ordered : bool or None, default False
        Whether or not this categorical is treated as a ordered categorical.
        None can be used to maintain the ordered value of existing categoricals when
        used in operations that combine categoricals, e.g. astype, and will resolve to
        False if there is no existing ordered to maintain.

    Attributes
    ----------
    categories
    ordered

    Methods
    -------
    None

    See Also
    --------
    Categorical : Represent a categorical variable in classic R / S-plus fashion.

    Notes
    -----
    This class is useful for specifying the type of a ``Categorical``
    independent of the values. See :ref:`categorical.categoricaldtype`
    for more.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> t = pd.CategoricalDtype(categories=['b', 'a'], ordered=True)
    >>> pd.Series(['a', 'b', 'a', 'c'], dtype=t)
    0      a
    1      b
    2      a
    3    NaN
    dtype: category
    Categories (2, object): ['b' < 'a']

    An empty CategoricalDtype with a specific dtype can be created
    by providing an empty index. As follows,

    >>> pd.CategoricalDtype(pd.DatetimeIndex([])).categories.dtype
    dtype('<M8[ns]')
    """

    # TODO: Document public vs. private API
    name = "category"
    type: type[CategoricalDtypeType] = CategoricalDtypeType
    kind: str_type = "O"
    str = "|O08"
    base = np.dtype("O")
    _metadata = ("categories", "ordered")
    _cache_dtypes: dict[str_type, PandasExtensionDtype] = {}

    def __init__(self, categories=None, ordered: Ordered = False):
        self._finalize(categories, ordered, fastpath=False)

    @classmethod
    def _from_fastpath(
        cls, categories=None, ordered: bool | None = None
    ) -> CategoricalDtype:
        self = cls.__new__(cls)
        self._finalize(categories, ordered, fastpath=True)
        return self

    @classmethod
    def _from_categorical_dtype(
        cls, dtype: CategoricalDtype, categories=None, ordered: Ordered = None
    ) -> CategoricalDtype:
        if categories is ordered is None:
            return dtype
        if categories is None:
            categories = dtype.categories
        if ordered is None:
            ordered = dtype.ordered
        return cls(categories, ordered)

    @classmethod
    def _from_values_or_dtype(
        cls,
        values=None,
        categories=None,
        ordered: bool | None = None,
        dtype: Dtype | None = None,
    ) -> CategoricalDtype:
        """
        Construct dtype from the input parameters used in :class:`Categorical`.

        This constructor method specifically does not do the factorization
        step, if that is needed to find the categories. This constructor may
        therefore return ``CategoricalDtype(categories=None, ordered=None)``,
        which may not be useful. Additional steps may therefore have to be
        taken to create the final dtype.

        The return dtype is specified from the inputs in this prioritized
        order:
        1. if dtype is a CategoricalDtype, return dtype
        2. if dtype is the string 'category', create a CategoricalDtype from
           the supplied categories and ordered parameters, and return that.
        3. if values is a categorical, use value.dtype, but override it with
           categories and ordered if either/both of those are not None.
        4. if dtype is None and values is not a categorical, construct the
           dtype from categories and ordered, even if either of those is None.

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : list-like, optional
            The list-like must be 1-dimensional.
        categories : list-like, optional
            Categories for the CategoricalDtype.
        ordered : bool, optional
            Designating if the categories are ordered.
        dtype : CategoricalDtype or the string "category", optional
            If ``CategoricalDtype``, cannot be used together with
            `categories` or `ordered`.

        Returns
        -------
        CategoricalDtype

        Examples
        --------
        >>> pd.CategoricalDtype._from_values_or_dtype()
        CategoricalDtype(categories=None, ordered=None)
        >>> pd.CategoricalDtype._from_values_or_dtype(
        ...     categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=True
        ... )
        CategoricalDtype(categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=True)
        >>> dtype1 = pd.CategoricalDtype(['a', 'b'], ordered=True)
        >>> dtype2 = pd.CategoricalDtype(['x', 'y'], ordered=False)
        >>> c = pd.Categorical([0, 1], dtype=dtype1, fastpath=True)
        >>> pd.CategoricalDtype._from_values_or_dtype(
        ...     c, ['x', 'y'], ordered=True, dtype=dtype2
        ... )
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
        ValueError: Cannot specify `categories` or `ordered` together with
        `dtype`.

        The supplied dtype takes precedence over values' dtype:

        >>> pd.CategoricalDtype._from_values_or_dtype(c, dtype=dtype2)
        CategoricalDtype(categories=['x', 'y'], ordered=False)
        """

        if dtype is not None:
            # The dtype argument takes precedence over values.dtype (if any)
            if isinstance(dtype, str):
                if dtype == "category":
                    dtype = CategoricalDtype(categories, ordered)
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f"Unknown dtype {repr(dtype)}")
            elif categories is not None or ordered is not None:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Cannot specify `categories` or `ordered` together with `dtype`."
                )
            elif not isinstance(dtype, CategoricalDtype):
                raise ValueError(f"Cannot not construct CategoricalDtype from {dtype}")
        elif cls.is_dtype(values):
            # If no "dtype" was passed, use the one from "values", but honor
            # the "ordered" and "categories" arguments
            dtype = values.dtype._from_categorical_dtype(
                values.dtype, categories, ordered
            )
        else:
            # If dtype=None and values is not categorical, create a new dtype.
            # Note: This could potentially have categories=None and
            # ordered=None.
            dtype = CategoricalDtype(categories, ordered)

        return cast(CategoricalDtype, dtype)

    @classmethod
    def construct_from_string(cls, string: str_type) -> CategoricalDtype:
        """
        Construct a CategoricalDtype from a string.

        Parameters
        ----------
        string : str
            Must be the string "category" in order to be successfully constructed.

        Returns
        -------
        CategoricalDtype
            Instance of the dtype.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If a CategoricalDtype cannot be constructed from the input.
        """
        if not isinstance(string, str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"'construct_from_string' expects a string, got {type(string)}"
            )
        if string != cls.name:
            raise TypeError(f"Cannot construct a 'CategoricalDtype' from '{string}'")

        # need ordered=None to ensure that operations specifying dtype="category" don't
        # override the ordered value for existing categoricals
        return cls(ordered=None)

    def _finalize(self, categories, ordered: Ordered, fastpath: bool = False) -> None:

        if ordered is not None:
            self.validate_ordered(ordered)

        if categories is not None:
            categories = self.validate_categories(categories, fastpath=fastpath)

        self._categories = categories
        self._ordered = ordered

    def __setstate__(self, state: MutableMapping[str_type, Any]) -> None:
        # for pickle compat. __get_state__ is defined in the
        # PandasExtensionDtype superclass and uses the public properties to
        # pickle -> need to set the settable private ones here (see GH26067)
        self._categories = state.pop("categories", None)
        self._ordered = state.pop("ordered", False)

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        # _hash_categories returns a uint64, so use the negative
        # space for when we have unknown categories to avoid a conflict
        if self.categories is None:
            if self.ordered:
                return -1
            else:
                return -2
        # We *do* want to include the real self.ordered here
        return int(self._hash_categories)

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        """
        Rules for CDT equality:
        1) Any CDT is equal to the string 'category'
        2) Any CDT is equal to itself
        3) Any CDT is equal to a CDT with categories=None regardless of ordered
        4) A CDT with ordered=True is only equal to another CDT with
           ordered=True and identical categories in the same order
        5) A CDT with ordered={False, None} is only equal to another CDT with
           ordered={False, None} and identical categories, but same order is
           not required. There is no distinction between False/None.
        6) Any other comparison returns False
        """
        if isinstance(other, str):
            return other == self.name
        elif other is self:
            return True
        elif not (hasattr(other, "ordered") and hasattr(other, "categories")):
            return False
        elif self.categories is None or other.categories is None:
            # For non-fully-initialized dtypes, these are only equal to
            #  - the string "category" (handled above)
            #  - other CategoricalDtype with categories=None
            return self.categories is other.categories
        elif self.ordered or other.ordered:
            # At least one has ordered=True; equal if both have ordered=True
            # and the same values for categories in the same order.
            return (self.ordered == other.ordered) and self.categories.equals(
                other.categories
            )
        else:
            # Neither has ordered=True; equal if both have the same categories,
            # but same order is not necessary.  There is no distinction between
            # ordered=False and ordered=None: CDT(., False) and CDT(., None)
            # will be equal if they have the same categories.
            left = self.categories
            right = other.categories

            # GH#36280 the ordering of checks here is for performance
            if not left.dtype == right.dtype:
                return False

            if len(left) != len(right):
                return False

            if self.categories.equals(other.categories):
                # Check and see if they happen to be identical categories
                return True

            if left.dtype != object:
                # Faster than calculating hash
                indexer = left.get_indexer(right)
                # Because left and right have the same length and are unique,
                #  `indexer` not having any -1s implies that there is a
                #  bijection between `left` and `right`.
                return (indexer != -1).all()

            # With object-dtype we need a comparison that identifies
            #  e.g. int(2) as distinct from float(2)
            return hash(self) == hash(other)

    def __repr__(self) -> str_type:
        if self.categories is None:
            data = "None"
        else:
            data = self.categories._format_data(name=type(self).__name__)
            if data is None:
                # self.categories is RangeIndex
                data = str(self.categories._range)
            data = data.rstrip(", ")
        return f"CategoricalDtype(categories={data}, ordered={self.ordered})"

    @cache_readonly
    def _hash_categories(self) -> int:
        from pandas.core.util.hashing import (
            combine_hash_arrays,
            hash_array,
            hash_tuples,
        )

        categories = self.categories
        ordered = self.ordered

        if len(categories) and isinstance(categories[0], tuple):
            # assumes if any individual category is a tuple, then all our. ATM
            # I don't really want to support just some of the categories being
            # tuples.
            cat_list = list(categories)  # breaks if a np.array of categories
            cat_array = hash_tuples(cat_list)
        else:
            if categories.dtype == "O" and len({type(x) for x in categories}) != 1:
                # TODO: hash_array doesn't handle mixed types. It casts
                # everything to a str first, which means we treat
                # {'1', '2'} the same as {'1', 2}
                # find a better solution
                hashed = hash((tuple(categories), ordered))
                return hashed

            if DatetimeTZDtype.is_dtype(categories.dtype):
                # Avoid future warning.
                categories = categories.view("datetime64[ns]")

            cat_array = hash_array(np.asarray(categories), categorize=False)
        if ordered:
            cat_array = np.vstack(
                [cat_array, np.arange(len(cat_array), dtype=cat_array.dtype)]
            )
        else:
            cat_array = np.array([cat_array])
        combined_hashed = combine_hash_arrays(iter(cat_array), num_items=len(cat_array))
        return np.bitwise_xor.reduce(combined_hashed)

    @classmethod
    def construct_array_type(cls) -> type_t[Categorical]:
        """
        Return the array type associated with this dtype.

        Returns
        -------
        type
        """
        from pandas import Categorical

        return Categorical

    @staticmethod
    def validate_ordered(ordered: Ordered) -> None:
        """
        Validates that we have a valid ordered parameter. If
        it is not a boolean, a TypeError will be raised.

        Parameters
        ----------
        ordered : object
            The parameter to be verified.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If 'ordered' is not a boolean.
        """
        if not is_bool(ordered):
            raise TypeError("'ordered' must either be 'True' or 'False'")

    @staticmethod
    def validate_categories(categories, fastpath: bool = False) -> Index:
        """
        Validates that we have good categories

        Parameters
        ----------
        categories : array-like
        fastpath : bool
            Whether to skip nan and uniqueness checks

        Returns
        -------
        categories : Index
        """
        from pandas.core.indexes.base import Index

        if not fastpath and not is_list_like(categories):
            raise TypeError(
                f"Parameter 'categories' must be list-like, was {repr(categories)}"
            )
        elif not isinstance(categories, ABCIndex):
            categories = Index._with_infer(categories, tupleize_cols=False)

        if not fastpath:

            if categories.hasnans:
                raise ValueError("Categorical categories cannot be null")

            if not categories.is_unique:
                raise ValueError("Categorical categories must be unique")

        if isinstance(categories, ABCCategoricalIndex):
            categories = categories.categories

        return categories

    def update_dtype(self, dtype: str_type | CategoricalDtype) -> CategoricalDtype:
        """
        Returns a CategoricalDtype with categories and ordered taken from dtype
        if specified, otherwise falling back to self if unspecified

        Parameters
        ----------
        dtype : CategoricalDtype

        Returns
        -------
        new_dtype : CategoricalDtype
        """
        if isinstance(dtype, str) and dtype == "category":
            # dtype='category' should not change anything
            return self
        elif not self.is_dtype(dtype):
            raise ValueError(
                f"a CategoricalDtype must be passed to perform an update, "
                f"got {repr(dtype)}"
            )
        else:
            # from here on, dtype is a CategoricalDtype
            dtype = cast(CategoricalDtype, dtype)

        # update categories/ordered unless they've been explicitly passed as None
        new_categories = (
            dtype.categories if dtype.categories is not None else self.categories
        )
        new_ordered = dtype.ordered if dtype.ordered is not None else self.ordered

        return CategoricalDtype(new_categories, new_ordered)

    @property
    def categories(self) -> Index:
        """
        An ``Index`` containing the unique categories allowed.
        """
        return self._categories

    @property
    def ordered(self) -> Ordered:
        """
        Whether the categories have an ordered relationship.
        """
        return self._ordered

    @property
    def _is_boolean(self) -> bool:
        from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_bool_dtype

        return is_bool_dtype(self.categories)

    def _get_common_dtype(self, dtypes: list[DtypeObj]) -> DtypeObj | None:
        from pandas.core.arrays.sparse import SparseDtype

        # check if we have all categorical dtype with identical categories
        if all(isinstance(x, CategoricalDtype) for x in dtypes):
            first = dtypes[0]
            if all(first == other for other in dtypes[1:]):
                return first

        # special case non-initialized categorical
        # TODO we should figure out the expected return value in general
        non_init_cats = [
            isinstance(x, CategoricalDtype) and x.categories is None for x in dtypes
        ]
        if all(non_init_cats):
            return self
        elif any(non_init_cats):
            return None

        # categorical is aware of Sparse -> extract sparse subdtypes
        dtypes = [x.subtype if isinstance(x, SparseDtype) else x for x in dtypes]
        # extract the categories' dtype
        non_cat_dtypes = [
            x.categories.dtype if isinstance(x, CategoricalDtype) else x for x in dtypes
        ]
        # TODO should categorical always give an answer?
        from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import find_common_type

        return find_common_type(non_cat_dtypes)


@register_extension_dtype
class DatetimeTZDtype(PandasExtensionDtype):
    """
    An ExtensionDtype for timezone-aware datetime data.

    **This is not an actual numpy dtype**, but a duck type.

    Parameters
    ----------
    unit : str, default "ns"
        The precision of the datetime data. Currently limited
        to ``"ns"``.
    tz : str, int, or datetime.tzinfo
        The timezone.

    Attributes
    ----------
    unit
    tz

    Methods
    -------
    None

    Raises
    ------
    pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError
        When the requested timezone cannot be found.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> pd.DatetimeTZDtype(tz='UTC')
    datetime64[ns, UTC]

    >>> pd.DatetimeTZDtype(tz='dateutil/US/Central')
    datetime64[ns, tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/US/Central')]
    """

    type: type[Timestamp] = Timestamp
    kind: str_type = "M"
    str = "|M8[ns]"
    num = 101
    base = np.dtype("M8[ns]")
    na_value = NaT
    _metadata = ("unit", "tz")
    _match = re.compile(r"(datetime64|M8)\[(?P<unit>.+), (?P<tz>.+)\]")
    _cache_dtypes: dict[str_type, PandasExtensionDtype] = {}

    def __init__(self, unit: str_type | DatetimeTZDtype = "ns", tz=None):
        if isinstance(unit, DatetimeTZDtype):
            # error: "str" has no attribute "tz"
            unit, tz = unit.unit, unit.tz  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

        if unit != "ns":
            if isinstance(unit, str) and tz is None:
                # maybe a string like datetime64[ns, tz], which we support for
                # now.
                result = type(self).construct_from_string(unit)
                unit = result.unit
                tz = result.tz
                msg = (
                    f"Passing a dtype alias like 'datetime64[ns, {tz}]' "
                    "to DatetimeTZDtype is no longer supported. Use "
                    "'DatetimeTZDtype.construct_from_string()' instead."
                )
                raise ValueError(msg)
            else:
                raise ValueError("DatetimeTZDtype only supports ns units")

        if tz:
            tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(tz)
            tz = timezones.tz_standardize(tz)
        elif tz is not None:
            raise pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError(tz)
        if tz is None:
            raise TypeError("A 'tz' is required.")

        self._unit = unit
        self._tz = tz

    @property
    def unit(self) -> str_type:
        """
        The precision of the datetime data.
        """
        return self._unit

    @property
    def tz(self) -> tzinfo:
        """
        The timezone.
        """
        return self._tz

    @classmethod
    def construct_array_type(cls) -> type_t[DatetimeArray]:
        """
        Return the array type associated with this dtype.

        Returns
        -------
        type
        """
        from pandas.core.arrays import DatetimeArray

        return DatetimeArray

    @classmethod
    def construct_from_string(cls, string: str_type) -> DatetimeTZDtype:
        """
        Construct a DatetimeTZDtype from a string.

        Parameters
        ----------
        string : str
            The string alias for this DatetimeTZDtype.
            Should be formatted like ``datetime64[ns, <tz>]``,
            where ``<tz>`` is the timezone name.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> DatetimeTZDtype.construct_from_string('datetime64[ns, UTC]')
        datetime64[ns, UTC]
        """
        if not isinstance(string, str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"'construct_from_string' expects a string, got {type(string)}"
            )

        msg = f"Cannot construct a 'DatetimeTZDtype' from '{string}'"
        match = cls._match.match(string)
        if match:
            d = match.groupdict()
            try:
                return cls(unit=d["unit"], tz=d["tz"])
            except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError) as err:
                # KeyError if maybe_get_tz tries and fails to get a
                #  pytz timezone (actually pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError).
                # TypeError if we pass a nonsense tz;
                # ValueError if we pass a unit other than "ns"
                raise TypeError(msg) from err
        raise TypeError(msg)

    def __str__(self) -> str_type:
        return f"datetime64[{self.unit}, {self.tz}]"

    @property
    def name(self) -> str_type:
        """A string representation of the dtype."""
        return str(self)

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        # make myself hashable
        # TODO: update this.
        return hash(str(self))

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        if isinstance(other, str):
            if other.startswith("M8["):
                other = "datetime64[" + other[3:]
            return other == self.name

        return (
            isinstance(other, DatetimeTZDtype)
            and self.unit == other.unit
            and tz_compare(self.tz, other.tz)
        )

    def __setstate__(self, state) -> None:
        # for pickle compat. __get_state__ is defined in the
        # PandasExtensionDtype superclass and uses the public properties to
        # pickle -> need to set the settable private ones here (see GH26067)
        self._tz = state["tz"]
        self._unit = state["unit"]


@register_extension_dtype
class PeriodDtype(dtypes.PeriodDtypeBase, PandasExtensionDtype):
    """
    An ExtensionDtype for Period data.

    **This is not an actual numpy dtype**, but a duck type.

    Parameters
    ----------
    freq : str or DateOffset
        The frequency of this PeriodDtype.

    Attributes
    ----------
    freq

    Methods
    -------
    None

    Examples
    --------
    >>> pd.PeriodDtype(freq='D')
    period[D]

    >>> pd.PeriodDtype(freq=pd.offsets.MonthEnd())
    period[M]
    """

    type: type[Period] = Period
    kind: str_type = "O"
    str = "|O08"
    base = np.dtype("O")
    num = 102
    _metadata = ("freq",)
    _match = re.compile(r"(P|p)eriod\[(?P<freq>.+)\]")
    _cache_dtypes: dict[str_type, PandasExtensionDtype] = {}

    def __new__(cls, freq=None):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : frequency
        """
        if isinstance(freq, PeriodDtype):
            return freq

        elif freq is None:
            # empty constructor for pickle compat
            # -10_000 corresponds to PeriodDtypeCode.UNDEFINED
            u = dtypes.PeriodDtypeBase.__new__(cls, -10_000)
            u._freq = None
            return u

        if not isinstance(freq, BaseOffset):
            freq = cls._parse_dtype_strict(freq)

        try:
            return cls._cache_dtypes[freq.freqstr]
        except KeyError:
            dtype_code = freq._period_dtype_code
            u = dtypes.PeriodDtypeBase.__new__(cls, dtype_code)
            u._freq = freq
            cls._cache_dtypes[freq.freqstr] = u
            return u

    def __reduce__(self):
        return type(self), (self.freq,)

    @property
    def freq(self):
        """
        The frequency object of this PeriodDtype.
        """
        return self._freq

    @classmethod
    def _parse_dtype_strict(cls, freq: str_type) -> BaseOffset:
        if isinstance(freq, str):  # note: freq is already of type str!
            if freq.startswith("period[") or freq.startswith("Period["):
                m = cls._match.search(freq)
                if m is not None:
                    freq = m.group("freq")

            freq_offset = to_offset(freq)
            if freq_offset is not None:
                return freq_offset

        raise ValueError("could not construct PeriodDtype")

    @classmethod
    def construct_from_string(cls, string: str_type) -> PeriodDtype:
        """
        Strict construction from a string, raise a TypeError if not
        possible
        """
        if (
            isinstance(string, str)
            and (string.startswith("period[") or string.startswith("Period["))
            or isinstance(string, BaseOffset)
        ):
            # do not parse string like U as period[U]
            # avoid tuple to be regarded as freq
            try:
                return cls(freq=string)
            except ValueError:
                pass
        if isinstance(string, str):
            msg = f"Cannot construct a 'PeriodDtype' from '{string}'"
        else:
            msg = f"'construct_from_string' expects a string, got {type(string)}"
        raise TypeError(msg)

    def __str__(self) -> str_type:
        return self.name

    @property
    def name(self) -> str_type:
        return f"period[{self.freq.freqstr}]"

    @property
    def na_value(self):
        return NaT

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        # make myself hashable
        return hash(str(self))

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        if isinstance(other, str):
            return other in [self.name, self.name.title()]

        elif isinstance(other, PeriodDtype):

            # For freqs that can be held by a PeriodDtype, this check is
            # equivalent to (and much faster than) self.freq == other.freq
            sfreq = self.freq
            ofreq = other.freq
            return (
                sfreq.n == ofreq.n
                and sfreq._period_dtype_code == ofreq._period_dtype_code
            )

        return False

    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        # for pickle compat. __getstate__ is defined in the
        # PandasExtensionDtype superclass and uses the public properties to
        # pickle -> need to set the settable private ones here (see GH26067)
        self._freq = state["freq"]

    @classmethod
    def is_dtype(cls, dtype: object) -> bool:
        """
        Return a boolean if we if the passed type is an actual dtype that we
        can match (via string or type)
        """
        if isinstance(dtype, str):
            # PeriodDtype can be instantiated from freq string like "U",
            # but doesn't regard freq str like "U" as dtype.
            if dtype.startswith("period[") or dtype.startswith("Period["):
                try:
                    if cls._parse_dtype_strict(dtype) is not None:
                        return True
                    else:
                        return False
                except ValueError:
                    return False
            else:
                return False
        return super().is_dtype(dtype)

    @classmethod
    def construct_array_type(cls) -> type_t[PeriodArray]:
        """
        Return the array type associated with this dtype.

        Returns
        -------
        type
        """
        from pandas.core.arrays import PeriodArray

        return PeriodArray

    def __from_arrow__(
        self, array: pyarrow.Array | pyarrow.ChunkedArray
    ) -> PeriodArray:
        """
        Construct PeriodArray from pyarrow Array/ChunkedArray.
        """
        import pyarrow

        from pandas.core.arrays import PeriodArray
        from pandas.core.arrays._arrow_utils import pyarrow_array_to_numpy_and_mask

        if isinstance(array, pyarrow.Array):
            chunks = [array]
        else:
            chunks = array.chunks

        results = []
        for arr in chunks:
            data, mask = pyarrow_array_to_numpy_and_mask(arr, dtype="int64")
            parr = PeriodArray(data.copy(), freq=self.freq, copy=False)
            parr[~mask] = NaT
            results.append(parr)

        if not results:
            return PeriodArray(np.array([], dtype="int64"), freq=self.freq, copy=False)
        return PeriodArray._concat_same_type(results)


@register_extension_dtype
class IntervalDtype(PandasExtensionDtype):
    """
    An ExtensionDtype for Interval data.

    **This is not an actual numpy dtype**, but a duck type.

    Parameters
    ----------
    subtype : str, np.dtype
        The dtype of the Interval bounds.

    Attributes
    ----------
    subtype

    Methods
    -------
    None

    Examples
    --------
    >>> pd.IntervalDtype(subtype='int64', closed='both')
    interval[int64, both]
    """

    name = "interval"
    kind: str_type = "O"
    str = "|O08"
    base = np.dtype("O")
    num = 103
    _metadata = (
        "subtype",
        "closed",
    )
    _match = re.compile(
        r"(I|i)nterval\[(?P<subtype>[^,]+)(, (?P<closed>(right|left|both|neither)))?\]"
    )
    _cache_dtypes: dict[str_type, PandasExtensionDtype] = {}

    def __new__(cls, subtype=None, closed: str_type | None = None):
        from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
            is_string_dtype,
            pandas_dtype,
        )

        if closed is not None and closed not in {"right", "left", "both", "neither"}:
            raise ValueError("closed must be one of 'right', 'left', 'both', 'neither'")

        if isinstance(subtype, IntervalDtype):
            if closed is not None and closed != subtype.closed:
                raise ValueError(
                    "dtype.closed and 'closed' do not match. "
                    "Try IntervalDtype(dtype.subtype, closed) instead."
                )
            return subtype
        elif subtype is None:
            # we are called as an empty constructor
            # generally for pickle compat
            u = object.__new__(cls)
            u._subtype = None
            u._closed = closed
            return u
        elif isinstance(subtype, str) and subtype.lower() == "interval":
            subtype = None
        else:
            if isinstance(subtype, str):
                m = cls._match.search(subtype)
                if m is not None:
                    gd = m.groupdict()
                    subtype = gd["subtype"]
                    if gd.get("closed", None) is not None:
                        if closed is not None:
                            if closed != gd["closed"]:
                                raise ValueError(
                                    "'closed' keyword does not match value "
                                    "specified in dtype string"
                                )
                        closed = gd["closed"]

            try:
                subtype = pandas_dtype(subtype)
            except TypeError as err:
                raise TypeError("could not construct IntervalDtype") from err

        if CategoricalDtype.is_dtype(subtype) or is_string_dtype(subtype):
            # GH 19016
            msg = (
                "category, object, and string subtypes are not supported "
                "for IntervalDtype"
            )
            raise TypeError(msg)

        key = str(subtype) + str(closed)
        try:
            return cls._cache_dtypes[key]
        except KeyError:
            u = object.__new__(cls)
            u._subtype = subtype
            u._closed = closed
            cls._cache_dtypes[key] = u
            return u

    @property
    def closed(self):
        return self._closed

    @property
    def subtype(self):
        """
        The dtype of the Interval bounds.
        """
        return self._subtype

    @classmethod
    def construct_array_type(cls) -> type[IntervalArray]:
        """
        Return the array type associated with this dtype.

        Returns
        -------
        type
        """
        from pandas.core.arrays import IntervalArray

        return IntervalArray

    @classmethod
    def construct_from_string(cls, string: str_type) -> IntervalDtype:
        """
        attempt to construct this type from a string, raise a TypeError
        if its not possible
        """
        if not isinstance(string, str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"'construct_from_string' expects a string, got {type(string)}"
            )

        if string.lower() == "interval" or cls._match.search(string) is not None:
            return cls(string)

        msg = (
            f"Cannot construct a 'IntervalDtype' from '{string}'.\n\n"
            "Incorrectly formatted string passed to constructor. "
            "Valid formats include Interval or Interval[dtype] "
            "where dtype is numeric, datetime, or timedelta"
        )
        raise TypeError(msg)

    @property
    def type(self):
        return Interval

    def __str__(self) -> str_type:
        if self.subtype is None:
            return "interval"
        if self.closed is None:
            # Only partially initialized GH#38394
            return f"interval[{self.subtype}]"
        return f"interval[{self.subtype}, {self.closed}]"

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        # make myself hashable
        return hash(str(self))

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        if isinstance(other, str):
            return other.lower() in (self.name.lower(), str(self).lower())
        elif not isinstance(other, IntervalDtype):
            return False
        elif self.subtype is None or other.subtype is None:
            # None should match any subtype
            return True
        elif self.closed != other.closed:
            return False
        else:
            from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_dtype_equal

            return is_dtype_equal(self.subtype, other.subtype)

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        # for pickle compat. __get_state__ is defined in the
        # PandasExtensionDtype superclass and uses the public properties to
        # pickle -> need to set the settable private ones here (see GH26067)
        self._subtype = state["subtype"]

        # backward-compat older pickles won't have "closed" key
        self._closed = state.pop("closed", None)

    @classmethod
    def is_dtype(cls, dtype: object) -> bool:
        """
        Return a boolean if we if the passed type is an actual dtype that we
        can match (via string or type)
        """
        if isinstance(dtype, str):
            if dtype.lower().startswith("interval"):
                try:
                    if cls.construct_from_string(dtype) is not None:
                        return True
                    else:
                        return False
                except (ValueError, TypeError):
                    return False
            else:
                return False
        return super().is_dtype(dtype)

    def __from_arrow__(
        self, array: pyarrow.Array | pyarrow.ChunkedArray
    ) -> IntervalArray:
        """
        Construct IntervalArray from pyarrow Array/ChunkedArray.
        """
        import pyarrow

        from pandas.core.arrays import IntervalArray

        if isinstance(array, pyarrow.Array):
            chunks = [array]
        else:
            chunks = array.chunks

        results = []
        for arr in chunks:
            left = np.asarray(arr.storage.field("left"), dtype=self.subtype)
            right = np.asarray(arr.storage.field("right"), dtype=self.subtype)
            iarr = IntervalArray.from_arrays(left, right, closed=array.type.closed)
            results.append(iarr)

        if not results:
            return IntervalArray.from_arrays(
                np.array([], dtype=self.subtype),
                np.array([], dtype=self.subtype),
                closed=array.type.closed,
            )
        return IntervalArray._concat_same_type(results)

    def _get_common_dtype(self, dtypes: list[DtypeObj]) -> DtypeObj | None:
        if not all(isinstance(x, IntervalDtype) for x in dtypes):
            return None

        closed = cast("IntervalDtype", dtypes[0]).closed
        if not all(cast("IntervalDtype", x).closed == closed for x in dtypes):
            return np.dtype(object)

        from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import find_common_type

        common = find_common_type([cast("IntervalDtype", x).subtype for x in dtypes])
        if common == object:
            return np.dtype(object)
        return IntervalDtype(common, closed=closed)


class PandasDtype(ExtensionDtype):
    """
    A Pandas ExtensionDtype for NumPy dtypes.

    This is mostly for internal compatibility, and is not especially
    useful on its own.

    Parameters
    ----------
    dtype : object
        Object to be converted to a NumPy data type object.

    See Also
    --------
    numpy.dtype
    """

    _metadata = ("_dtype",)

    def __init__(self, dtype: npt.DTypeLike | PandasDtype | None):
        if isinstance(dtype, PandasDtype):
            # make constructor univalent
            dtype = dtype.numpy_dtype
        self._dtype = np.dtype(dtype)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"PandasDtype({repr(self.name)})"

    @property
    def numpy_dtype(self) -> np.dtype:
        """
        The NumPy dtype this PandasDtype wraps.
        """
        return self._dtype

    @property
    def name(self) -> str:
        """
        A bit-width name for this data-type.
        """
        return self._dtype.name

    @property
    def type(self) -> type[np.generic]:
        """
        The type object used to instantiate a scalar of this NumPy data-type.
        """
        return self._dtype.type

    @property
    def _is_numeric(self) -> bool:
        # exclude object, str, unicode, void.
        return self.kind in set("biufc")

    @property
    def _is_boolean(self) -> bool:
        return self.kind == "b"

    @classmethod
    def construct_from_string(cls, string: str) -> PandasDtype:
        try:
            dtype = np.dtype(string)
        except TypeError as err:
            if not isinstance(string, str):
                msg = f"'construct_from_string' expects a string, got {type(string)}"
            else:
                msg = f"Cannot construct a 'PandasDtype' from '{string}'"
            raise TypeError(msg) from err
        return cls(dtype)

    @classmethod
    def construct_array_type(cls) -> type_t[PandasArray]:
        """
        Return the array type associated with this dtype.

        Returns
        -------
        type
        """
        from pandas.core.arrays import PandasArray

        return PandasArray

    @property
    def kind(self) -> str:
        """
        A character code (one of 'biufcmMOSUV') identifying the general kind of data.
        """
        return self._dtype.kind

    @property
    def itemsize(self) -> int:
        """
        The element size of this data-type object.
        """
        return self._dtype.itemsize